perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances - historical perspective and...

8/10/2019 Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer Over Kilometer Distances - Historical Perspective and Recent Research, Puthoff & Targ (IEEE, 1976)

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329ROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE , VOL. 64. O . 3 MARCH 1976

A Perceptual Channel for Information Transferover Kilometer Distances: H 'istorical Perspective

and Recent ResearchHAROLD E. PUTHOFF. MEMBER, IEEE , AND RUSSELL TARG, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE

Abstract For more than 100 ye.a:rs, scientists have anempted todetermine the truth or falsity of claims for the existence of a perceptualchannel whereby certain individuals are able [0 perceive and describeremote data not presented to any k.nown sense. This paper presents anoutline of the history of scientific inquiry into such so-


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330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. MARCH 1976

Fig. l Airpon in San Andres. CoLombia. used as remote-viewing target, along with sketch produced by subjectin California.

n the literature as autoscopy(in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation (psychological literature); simpleclairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body experience

(parapsychological literature); or astral projection (occult liter-

ature). We choose the term remote viewing as a neutraldescriptive term free f rom prior associations and bias as tomechanisms.

The development at SRI of a successful experimental procedure to elicit this capability has evolved to the point wherepersons such as visiting government scientists and contractmonitors, with no previous exposure to such concepts, havelearned to perform well; and subjects who have trained over aone-year period have performed excellently under a variety ofexperimental conditions. Our accumulated data thus indicatethat both specially selected and unselected persons can beassisted in developing remote perceptual abilities up to alevel of useful information transfer.

In experiments of this type, we have three principal findings,

First, we have established that it is possible to obtain signifi-cant amounts of accurate descriptive information about remotelocations. Second, an increase in the distance from a fewmeters up to 4000 km separating the subject from the sceneto be perceived does not in any apparent way degrade thequality or accuracy of perception. Finally, the use of Faradaycage electrical shielding does not prevent high-quality descriptions from being obtained.

To build a coherent theory for the explanation of thesephenomena, it is necessary to have a clear understanding ofwhat constitutes the phenomena. In this paper, we first brieflysummarize previous efforts in this field in Section II. We thenpresent in Sections HI and IV the results of a series of more

than fifty experiments with nine subjects carried out in ourown laboratory, wttich represent a sufficiently stable data baseto permit testing of various hypotheses concerning the functioning of this channeL Finally, in Section Y we mdicate

those areas of physics and information theory thar appear tobe relevant to an understanding of certain aspects of thephenomena.

First, however, we present an illustrative example generated. in an early pilot experiment. As will be clear from our laterdiscussion, this is not a best-ever example, but rather atypical sample of the level of proficiency that can be reachedand that we have come to expect in our research ,

Three subjects participated in a long-distance experimentfocusing on a s ~ r i sof targets in Costa Rica. These subjectssaid they had never been to Costa Rica. In this experiment,one of the experimenters Dr. Puthoff) spent ten days travelingthrough Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure trip.This information was all that was known to the subjects about

the traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthoffto k ~ pa detailed record of his location and activities, includ-ing photographs of each of seven target days at 1330 PDT .A total of twelve daily descriptions were collected before thetraveler's return: six responses from one subject, five fromanother, and one from a third.

The third subject who submitted the single response supplieda drawing for a day in the middle of the series. (The subject'sresponse, together with the photographs taken at the site, areshown in Fig. I). Although Costa Rica is a mountainouscountry, the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler at abeach and ocean setting. With some misgiving, he described anairport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the


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331UTHOFF AND TARG : PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER

end (correct). An airport building also was drawn , and shownto have a large rectangular overhang (correct) . The travelerhad taken an unpLanned one-day side trip to an offshore islandand at the time of the experiment had just di sembarked from aplane at a small island airport as described by the subject4000 km away. The sole discrepancy was that the subject'sdrawing showed a u o n s e t ~ h u ttype of building in place of therectangular structure.

The above description was chosen as an example to illustratea major 'point observed a number of times throughout theprogram to be described. Contrary to what may be expected,a subject's description does not necessarily portray what mayreasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or safeguess), but often runs counter even to the subject's ownexpectations.

