performance analysis of cost effective portable solar

Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021) pISSN 2288-3274

DOI:https://doi.org/10.21218/CPR.2021.9.2.051 eISSN 2508-125X

Performance Analysis of Cost Effective Portable Solar

Photovoltaic Water Pumping SystemRicha Parmar* ․ Dr. Chandan Banerjee ․ Dr. Arun K. Tripathi

Department of Solar Photovoltaics, National Institute of Solar Energy, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Received February 21, 2021; Revised March 25, 2021; Accepted April 6, 2021

ABSTRACT: Solar water pumping system (SWPS) is reliable and beneficial for Indian farmers in irrigation and crop production without

accessing utility. The capability of easy installation and deployment, makes it an attractive option in remote areas without grid access.

The selection of portable solar based pumps is pertaining to its longer life and economic viability due to lower running cost. The work

presented in this manuscript intends to demonstrate performance analysis of portable systems. Consequent investigation reveals PSWS

as the emerging option for rural household and marginal farmers. This can be attributed to the fact that, a considerable portion (around

45.7%) of the country’s land is farmland and irrigation options are yet to reach farmers who entirely rely on rain water at present for

harvesting of the crops. According to census 2010-2011 tube wells are the main source for irrigation amongst all other sources followed

by canals. Out of the total 64.57-million-hectare net irrigation area, 48.16% is accounted by small and marginal holdings, 43.77% by

semi-medium and medium holdings, and 8.07% by large holdings. As per 2015-16 census data, nearly 100 million farming households

would struggle to make ends meet. The work included in this manuscript, presents the performance of different commercial brands and

different technologies of DC surface solar water micro pumping systems have been studied (specifically, the centrifugal and reciprocating

type pumps have been considered for analysis). The performance of the pumping systems has been analyzed and data is evaluated in

terms of quantity of water impelled for specific head. The reciprocating pump has been observed to deliver the best system efficiency.

Key words: Solar Photovoltaic, Centrifugal motors, Reciprocating pumps, Wire to water efficiency, Hydraulic output

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ⓒ 2021 by Korea Photovoltaic Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Nomenclature

AC : alternate current

DC : direct current

Esub : subsystem efficiency

G : acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

H : Height (meter)

I : Current

M : Friction Loss

MPPT : Maximum Power Point Tracking

η : Efficiency

PSWS : Portable Solar Water Pumping System

PV : Photovoltaic

Q : Flow rate

ρ : Water Density

SPV : Solar Photovoltaic

SWPS : Solar Water Pumping System

V : Voltage

WTWE : Wire to Water Efficiency

1. Introduction

Portable Solar Water Pumping System are basically designed

for fulfilling the requirements of small land holders as, com-

pactness is an important requirement of such target beneficiaries.

Impelled water can be used for various practices like livestock

requirements for far-flung locations, irrigation of small fields,

kitchen gardens and small farmhouses, etc. The impelled water

can also be used to cater sanitation requirements in lavatories for

convenient and effective utilization of solar energy and prevent

water wastage. In this paper, characteristics, operating principle

and practices of portable solar water micro pumping system

(SWMPS) are described according to Indian requirements.

The development of micro pumps started with piston type or

reciprocating pumps1)

. Developing countries e.g. India, Sub

Saharan Africa etc. have identified solar pumps as a climate

smart technology to meet the growing irrigation demand2)

.

Experimental Analysis and simulation study of solar powered

water pumping system3)

by optimizing the power conversion

reveal the fact that, the performance of the SWPS is maximum

at midday. The work presented in4)

, categorize the renewable

51

R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021)52

Fig. 1. Pump classification (operational features)

Fig. 2. Pump classification (constructional features)

energy source water pumping systems (RESWPs) into five

different groups. The performance of each category i.e., biomass

water pumping systems (BWPSs), solar photovoltaic water

pumping systems (SPWPSs), solar thermal water pumping systems

(STWPSs), wind energy water pumping systems (WEWPSs) and

hybrid renewable energy water pumping systems (HREWPSs)

highlight the vital role played by renewable energy source in

water pumping applications and its environmental impacts.

