period 5 (1844-1877) civil war & reconstruction · illinois (a free state) unsuccessfully sued...
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PERIOD 5 (1844-1877) CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
2019-2020
Mrs. Rozner
SECTIONAL CRISISPART I
Monday
11/4/19
KEEP IN MIND …1. Women’s Social & Political Movements
2. Abolitionist/Anti-Slavery Movement
3. Second Great Awakening & Transcendentalism
4. Economic Revolutions (market, industrial & transportation)
5. Rise of the Antebellum South (agrarian culture)
6. Westward Expansion & Manifest Destiny
ALL play a part in the events that led to secession!
PRESIDENTS DURING SECTIONALISMMartin Van Buren (D): 1837-1841
Beginnings of Antebellum Period
Age of Jackson (State v. Federal arguments, ex. Indian Removal)
William Henry Harrison (W): 1841
Antebellum Period
Died of Pneumonia
John Tyler (W): 1841-1845
Antebellum
Annexation of Texas
Know-Nothing Party
James K. Polk (D): 1845-1849
Antebellum Period
California Gold Rush
Free Soil Party
Mexican-American War
54, 40 or Fight! (Oregon)
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT 1793
Federal Law forcing northern abolitionists to return runaway slaves to their southern masters
Breeds resentment in the North (North forced to participate in the “peculiar institution”)
Freedmen often kidnapped and handed over for reward
COTTON GIN
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820Debate over whether western territories should allow slavery
Compromise:
Missouri = slave state
Maine = free state
36’ 30” line drawn (Mason-Dixon Line) – slavery cannot exist North of line EXCEPT for Missouri
Replaced by the Compromise of 1850
Am
erica
n Pro
gre
ss
John
Gast
Manifest Destiny
NAT TURNER’S REBELLION 1831AKA – Southampton Insurrection
Slave Rebellion, Virginia
55-65 people killed
Considered deadliest slave uprising in US History
Caused mass hysteria in the South
Rumors of armies of slaves
Punishments became more severe
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR1846-1848
Purpose:
1. To gain Mexican Cession and expand U.S. territory
2. Westward Expansion
3. To achieve Manifest Destiny
4. Gold in California (later in Alaska)
ADMISSION OF TEXAS TO THE UNION 1845
Results:
Mexican-American War 1846-1848
Texas becomes a slave state (28!)
Dispute over fate of western territories
Territory in Texas Annexation above the Mason Dixon
Admission of slave states above the Mason Dixon would be a violation of the Missouri Compromise 1820
WILMOT PROVISO 1846David Wilmot, Pennsylvania Congressman
Goal: stop the spread of slavery into areas obtained from Mexico
Passed the House (of Representatives)
Failed to pass in the Senate
Showcased power of the North
Made the South suspicious
DISPUTED OREGON“54, 40 or Fight!” – also referred to as the 49th parallel
U.S. expansion under the presidency of James K. Polk
Included Texas, California and Oregon territories
54, 40 refers to the northern boundary between the U.S. and Canada (latitude line)
Campaign slogan – won Polk the presidency!
CLOSINGHistorical Context
Intended Audience
Purpose
Point of View
Outside Information
SECTIONAL CRISIS PART II
Tuesday
11/5/19
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH 1849
GREAT COMPROMISE 1850Henry Clay
Goal: to seek a compromise and avert crisis between the North and South
Fugitive Slave Act revised (more strict)
Slavery abolished in Washington D.C.
California becomes a free state
New Mexico allowed to choose (popular sovereignty)
FREE SOIL PARTY & MOVEMENTU.S. Political Party dedicated to stopping the spread of slavery to new states and territories (also advocated for internal improvements … railroad! and free government homesteads for settlers)
Whigs, anti-slavery democrats and Liberty Party members
KNOW-NOTHING PARTYGroup of Americans who:
Disliked (even hated) immigrants
Believed immigrants should not be allowed to vote or hold political office
Were Anti-Catholic
Were Anglo, male & Protestant
Nativism & Nativists – group that dislikes or fears immigrants because they 1) fail to assimilate and 2) take jobs from Americans
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT 1854Stephen Douglas
People living in the Kansas & Nebraska areas allowed to choose (popular sovereignty) to be free or slave states
Repealed Missouri Compromise 1820
Bleeding Kansas
Settlers rushed west in hope of swaying each state one way or another
Ended in bloody conflict
DRED SCOTT DECISION 1857Dred Scott was a slave living with his master in Illinois (a free state)
Unsuccessfully sued for his freedom
Supreme Court ruling:
African slaves were not citizens of the United States – free or not
Scott could not sue for his freedom because he was not a citizen
Increases tension between the North and South
FREEPORT DOCTRINE 1858Stephen Douglas (Lincoln-Douglas) believed that the people should decide for or against slavery
Allowed popular sovereignty (the people) to determine if an area would allow slavery or remain free
Douglas and supporters of the Freeport Doctrine believed that slavery would die out naturally
SAQ PRACTICESAQ Practice – answer (a), (b), and (c).
