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Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have a philosophy or approach to learning evaluation that you embrace? If so, what is it? 2. What’s the best reasoning you’ve heard for why we should evaluate learning?

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Page 1: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Will Thalheimer, PhD

Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets&

LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model)

1. Do you have a philosophy or approach to learning evaluation that you embrace? If so, what is it?

2. What’s the best reasoning you’ve heard for why we should evaluate learning?

Page 2: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Bridging Gap between Research and Practice

Research Translation

Page 3: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

https://WorkLearning.com/catalog/

Page 4: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Quite simply, the BEST book on smile sheet creation and utilization, Period!

Karl M. KappProfessor of Instructional Technology

Bloomsburg University

Thoughtful and sensible advice for feedback tools that will provide valid and actionable data.

Robert O. BrinkerhoffProfessor Emeritus, Western Michigan University 

& Director, Brinkerhoff Evaluation Institute

Evidence‐based practice at the master level.

Julie DirksenAuthor of Design For How People Learn

Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model

Page 5: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

There is no perfect measurement tool!

“Our measures are not perfect, but they should instead be thought of as approximations.” 

Deborah L. Bandalos, Author of the 2018 book: 

Measurement Theory and Applications for the Social Sciences

“The evaluation of training programs in terms of ‘results’ is progressing at a very slow rate.” 

Donald Kirkpatrick1960

Page 6: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

“For the most part, the benefits of industrial training have been taken on faith. Few demands have been made to evaluate it in a rigorous manner.”

Ronald BurkeResearcher

1969

“With some notable exceptions… relatively little work has been devoted to making evaluation more useful and worthwhile.”

Robert Brinkerhoff1981

Page 7: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

“ASTD’s research revealed that the actual practice of evaluation doesn’t often follow the strict recommendations of evaluation literature.”

1990

Only 20% were able to do the learning measurement they wanted to do…

2007

Page 8: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

“In every year [from 2005‐2007], more than 90 percent rated measurement as the number one or number two area they would like to improve.”

Josh BersinPrinciple and Founder

Bersin, Deloitte Consulting LLP2008

Dixon, G., & Overton, L (2017). Making an impact: How L&D leaders can demonstrate value. Available at: www.towardsmaturity.org/impact2017

Page 9: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

In general, are you able to do the learning measurement you want to?

Page 10: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

The Kirkpatrick Four-Level Model

Level 1

ReactionLevel 2

LearningLevel 3

BehaviorLevel 4

Results

The Kirkpatrick-Katzell Four-Level Model

Read about Raymond Katzell’s role:

https://is.gd/originator

Level 1

ReactionLevel 2

LearningLevel 3

BehaviorLevel 4

Results

Page 11: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

How would you rate the typical learner‐feedback questions you’ve seen?

Terrible

1

Bad

2

Okay

3

Good

4Given, that there is NO perfect 

measurement…

Smile Sheetsto

Learning

r=.09

Alliger, Tannenbaum, Bennett, Traver, & Shotland (1997).

A meta-analysis of the relations among training criteria.

Personnel Psychology, 50, 341-357.

Smile Sheetsto

Learning

r=.09

Sitzmann, T., Brown, K. G., Casper, W. J., Ely, K., & Zimmerman, R. D.

(2008). A review and meta-analysis of the nomological network of

trainee reactions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 280-295.

1990’s 2000’s

Weak Relationship is below .30 and .09 is VERY WEAK

So…SMILE SHEETS tell us VERY LITTLE about Learning

Page 12: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Likert-like Scales provide Poor DataA. Strongly AgreeB. AgreeC. Neither Agree Nor DisagreeD. DisagreeE. Strongly Disagree

54321

Sharon Shrock and Bill Coscarelli, authors of the classic text, now in its third edition, Criterion‐Referenced Test Development, offer the following wisdom:

On using Likert‐type Descriptive Scales (of the kind that uses response words such as “Agree,” “Strongly Agree,” etc.):

“…the resulting scale is deficient in that the [response words] are open to many interpretations.” (p. 188)

Research shows that learnersdon’t always know their own learning…

Learners are Overly Optimistic Zechmeister & Shaughnessy (1980).

Learners can’t always OvercomeFaulty Prior KnowledgeKendeou & van den Broek (2005).

Learners Fail to Properly Use ExamplesRenkl (1997).

Learners Fail to Give ThemselvesRetrieval PracticeKarpicke, Butler, & Roediger (2009).

Two Recent Reviews Emphasize Learners’ Lack of Knowledge of LearningBrown, Roediger & McDaniel (2014); Kirschner & van Merriënboer (2013).