We wish to stress again that a result such as the above is notunusual. The remaining submissions in t is ex.periment provided further examples of exceUent correspondences betweentarget and response . (A target period of poolside relaxationwas identified; a drive through a tropical forest at the base ofa truncated volcano was described as a drive through a junglebelow a large bare table mountain; a h o t e l ~ r o o mtarget descrip

tion , including such. details as rug coLor, wascorrect;

andso

on.) So as to determine whether such matches were simplyfortuitous-tru.t is, could reasonably be expected on the basisof chance alone-Dr. Puthoff was asked after he had returnedto blind match the twelve descriptions to his seven targetlocations . On the basis of this conservative evaluation p r o c e ~dure, which vastly underestimates the statistical significanceof the individual descriptions, five correct matches were o b ~tained . ~ h i snumber of matches is significant at = 0.02 byexact binomial calculation .:

The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descriptions early in our program led to a large-scale study of theph.enomenon at SRI under sec ure d o u b l e ~ b l i n dconditions (I.e.,target unknown to experimenters as well as subjects), with

independent random target selection and blind judging. Theresults, presented in Sections III and IV, provide strong evidence for the robustness of this phenomenon whereby ahuman perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity can detectcomplex remote stimuli.

lI . BACKGROUND

Although we are approaching the study of these phenomenaas physicists, it is not yet possible to separate ourselves entirelyfrom the language of the nineteenth century when the l b o r ~tory study of the paraJl0nn21 was begun. Consequently, wecontinue to use terms such at paranormal, ' ' telepathy,' ' andthe like. However , we intend only to indicate a process ofinformation transfer Wlder conditions generally accepted assecure against such transfer and with no prejudice or occultassumptions as to the mechanisms involved. As in any otherscientific pursuit, the purpose is to coUect the observables thatresult from experiments and to t ry to determine the functionalrelationships between these observables and the laws of physicsas they are currently understood.

' Th e probability o f II correct daily match by chance for any giventranscript iJ = t Therefore. the probability of at least five correctmatches by chance out of twelve tries can be calculated from

2< l)i 6 IH= - - = 0 .0 2 .

I t ; i (12- i ) 7 7

Organized research into so-..called psychic functioning beganroughly in the time of 1. 1. Thomson, Sir Oliver Lodge , andSir William Crookes, all of whom took part in the founding ofthe Society for Psychical Research (SPR) in 1882 in England.Crookes, for example, carried out tis principal investigationswith D. D . Home, a Scotsman who grew up in America andreturned to England in 1855 [3}. According to the notebooksand published reports of Crookes, Home had demonstratedthe ability to cause objects to move without touching them.We should note in passing that, Home, unlike most subjects,worked only in the light and spoke out in the strongest possible term s against the darkened seance rooms popular at thetime [5] .

Sir William Crookes was a pioneer in the study of electricaldiscru.rge in gases and in the development of vacuum tubes,some types of which still bear his name. Although everythingCrookes said about electron beams and plasmas was accepted,nothing he said about the achievements of D. D . Home everachieved that status. Many of his colleagues, who had notobserved the experiments with Home,stated publicly that theythought Crookes had been deceived, to which Crookes angrilyresponded:

Will not my critics give me credit for some amount of commonsense? Do they not imagine that the obvious precautions, whichoccur to them as soon as the y ~ i t down to pick. holes in myexperiments, have occurred.to me also in the course of my p r o ~longed and patient investigation? The answer to this, as to aUother objection s is prove it to be an error, by showing whereIhe error l i e ~ or if a trick. by shov.i.ng how lhe trick is per-formed. Try the experiment fuUy and fairly. If then fraud befound. expose it; i f it be a (ruth , proclaim it . This is the onlyscientific procedure, and it is thai I propose steadily to pursueI] I

In the United States, scientific interest in the paranormalwas centered in the universities. In 1912, 10hn Coover [6Jwas established in the endowed Chair of Psychical Research atStanford University. In the 1920 's, Harvard University set upresearch programs ~ t George Estabrooks and L. T. Troland[71. [81 . It was in this framework that, in 1930 , WilliamMcDougall invited Dr. 1. B Rhine and Dr. Louisa Rhine tojoin the Psychology Department at Duke University [91 . Formore t han 30 years, signiflcant work was carried out at Rhine'sDuke University Laboratory. To examine the existence ofparanormal perception, he used the nowfamous ESP cardscontaining .t boldly printed picture of a star, cross, square,circle. or wavy lines. Subjec ts were asked to name the orderof these cards Ul a freshly shuffled deck of twenty-five suchcards . To test for telepathy, an experimenter would look atthe cards one at a time, and a subject suitably separated fromthe sender would attempt to determine which card was beingviewed.