Energy consumption, water flow rate and crop water requirement

are some of the significant aspects which are observed as per

present technology and applications of solar water pumping

systems5-8)

. Solar water pumping technologies have aided in

mitigating reliance on the existing diesel or grid-based systems9)

.

Optimization of multiple micro pumps to maximize the flow

rate and minimize the flow pulsation has been discussed in10)

.

Further, performance analysis of the pumps at different locations,

for surface and ground water has been presented in11)

. The

performance assessment and optimal sizing of the various

commercially available pumping systems in Indian market

based on has been included in12-13)

. The work in14)

investigates

the possibility of solar water pumping system for cassava

irrigation in China and examines suitable area for solar water

irrigation. A systematic approach for optimal sizing of photovoltaic

irrigation systems has been discussed in15-16)

. The fact that,

operating temperature plays a key role in photovoltaic systems

and exhibits linear variations with respect to the output power of a

PV module has been presented in17)

. The work in19)

, investigates

the socio-economic changes and their impact on water management

pertaining to the wavering energy and water demands. In Sub-

Saharan Africa a new solar powered methodology is proposed

for irrigation that can be utilized for the small-scale lands in

remote rural areas19)

. Standalone solar powered water pumping

systems are efficient and reliable approach to certain applications20)

.

Motivated by such observations, governments have incorporated

certain initiatives to achieve the electrification target for effective

utilization of green energy sources21)

. Importance of SWPS for

small land holders, pertaining to associated economic barriers

restricting their ability to utilize such systems has been elaborated

in22)

. The measures undertaken by Government of India by

means of policies and schemes, particularly for women and

underprivileged groups, in order to address these restrictions

have been discussed in23)

. All these factors contribute in making

SPV system, an economically attractive renewable technology25)

.

The significance of operating heads on various SPV water

pumping systems using optimum PV array configuration has been

discussed in26)

. The effects of variation in irradiation, on the

performance of SPVWPS has also been premeditated27)

. A cost

sensitive analysis towards climatic conditions and geographical

parameters is proposed smartly for system sizing and optimi-

zation28-29)

. The concept of centralized SPVWPS for domestic

usage with emphasis on average water requirement has been

investigated in30)

. Optimal photovoltaic arrangement to cater

requirements of agriculturists has been included in31)

.

The work included in this paper introduces the concept of

portable solar water pumps. The system employs an irrigation

pump designed to meet requirements of the target beneficiary.

For small land farmers in remote areas, portability is still an

important requirement to address the threat of expensive equip-

ment being stolen. Portable solar water micro pump systems

intend to develop a plug and play compatible SPVWPS that can

be carried by a person in hand/on a bicycle. The portability

enables using the system at different locations/sites without

much effort. The work provides analysis of systems employing

centrifugal / reciprocating technology-based surface Pumps.

Comparative study concluding DC Pumps to be more efficient

than their AC counterparts has also been included.

2. Portable Solar Water Micro Pumps

Pumps can be broadly classified into Surface and Submersible

type based on their constructional features. However, portable

solar powered micro pumps readily integrate surface type pumps,

as these pumps can be operated by placing near the source of

water (like river, lake or storage tank) to the field. Surface

pumps are low-cost, high-efficiency pumps that require less

maintenance and are easy to install.

R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021) 53

Fig. 3. DC surface solar water pumping system

Fig. 4. Centrifugal type portable solar water pumping system

Fig. 5. Reciprocating type portable solar water micro pumping

system

Surface pumps can lift water up to 8-meter maximum height

for instance, surface type water pumping systems are adapted

where water is required to drive from a dam or cistern to a

storage tank on the field. There are three main technologies of

solar water pump system given below in Fig. 2.