a) Briefly describe ONE historical perspective that would support the ideas presented in this political cartoon.
b) Briefly describe ONE historical perspective that would contradict/disagree with the idea presented in this political cartoon.
c) Describe ONE event that was the result of the event presented in this political cartoon.
SECTIONAL CRISIS PART III
Thursday
11/7/19
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN 1852Harriet Beecher Stowe –
“the little lady who started a war”
Chronicles the harsh and savage life of slavery through the eyes of Uncle Tom
Bestselling novel of the 19th century
South responded by publishing Aunt Phillis’ Cabin describing slavery as a relationship in which both the master and the servant were happy and kind to one another
JOHN BROWN & HARPER’S FERRY1859
Believed armed insurrection was the only way to end slavery
Raided Harper’s Ferry for munitions to start a slave revolt
Brown was captured, found guilty of treason and executed by hanging
Note – John Brown was also involved in Bleeding Kansas; murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in 1856
I, John Brown, am now
quite certain that the
crimes of this guilty,
land: will never be
purged away; but with
Blood. I had as I now
think: vainly flattered
myself that without very
much bloodshed; it might
be done.
12/2/1859
LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATEDouglas Argument
Slavery’s presence in territories should be decided by popular sovereignty
Lincoln Argument
Slavery should not be allowed to spread into territories
Believed the nation would not survive the slavery issue
ELECTION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN 1860 Lincoln v. Douglas
Lincoln wins the north
Lincoln wins the election
CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE 1860John J. Crittenden
Proposed a solution to the secession crisis (favoring the South)
1) Guaranteed permanent existence of slavery in slave states
2) Supported fugitive slave acts
3) Extended Missouri Compromise Line further West
4) Included Clause – Compromise could not be repealed or amended
Rejected by House and Senate
FORT SUMTER 1861Union controlled fort in Confederate territory
Lincoln’s Dilemma –
Let it be captured & look weak
Fight back & begin the Civil War
Southern states begin to secede
CIVIL WARBROTHER V. BROTHER
Friday
11/8/19
FORT SUMTER 1861Union controlled fort in Confederate territory
Lincoln’s Dilemma –
Let it be captured & look weak
Fight back & begin the Civil War
Southern states begin to secede
ECONOMIC DIFFERENCESNorth
Manufacturing
Factory Systems (ex. Waltham-Lowell)
Immigrant labor (cheap labor)
Pro-Henry Clay’s American System
Access to various ports (foreign & domestic) – shipping
SouthKing Cotton
Plantation Systems
Agriculture
Slaves (free labor)
Anti-Henry Clay’s American System
National Banking
Tariffs
Internal Improvements
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESNorth
Large population
Efficient transportation system (Railroads & ports)
90% ownership of industrial goods
Controlled US Navy
Ulysses S Grant
But … on the offensive
SouthDefensive easier than offensive
Familiar with Southern climate & terrain
Farmers fight better than factory workers
Majority ownership of exports
But … had to import industrial goods from foreign countries (few factories)
GREAT BRITAIN … Stockpiled cotton as conflict escalated
British munitions shipped to Northern states
British citizens resented slavery
British crop failures led to increased grain trade with Northern states
NORTHERN STRATEGYAnaconda Plan …
Strangle the south by blockading coasts
Gain control of the Mississippi River –split the Confederacy
Capture key cities in the South
Richmond, Virginia
Atlanta, Georgia
Charleston, South Carolina
IMPORTANT BATTLES Fort Sumter, South Carolina –
First battle of the Civil War (Confederates attacked the Union held fort)
Battle of Bull Run –
AKA – Battle of Manassas
First major battle of the Civil War
Confederate Victory
IMPORTANT BATTLES Antietam 1862 –
Bloodiest battle of the Civil War
Strategic Union Victory
Halted Confederate advances into Union territory
Lincoln confident enough to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 1863
Read the Emancipation Proclamation
Be ready to discuss!