Dr. 1. B . Rhine together with Dr. J. G. Pratt carried outthousands of experiments of this type under widely varyingconditions t 0 J. The statistical results from these experimentsindicated that some individuals did indeed possess a paranormal perceptual ability in that it was possible to obtain anarbitrarily high degree of improbability by continued testingof a gifted subject.

The work of Rhine has been challenged on many grounds,however , including accusations of improper handling of t t i s ~tics , error, and fraud. With regard to the statistics, the generalconsensus of statisticians today is tru.t i f fault is to be foundin Rhine's work, it wollid have to be on other than statisticalgrounds [ I l l With regard to the accusations of fraud, the
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most celebrated case of criticism of Rhine 's work , that ofG. R. Prj , [121. ended 17 years after it began when theaccusation of fraud was retracted by it s author in an anicleentitled Apology to Rhine and Soal, published in the samejournaL in which it was first put forward L 3). It should alsobe noted that parapsychological researchers themselves recently exposed fraud in their own laboratory when theyencountered it {141 .

At the end of the 1940's, Prof. S G . Soal, an English mathematician 'working with the SPR, had carried out hundreds ofcard guessing experiments involving tens of thousands of calls[151 . Many of these experiments were carried out over extended distances . One of the most notable experiments wasconducted with Mrs. Gloria Stewan between London andAntwerp. This experiment gave results whose probability ofoccurring by chance were less than 10 - 8 . With the publicationof Modern Experiments in Telepath y by Soal and Bateman(both of whom were statisticians), it appeared that card guessing experiments produced significant results, on the average. J

The most severe criticism of all this work, a criticism difficui[ to defend against in principle, is that leveled by the wenknown British parapsychological critic C . E. M. Hansel [17],who

began hisexamination of the

ESPhypothesis with the

stated assumption, In view of the a prion' arguments againstit we know in advance that telepathy. etc., cannot occur.Therefore, based on the a priori unlikelihood of ESP ,Hansel's examination of the literature centered primarily onthe possibility of fraud, by subjects or investigators. Hereviewed in depth four experiments which he regarded asproviding the best evidence of ESP : the Pearce-Pratt distanceseries [18]; the Pratt-Woodruff (19) series, both COnductedat Duke ; and Soal's work with Mrs. Stewart and Basil Shackleton [l 5 1 as well as a more recent series by Soal and Bowden[20]. Hansel showed, in each case, how fraud could have beencommitted (by the experimenters in the Pratt-Woodruff andSoal-Bateman series, or by the subjects in the Pearce-Pratt

and Soal-Bowden experiments). He gave no direct evidencethat fraud wa s committed in these experiments, but said, I fthe result could have arisen through a trick, the experimentmust be considered unsatisfactory proof of ESP, whether ornot it u finall y decided that such a trick wa s in fact used ( 17,p. 18 J As discussed by Honorton in a review of the field[21 ], Hansel's conclusion after 241 pages of careful scrutinytherefore was that these experiments were not fraud-proor'and therefore in principle could not serve as conclusive proofof ESP.

Even among the supporters of ESP research and its results,there remained the consistent problem tbat many successfulsubjects eventually lost their ability and their scores graduallydrifted toward chance results. This decline effect in no way

erased their previous astronomical success; but it was a disappointment since if paranormal perception is a n a ~ u r a lability,one would like to see subjects imprOving with practice ratherthan getting 'ilIorse.

One of the first successful attempts to overcome the declineeffect was in Czechoslovakia in the work of Or. Milan Ryzl, achemist with the Institute of Biology of the CzechoslovakianAcademy of Science and also an amateur hypnotist (22].Through the use of hypnosis, together with feedback and

R e ~ n U y ,some o f the early Soat experiments have been criticized[16 J . However, his long-distance experiments cited here were judgedin 8 double-blind fashion o f the type that escaped the criticism of theearlyexperiroenu.

reinforcement, he developed several outstanding subject s , oneof wh.om, Pavel Stepanek , has worked with experimentersaround the world for more than 10 years.

Ryzl's pioneering work came as an answer to the questionsraised by the 1956 ClBA Foundation conference on extrasensory perception. The CrnA Chemical Company has annualmeetings on topics of biological and chemical interest , andthat same year they assembled several prominent parapsychologists to have a s t a t e o f t h e ~ a r tconference on ESP [23J.The conference concluded that little progress would be madein parapsychology research until a repeatable experimentcould be found; namely, an experiment that different experimenters could repeat at will and that would reliably yield astatistically significant result.