2.1 Centrifugal pump

This type of pump utilizes rotational kinetic energy to pull

water. The pumps employ rotating impellers to impel water. The

capacity of the pump is determined by the number of impellers

employed. Multistage pumps are capable of achieving high

output pressure and high rate of water flow. Water enters the

impeller core axially and accelerated outwards by radial push of

the impellers. Centrifugal pumps are most conventional AC

pumps. However, the pumps required relatively high operating

voltage to perform steadily. Therefore, performance is poor in

cloudy weather, early morning and late evening when irradiation

is relatively lower.

2.2 Positive displacement pump

This type of pump uses a piston to pump water, the displace-

ment of water in positive cycle which brings water into a

chamber and then forces it out using a piston. Piston-type pumps

achieve high lifts and are capable of drawing water from relatively

deeper ground levels. These pumps are relatively slower than

other technologies but perform better, even in low power operating

conditions. The major difference in operational principle between

the two technologies is that, while the centrifugal pump utilizes

rotational kinetic energy of impeller to pump fluid, the recipro-

cating pump is a positive displacement type pump. This enables

the reciprocating pumps to handle even viscous fluids making them

less sensitive to debris and other solid particles. Reciprocating

pumps are generally ‘Farmer-Repairable’ (excepting DC Motor

and Solar PV Panels). With a proper Remote Monitoring being

installed, the System can provide advance intimation of pump-

health to the Technical Support team. Having a practical suction

capability of 8 meter with a total lift of 15 meter. It can be used

to pump water from wide range of water sources - open-wells,

lakes, ponds, canals, tanks, etc.


3. Experimental Setup & Methodology

The Solar Water Pump test facility established at National

Institute of Solar Energy mainly consists of a sump well (10 m

deep), Total head up-to 100 m and shut off dynamic head up-to

150 m. Which can create suction head from 0 to 7 meters for

surface pumps. PV arrays of different capacities, mounted on

suitable metallic structures conforming to the Standards specified

by MNRE are installed for powering the pumps; the modules are

configured in series and parallel to attain the required power

output. Modules installed with SPV water pumping system are

IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 Part I and II certified. Flow meters

and pressure gauges are installed in the facility for a continuous

monitoring of the flow and delivery pressure. The electrical

output of these meters is automatically logged by the SCADA

system which records all the parameters including the array-

voltage/current, motor/pump voltage/current, radiation level

both horizontal and tilted, module surface temperature, etc. on

continuous basis, with periodicity of 10 seconds. The parameters

are averaged over a period of 10 minutes and a data is stored in

a memory as programmed. Two solar array simulators (Make:

CHROMA) are deployed for simulating the array output power.

The performance of the system can be determined by evaluating

the data acquired under varying conditions. The performance

evaluation can be performed either under laboratory (replicable

and reproducible) conditions through simulators, or under field

conditions for acceptance test through outdoor PV arrangements.

The programmable PV simulators are capable of simulating the

necessary configuration (i.e., number of modules, type and

required series/parallel combination) for laboratory test. The

general layout of the system pipe work has been designed to

avoid airlocks. For instantaneous performance testing, pressure

can be sustained by means of a simple gate valve in which, a

backpressure is sustained by restricting the flow. Separate valves

were also deployed to sustain a constant upstream pressure

(pressure sustaining valves). Necessary measures were practiced

to counter the unpredictable performance of such valves. If

possible, test laboratories may also sustain pressure by means of a

pre-pressurized air chamber operating with a pressure maintaining

valve at the outlet or a real water column. Water output is

calculated in terms of liters per watt-peak against total irradiance

and liters per day against total irradiance. Parameters like solar

insolation, Vin, Vout, Iout, Pin, Pout, temperature of water, are

measured to study the performance and feasibility.