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADJust know that construction of this railroad will continue during the war
Railroad is an advantage for the North
South has fewer rails
IMPORTANT BATTLES Gettysburg 1863 –
Lee (Conf.) defeated; Union victory
Turning Point for Union Army
Much needed victory
Heavy losses
Gettysburg Address –Abraham Lincoln
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
IMPORTANT BATTLES Vicksburg 1863 –
Grant (Union) victory
Cuts South in half
Union gains control of the Mississippi River
Anaconda Plan
“Scorched Earth”
IMPORTANT BATTLES Sherman’s March to the Sea (Georgia) –
Goal: Occupy and control Atlanta, Georgia
Capital of the Confederacy
Atlanta & Savannah destroyed
APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSERobert E. Lee v. Ulysses S. Grant
Lee surrenders – 1865
The beginning of the end for the Confederacy
Officially ended in 1866 –when Texas established a state government
RECONSTRUCTION PART I
RECONSTRUCTION1865-1877
Goal:
Rebuild the South
Assist freed slaves (Freedmen’s Bureau)
Reinstate the Southern states into the Union
LINCOLN’S PLAN 1863 – 10%Lincoln claims he has the authority to readmit the statesDoesn’t want to punish the South so plan is lenientWants Union restored quickly
Requirements: States could re-enter Union of 10% of voters in the 1860 election swear an oath of allegiance to the US Accept the 13th Amendment
PARTY RESPONSERadical Republicans
The South should be punished
African Americans should be protected by federal government
Moderate Republicans
Wanted states to be restored to the Union ASAP
Congress should decide terms
•1864 - Radical Republicans propose Wade-Davis Bill
•Calls for stronger safeguards for freemen and 50% loyalty oath
•Vetoed by Lincoln
WADE-DAVIS BILL 1864Required 50% of voters to take “iron clad” oath of allegiance
If they voted in 1860 (Lincoln’s Election)
Union oversaw the election of state officials
Created safeguards to ensure the liberties of freedmen (former slaves)
Passed through Congress
Pocket vetoed by Lincoln
ANDREW JOHNSON1865- VP Andrew Johnson becomes President
Johnson’s Plan:
Military governments control Southern states
State conventions must create new constitutions
Must repeal ordinances of secession
Must accept the 13th Amendment
Dec 6, 1865- Johnson announces South has met his conditions and Union is restored!
COMPARING LINCOLN AND JOHNSON
Linc
oln
Pla
n • Required 10% of voters in state to swear allegiance
• Did not require voting rights for African Americans
Both
• Offered pardons to S. except Confed. leaders
• Permitted states to hold constitutional conventions
• Permitted states to resume full participation in the Union
John
son’
s Pla
n • Did not require 10% allegiance
• Required states to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify the 13th Amend.
FREEDMEN’S BUREAU 1865 Assist freedman in gaining skills/education
Provides basic services for displaced blacks and whites
Underfunded and undermined by Southern states
Greatest success = teaching African Americans to read
SOUTHERN RESPONSEEx-Confederates re-elected to Congress
South has greater control of Congress
South imposes Jim Crow Laws (previously Black Codes)
New State Constitutions only slight revisions
Johnson v. Congress (spoiler –impeachment!)
JOHNSON V. CONGRESSCongress still split – Radicals v. Moderates Both agree Johnson’s plan should be modified
Johnson refuses to compromise
Johnson vetoes bill to extend Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.Grants citizenship to all Americans
Former slaves can own property, testify in court, sue, sign contracts, etc.