Ryzl had by t 962 accomplished that goaL His primary contribution was a decision to interact with the subject as a person, to try to build up his confidence and ability . His protocoldepended on working with rather than running his subjects. RyzJ's star subject , Pavel Stepanek , has produced highlysignificant results with many contemporary researchers [24 ][29]. In these experiments, he was able to tell with 60-percentreliability whether a hidden card was green side or white

side up , yielding statistics of a million to one with only athousand trials .As significant as such results are statistically, the information

channel is imperfect, containing noise along with the signal.When considering how best to use such a channel , one is led[Q the communication theory concept of the introduction ofredundancy as a means of coding a message to combat theeffects of a noisy channel (30). A prototype experiment byRyzl using such techniques has proved to be successful. Ryzlhad an assistant select randomly five groups of Uuee digitseach. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form andtranslated into a sequence of green and white cards in sealedenvelopes . By means of repeated calling and an elaboratemajority vote protocol, Ryzl was able after 9 350 calls by

Stepanek (averaging 9 s per can) to correctly identify all IS}0- 15numbers, a result significant at p = The hit rate forindividual calls was 61.9 percent, 9 7 8 hits, and 7372 misses[311

Note Added in Proof ; It has been brought to our attentionthat a similar procedure was recently used to transmit withouterror the word peace in International MOrSe Code 1. C.Carpenter, Toward the effective utilization of enhancedweak-signal ESP effects , presented at the Annual Meeting ofthe American Association for the Advancement of SCience,New York , NY, Jan. 27 , 19 7 5).

The characteristics of such a channel can be specified inaccordance with the precepts of communication theory. Thebit rate associated with the information channel is calculated

from (30)R = H x ) - Hy x) (1)

where H(x ) is the uncertainty of the source message containingsymbols with a priori probability Pi

H x ) = - L,

Pi log, Pi (2);=

and Hy (x ) is the conditional entropy based on thea posterioriprobabilities that a received signal was actually transmitted :

Hy x) L

p i , j ) log, Pi j) (3)i i=1


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334 PRO C EEDINGS O F THE IEEE . MARCH 19 '6

search (or physiological correlates of information trarisfer . heused the plethysmograph to measure changes in the bloodvolume in a finger, a sensitive indicator of autonomic nervoussystem functiomng [471 . A plethysmographic measurementwas made on the finger of a subject during telepathy experimeots . A sender looked at randomly selected target cardsconsisting of names known to the subject , together with namesunknown to him ( selected at random from a telephone book ,The names of the known people were contributed by the su bject and 'were to be of emotional significance to him. Deanfound signiricant changes in the chart recording of fingerblood volume when the remote sender was looking at thosenames known to the subject as compared with those namesrandomly chosen .

Three other experiments using the physiological approachhave now been published. The first work by Tart [481, a laterwork by Lloyd {49], and most recently the work by theauthors (4] all foUow a similar procedure . Basically, a su bjectis closeted in an electrically shielded room while his EEG isrecorded . Meanwhile, in another laboratory , a sec o nd personis stimulated fr o m time to time, and the time of that st imulusis marked on the magnetic-tape recording of the subject s EEG .The subject does not know when the remote stimulus

periodsare as compared with the nonstimulus periods .With regard to choice of stimulus for our own experimenta

tion , we noted that in previous work others had attempted;without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a subject s EEG in response to a single stroboscopic flash stimulusobserved by another subject SO I. In a discussion of t lu texperiment, Kam..iya suggested that because of the unknowntemporal characteristics of the information channel, it mightbe more appropriate to use repetitiv6 bursts of light to increasethe probability of detecting information transfer (51 J. Therefore , in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train ofI ~ duration as the remote stimulus.

In the design of the study, we assumed that the application

of the remote stimulus would result in responses similar tothose obta i ned under conditions of direct stimulation . Forexample, when an individual is stimulated with a lowfrequency 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG typically showsa decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and adriving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes (521 .We hypothesized 'that if we stimulated one subject in thismanner (a putative sender), the EEG of another subject in aremote room with no flash present (a receiver) might showchanges in aJplu (9-11 Hz) activity and possibly an EEGdriving similar to that of the sender, or other coupling to thesender s EEG [53). The receiver was seated in a visuaUyopaque, acousticaUy and electricaUy shielded, double-waUedsteeL room about 7 m from the sender. The details of the

experiment, consisting of seven runs of thirty-six Io ~

trialseach (twelve periods each for OHz, 6-Hz, and l6-Hz stimuli,randomly intermixed) , are presented in [41 . This experimentproved to be successful. The receiver 's alpha activity (9-11 Hz)showed a Significant reduction .in average power ( -24 percent ,