3.1 Performance evaluation of pumps

Based on the capacity, size and head of operation four pumps

were selected out of available solar water pumps in Indian

Market (both indigenous and Foreign Manufacturers). The

performance characterization was done on the basis of System

Efficiency, Subsystem Efficiency, and Flow rate. Of these, the

available DC systems are either directly connected, or are

connected through an electronic controller for impedance

matching. The controller can be either integrated with motor-pump

or included separately connected to either brushes or electronically

commutated motor-pump unit where the corresponding controls

are integral with motor-pump. In case of systems employing AC

motor-pump arrangement, a DC/AC inverter is integrated into

the arrangement. For instantaneous performance testing, pressure

can be sustained by means of a simple gate valve in which a

backpressure is sustained by restricting the flow (IEC 62253).

3.1.1 Performance measurement

The following guidelines were practiced to ensure accuracy

in results:

The pipeline set-up between the pump outlet and the pressure

sensor should be of the same inner diameter as the manufacturer’s

outlet fitting. It is assumed that, over the normal operating range

of the pump, the pressure drop due to frictional losses between

the pump outlet and the pressure sensor will be negligible. The

kinetic energy component of the water at the pump outlet will be

small compared to the increase in potential energy due to the

increased pressure across the pump.

A flow meter is used to measure flow of water as shown in

Fig. 6 (a), then the end of the discharge pipe should be beneath the

water surface to prevent splashing. If the bucket and stopwatch

method (field method) is used, it is not possible to discharge the

water beneath the surface. Under such circumstances, a vertical

baffle shall be inserted in the tank between the pump intake and

the return pipe such that water has to pass under the baffle near

the bottom of the tank to reach the pump. Alternatively, a large

pipe can be placed around the pump with its top breaking the

surface and an arch cut in its base to allow water entry and step

by step test procedure is shown in Fig. 6 (b).

Subsystem efficiency is defined as the total hydraulic energy

output divided by total PV power input.


Fig. 6. (a) Experimental test setup for performance analysis of

water pumping system

Fig. 6. (b) Flowchart of the performance evaluation process of

the solar water pumping system

Table 1. Standards for PV Array

Standards For PV Array

Sr. no. Standard Name Description

1. IEC 62124PV Standalone system design

verification

2. IEC 61725Analytic Expression for daily

solar profile

3. IEC 62548Design requirements for

photovoltaic (PV) arrays

Table 2. Standards for pumps

Sr.

no.

Standard

NameDescription

1. IEC 62253 Design Qualification & Performance Measure

2. IS 14582

Single Phase Small A.C. Electric Motors for

Centrifugal Pumps for Agricultural Applications

— Specification

3. IS 11346Tests for Agricultural And Water Supply Pumps

— Code Of Acceptance

4. IS 14536

Selection, Installation, Operation and

Maintenance of Submersible Pump set

-Code of Practice

5. IS 5120Technical Requirements for Roto-dynamic

Special Purpose Pumps

6. IS 14220Open-well Submersible Pump sets

—Specification

Table 3. PV array capacity and micro pump configuration

S.

N.Name

PV Array

capacity and

Pump

Configuration

Uses TypeTotal

Head

1. A80 Watt Peak

and 12 volts

open wells / rivers

/ farm ponds /

tanks / streams

etc

HP DC

Surface

pump

(Type:

Centrifugal)

5 to

40 m

2. B80 Watt Peak

and 24 volts

bore wells as well

as open

wells/rivers/farm

ponds/tanks etc

0.1 HP DC

Surface

pump

(Type:

Centrifugal)

5 to

70 m

3. C120 Watt Peak

and 36 volts

Small-holder/

Marginal farmer,

having small

scattered holding,

Having shallow

sub-terrane water

or access to river/

lake/pond/canal

system. Having

little or no access

to grid-electricity

0.1 HP DC

Surface

pump

(Type :

Piston)

10 m

4. D300 Watt Peak

and 36 volts

Small-holder/

Marginal farmer,

having small/

scattered holding,

Having shallow

sub-terrane water

or access to river/

lake/pond/canal

system. Having

little or no access

to grid-electricity

0.25 HP DC

Surface

Pump

(Type:

Piston)