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONRadical Republicans want control of Reconstruction
Congress’ Plan (Radical Republicans)
Overrides Johnson’s veto
Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866 become law
States forced to accept 14th amendment (citizenship for all born in US) - 1868
JOHNSON V. RADICAL REPUBLICANS1866
Johnson campaigns for Democratic support - UNSUCCESSFUL
Denounces Radical Republicans
Denounces Freedmen’s Bureau
Denounces pro-war Democrats
Republicans win Congressional Elections
Republicans control the House & Senate
Free reign to control Reconstruction
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONMar. 2, 1867 - Military Reconstruction Act
Requirements:
South under martial law - 5 military districts
Hold new elections - former Confederates can’t vote
Must ratify the 14th Amendment
States' constitutions had to guarantee black suffrage and be approved by Congress
JOHNSON’S IMPEACHMENTRadical Republicans want Johnson removed
Tenure Office Act 1867 – (unconstitutional?)
President must have the consent of Congress before removing cabinet members
Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
House moved to impeach Johnson, “high crimes & misdemeanors”
House voted to impeach
Senate voted not to impeach
CIVIL RIGHTS AMENDMENTS13th Amendment – abolishes slavery in the United States
14th Amendment – citizenship extended to all freedmen born within the U.S.; provides equal protection and due citizenship under the Constitution
15th Amendment – extends voting rights to African American men
Southern response:
Poll taxes
Literacy tests
RECONSTRUCTIONPART II
CIVIL RIGHTS AMENDMENTS13th Amendment – abolishes slavery in the United States
14th Amendment – citizenship extended to all freedmen born within the U.S.; provides equal protection and due citizenship under the Constitution
15th Amendment – extends voting rights to African American men
Southern response:
Poll taxes
Literacy tests
SOUTHERN RESPONSEBlack Codes & Jim Crow Laws
Aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force
Examples: (this is evidence!)
Curfews
Special documentation for travel
Denied jury service
Denied land ownership
NORTH GOING SOUTHCarpetbaggers –
Northern migrants who moved to the South for economic & political gain
Scalawags –
White Southerners who cooperated with black freedmen and Carpetbaggers
FREEDMEN IN THE SOUTHSharecropping
Freedmen & poor whites rented land to farm
Renters keep small % of profits, giving owners a large sum
Kept freedmen poor and dependent
Tenant Farming
Similar to sharecropping
Farm land rented with cash rather than % of profits
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no
jobs, no homes, and no money to buy
land.
2. Poor whites and freedmen sign
contracts to work a landlord’s acreage
in exchange for a part of the crop.
3. Landlord keeps track of the money that
sharecroppers owe him for housing and
food.
4. At harvest time, the sharecropper owes
more to the landlord than his share of the
crop is worth.
5. Sharecropper cannot leave the
farm as long as he is in debt to the
landlord.
RISE OF THE KKKTennessee, 1866
Group opposed to the advancement of African American political and economic rights and equality
Aimed to eliminate Republican party in the South
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
RESPONSE TO THE 15TH
RECONSTRUCTIONPART III
PLESSY V. FERGUSON 1896Act of CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Supreme Court declares that separate but equal facilities for whites and African Americans was legal under the 14th
Amendment
Segregation is legalized
Overturned in 1954; Brown v. Board of Education
ELECTION OR 1868Ulysses S. Grant (R.) v. Horatio Seymour (D.)
Grant wins the election in 1868
Grant wins re-election in 1872
Politically corrupt presidential terms
Lenient on Reconstruction
VOTING RIGHTS1869 – 15th Amendment passed (universal male suffrage)
African Americans
Non-property owning whites
South forced to ratify 15th to renter the Union
Suffragists/Feminists upset
Supreme Court determines 14th/15th only apply at the federal level – leaves Southern states free to disenfranchise black voters
RECONSTRUCTION SLIPS AWAY1. Amnesty Act (1872) – Grant
pardons confederate rebels
2. Freedmen’s Bureau expires 1872 and is not re-established
3. Panic of 1873 draws national attention away from Reconstruction
4. Southern Democrats regain control of southern legislatures - 1876
ELECTION OF 1876Rutherford B. Hayes (R.) v. Samuel Tilden (D.)
South disputes electoral votes (Hayes won by ONE electoral vote!)
Congress creates special election committee to decide the winner
END OF RECONSTRUCTIONCompromise of 1877
Hayes declared President of the United States
IF
Federal troops removed from Southern states
EFFECTS OF THE COMP. 1877Compromise of 1877
Removed federal troops form the south
South freely imposing Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes
Democratic Party retakes the South
Plessy v. Ferguson