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Quite simply, the BEST book on smile sheet creation and utilization, Period!

Karl M. KappProfessor of Instructional Technology

Bloomsburg University

Thoughtful and sensible advice for feedback tools that will provide valid and actionable data.

Robert O. BrinkerhoffProfessor Emeritus, Western Michigan University 

& Director, Brinkerhoff Evaluation Institute

Evidence‐based practice at the master level.

Julie DirksenAuthor of Design For How People Learn

http://is.gd/TrainingResearch2012

http://is.gd/ddResearch

Page 14: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

1. Red‐flagging training programs that are not sufficiently effective.

2. Gathering ideas for ongoing updates and revision of a learning program.

3. Judging strengths and weaknesses of a pilot program to enable revision.

4. Providing instructors with feedback to aid their development.

5. Helping learners reflect on and reinforce what they learned.

6. Helping learners determine what (if anything) they plan to do with their learning.

7. Capturing learner satisfaction data to understand—and make decisions that relate to—the reputation of the training and/or the instructors.

8. Upholding the spirit of common courtesy by giving learners a chance for feedback.

9. Enabling learner frustrations to be vented—to limit damage from negative back‐channel communications.

Modified based on work by Robert Brinkerhoff

Reasons for Smile Sheets

Effectiveness

of the

Learning

Reputation

of the

Learning

Supporting Learners

Ultimate Goal Primary Goals Secondary Goals Tertiary Goals

HOW ABLE ARE YOU to put what you’ve learned into practice on the job? Choose One.

A. I am NOT AT ALL ready to use the skills taught.

B. I have GENERAL AWARENESS but will NEED MORE GUIDANCE to put the skills into practice.

C. I need MORE HANDS‐ON EXPERIENCE to be GOOD at using these skills.

D. I am FULLY COMPETENT in using these skills.

E. I am CAPABLE at an EXPERT LEVEL in using these skills.

A Better Smile Sheet Question

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60

HOW ABLE ARE YOU to put what you’ve learned into practice on the job? Choose One.

Unacceptable

Acceptable

Deplorable

Superior

Percentage of Respondents

Unlikely

NOT AT ALL READY

HAVE AWARENESS,NEED MORE GUIDANCE

NEED MOREHANDS ON EXPERIENCE

FULLY COMPETENT

COMPETENTAT EXPERT LEVEL

Ultimate Goal Primary Goals Secondary Goals Tertiary Goals

After the course, when you begin to apply your new knowledge at your worksite, which of the following supports are likely to be in place for you? Select as many items as are likely to be true.

A. I will have my PROGRESS MONITORED BY MY SUPERVISOR in applying the learning.

B. I will have someone available TO COACH OR MENTOR ME in applying the learning.

C. I will have easy access to a COURSE INSTRUCTOR to contact for guidance and support.

D. I will have JOB AIDS to guide me in applying the learning to real job tasks.

E. I will be PERIODICALLY REMINDED of key learning concepts/skills over the next few months.

F. I will NOT get much direct support, but will rely on my own initiative.

A Question About Follow-Through…

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But won’t learners dislike

these new type of

questions?

Percentage saying NEW QUESTIONS EQUAL OR BETTER:

90%

Percentage saying NEW QUESTIONS 

BETTER:

80%

Smile Sheets should be ONLY ONE PARTof our learning evaluation efforts

Smile Sheets

Understanding

Remembering

Motivation to Apply

After Supports

Meeting Target Goals?

Job Performance

Organizational Results

Learner Expectations

Other Expectations

Supports:

Management Support?

Workplace Obstacles?

Reinforcement?

Reminders?

Learners able to:

Understand?

Remember?

Make Decisions?

Apply the Learning?

Page 17: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Traditional Smile Sheets

Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets

eLearning

Page 18: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Self‐StudyLearning Program

Page 19: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Employee Exit Survey

Performance-Focused Smile Sheets:

What Questions Do You Have?

Page 20: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

I am clear about what is expected of me as a result of going through this training. 

A. Strongly DisagreeB. DisagreeC. NeutralD.AgreeE. Strongly Agree

Good

Okay

Bad

After training, my manager and I will discusshow I will use the learning on my job.

strongly disagree ‐‐‐‐‐ 1   2   3   4   5   6   7 ‐‐‐‐‐ strongly agree 

What’s Wrong?

Page 21: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

What plans, if any, do you have for talking with your manager in the next 10 days about how you will use the learning in your work?