10 m


Table 4. Comparative analysis between centrifugal pump and

reciprocating pump

S.N.Performance

Parameters

Centrifugal

Pump

Reciprocating

Pump

1. Efficiency Low High

2. Reliability High High

3. Total Head

Suction Head is low

but Delivery Head is

high

Suction Head is high

but Delivery Head is

low

4. Applications

Kitchen Garden,

Toilet Sanitation,

Sprinkler but not

suitable for irrigation

Kitchen Garden, Toilet

Sanitation, Sprinkler

and also suitable for

irrigation upto 1 Acre

area land

5. Cost Low High

6.Remote

Monitoring UnitNot provided Provided

Fig. 7. 0.1HP DC surface (centrifugal) solar water micro pump

at 12V

Fig. 8. 0.1HP DC surface (centrifugal) solar water micro pump

at 24V

Wire to Water Efficiency is defined as total hydraulic energy

divided by total power

Flow rate is defined as the water output of the Pump & Motor per

unit time

3.2 Selection of the solar water pumping system

Based on study of the pump performance at laboratory, the

following parameters were identified as key parameters in context

of Indian market: the operating head, total water output required

per watt per day, wire to water efficiency and utilization factor.

The performance of Surface Pumps was observed to be good for

lower head operation whereas, Submersible pumps were observed

to perform better for higher head operation. Outcomes of the

comparative analysis have been summarized in Table 4.

4. Discussion

A 0.1HP, 80Watt, DC surface pump was analyzed for operating

voltage of 12V, 24V and 36V. Figure 7 depicts the estimation of

wire to water efficiency with respect to rate of discharge of

water and input dc power for a DC centrifugal surface pump at

12V. It has been observed that, at maximum head (22 m), the

wire to water (WTWE) efficiency is 42.21% and input power is

39.72W. The maximum WTWE efficiency is observed to be

43.64% @ input power of 37.8W and operational head 20 m.

Estimation of wire to water efficiency with respect to rate of

discharge of water and input dc power for a DC centrifugal

surface pump at 24V is shown in Figure 8. At the maximum head

(22 m). the WTWE efficiency is observed to be 46.47% and

input power drawn is 44.56W which corresponds to its maximum

WTWE efficiency. Fig. 9 records the estimation of wire to water

efficiency with respect to rate of discharge of water and input dc

power supply for the system at 36V. It is found that at maximum

head of 8.5 m, the WTWE efficiency is 46.57% and input power

is 76.35W. The maximum WTWE efficiency of 48.97% is also

recorded for operational head of 8.5 m with input power of

88.31W due to increased irradiance.

Fig. 10: shows the estimation of wire to water efficiency with

respect to rate of discharge of water and input dc power supply

for a 0.25HP, DC surface pump. It is found that at maximum


Fig. 9. 0.1HP DC surface (reciprocating) solar water micro

pump at 36V

Fig. 10. 0.25HP DC surface (reciprocating) solar water micro

pump

head of 61 m, the WTWE efficiency is 62.69% with input power

is 143.10W. The maximum WTWE efficiency of 67.86% was

recorded with input power of 112W for operational head of 31 m.

5. Conclusion

The work presented in this paper establishes that Solar Water

Micro Pumping Systems are portable, easy to use and require

less maintenance. The analytical results of different technologies

of solar water micro pumps demonstrates performance analysis

between centrifugal and reciprocating technologies. Comparative

analysis elaborate that reciprocating pumps are more efficient.

Although solar water micro pumps are suitable for only limited

practices, the observations reveal this configuration being,

sustainable and cost-effective method for marginal farmers

along with applications like kitchen gardens, farm houses, etc.

without the consumption of electricity and conventional fuel,

thereby providing a cost-effective alternative.

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Mr. Jitendra

Lakhani, Future Pumps Ltd.(India) and Mr. Anupam Baral,

Geetanjali Pumps Ltd. (India), for their valuable guidance.

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performance analysis of cost effective portable solar

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