A. My manager and I have made plans for at least TWO meetings.B. My manager and I have made plans for at least ONE meeting.C. My manager HAS MENTIONED the idea, but we don’t yet have firm plans.D. I will SEEK OUT my manager and ask for at least one meeting on this.E. We are LIKELY TO DISCUSS my use of the learning as we work together.F. It is DOUBTFUL that we will spend much time discussing my use of the learning.

Better!

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Why Do We Need a New Evaluation Model?

“The Kirkpatrick framework has a number of theoretical and practical shortcomings.” 

“[It] is antithetical to nearly 40 years of research on human learning, leads to a checklist approach to evaluation (e.g., ‘we are measuring Levels 1 and 2, so we need to measure Level 3’), and, by ignoring the actual purpose for evaluation, risks providing no information of value to stakeholders…”  (p. 91)

http://is.gd/TrainingResearch2012

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A

D

D

I

E

Assessment

Design

Development

Implementation

Evaluation

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The Kirkpatrick-Katzell Four-Level Model

Level 1

ReactionLevel 2

LearningLevel 3

BehaviorLevel 4

Results

Who?

What Messages Does the Four‐Level Model Send?

Messaging of Four-Level Model of Learning Evaluation

Harmful Messages (Sent or Missed)

• Does Not Warn Us Against Ineffective Evaluation Practices

• Ignores the Role of Remembering

• Level 2 Learning is Mashed into One Bucket

Beneficial Messages

• Don’t Just Focus on Learning! Focus on Results too!

• Learner Opinions Are Not Most Important

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Page 26: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Special Thanks:

• Julie Dirksen• Clark Quinn• Roy Pollock• Adam Neaman• Yvon Dalat• Emma Weber• Scott Weersing• Mark Jenkins• Ingrid Guerra‐Lopez• Rob Brinkerhoff• Trudy Mandeville• Mike Rustici

Industry Empathy

Grok Problem

Triggering Event

Generate Quick 

Solution

Gather Blind‐Spot Feedback

Improve Solution

Reality‐Test 

Solution

Page 27: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Understanding‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Remembering

Page 28: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Understanding‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Remembering

Understanding‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Remembering

Work Performance

Performance In Learning

Page 29: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Compared to 

Kirkpatrick‐Katzell

Four‐Level Model of Learning Evaluation

Level 1 ‐‐ Reaction

Level 2 ‐‐ Learning

Level 3 ‐‐ Behavior

Level 4 ‐‐ Results

Two Ways to Use LTEM1. Assessing Your Evaluations2. Learning Design & Development:

Working Backward from Your Goals

2018

2018

2019

2020

Page 30: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Two Ways to Use LTEM1. Assessing Your Evaluations2. Learning Design & Development:

Working Backward from Your Goals

1. Sales Increase by 5%

2. Managers Coach Better

3. Simulated Coaching

4. Scenario Questions

5. IF‐THEN Decisions

6. Perf‐Focused Questions

What Questions do You have?

What Questions do You have?

Page 31: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

Merrill’s First Principles

What, if anything, have you learned in this session, that you might want to apply to 

your ID projects?

Page 32: Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets LTEM (the Learning ... · Will Thalheimer, PhD Performance‐Focused Smile Sheets & LTEM (the Learning‐Transfer Evaluation Model) 1. Do you have

• LTEM Report and Model — https://is.gd/LTEM999

• Katzell’s Contribution — https://is.gd/Katzell

• Updated Smile‐Sheet Questions 2018 — https://is.gd/Questions2018

• A Better Net Promoter Question — http://is.gd/replaceNPS

• Be Careful When Benchmarking — https://is.gd/DoNotBenchmark

• Debate About Kirkpatrick Model — http://is.gd/epicbattle

• Better Responses on Smile Sheets — https://is.gd/betterresponses

Subscribe to my Newsletter: — https://www.worklearning.com/sign‐up/

Want to give your

smile sheet a

checkup?

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SmileSheets.com

Will Thalheimer, PhD

Phone: +1‐617‐718‐0767Email:  [email protected]: WorkLearning.comBook: SmileSheets.comTwitter: @WillWorkLearn

https://www.worklearning.com/contact/

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The Decisive Dozenfor Learning Design and Learning Measurement 

http://is.gd/ddResearch

1. Content

2. ExposureBaseline

3. Guiding Attention

4. Creating Correct Conceptions

5. Repetition

6. Feedback

7. Variation

Engagement & Understanding

8. Retrieval Practice

9. Context Alignment

10. SpacingRemembering

11. Persuasion

12. PerseveranceApplication