< 0.04) and peak power (-28 pe


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PUTHOFF AND TARG : PERCEPTUAL CH A NNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER 3)5

class of paranormal perception phenomenon exist s. A t alltimes , we and others responsible for the overall program tookmeasures to prevent se nsory leakage and subliminal cueing andto prevent deception , whether intentional or unintentional.To ensure evaluations independent of belief structures of bothexperimenters and judges , all experiments were carried outunder a protocol, described below , in which target selection atthe beginning of experiments and blind judging of results at

the end of experiments were handled independently of theresearchers engaged in carrying ou t the experiments.Six subjects, designated S I through S6, were chosen for the

study. Three were consi dered as gifted or experienced subjects( S I through S3 ) , an d three were considered as learners (S4through S 6), The a prion dichotomy between gifted andlearners was based on the experienced group having beensuccessful in other studies conducted before this programand the learners group being inex.perienced with regard toparanormal experimentation .

The study consisted of a series of d o u b l e ~ b l i n dtests withlocal targets in the San Francisco Bay Area so that several in dependent judge s could visit the sites to establish documeDtation . The protocol was to closet the subject with an experi

ment er at SRI and at an agreed on time to obtain from thesubject a de SCrip tion of an undisclosed remote site beingvisited by a target team . In each of the experiments, one ofthe six program subjects served as r e m o t e ~ v i e w i n gsubject,and SRI experimenters served as a target demarcation team atthe remote location chosen in a doubLe-blind protocol asfollows .

In each experiment , SRI management randomly chose atarget location from a list of targets within a 3D-min drivingtime from SRI; the target l ocati on selected was kept blind tosubject and experimenters . The target pool consis ted of morethan 100 target locations chosen from a target-rich environment. (Before the experimental series began , the Director ofthe Informahon Science and Engineering Division , not other

wise associated with the experiment , established the set of locations as the target pool which remained known only to him.The target locations were printed on cards sealed in envelopesand kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were availableonly with the personal assistance of the Division Director whoissued a single random-number selected target card that constituted the traveling orders for that experiment.)

In detail: To begin the experiment . the subject was closetedwith an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 min before beginninga narrative deSCription of tbe remote location. A second experimenter then obtained from the Division Director a targetlocation from a set of traveling orders previously prepared andrandomized by the Director and kept under his control. Thetarget demarcation team, consisting of two to fow SRI experi

menters, then proceeded by automobile directly to the targetv.ithout any communication with th e subject or experimenterremaining behind. The experimenter remaining with the subject at SRI was kept ignorant of both the particular target andthe target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of cueing(overt or subliminal) and to allow him freedom in questioningthe subject to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation teamremained at the target site for an agreed-on I5-min periodfoUowing the 30 min allotted for traveL4 During the observa

-T h e n n t subject (SL) was al10wed 30 min f Or his descriptions, bu tit waS found that he fatigued and had uttle co m m en t after the rust 1 Smi n . The viewing ti m e was therefore reduced to 15 min for subjects52 through 56 .

tion period, the remote-viewing subject was asked to describehis impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and tomake an y drawings he thought appropriate . An infonnal comparison was (hen made when the demarcation team rerurned,and the subject was taken to the site to provide feedback .

A. Subject S1 : Ex peri enced

To begin the se rie s, Pat Price , a fonner Calif ornia police com

missioner and city councilman, parti cipated as a su bject innine experiments . In general, Price s ability to describecorrectly buildings , docks, roads , gardens, and the like , induding structural materials , color, ambience . and activity-oftenin great detail - indicated the functioning of a remote perceptual ability . A Hoover Tower target, for example , wasrec o gnized and named by name . Nonetheless, in general , thedescriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct statements. A typical example s indicated by the subject s drawingshown in Fig. 3 in which he correctly described a park-likearea co ntaining two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 by89 ft (actual dimensions 7S by 100 ft) ; the other circular ,diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 110 ft ) . He incorrectly indicated the function, however , as wat er filtration rather thanrecre ation al swimming. (We of t en observe essentially correc tdeSCriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of fUDction .) As can be seenfrom his drawing, he also included some elements, such asthe tanks shown in the upper right, that are not present at thetarget site. We also note an apparent left-right reversal, oftenobserved in paranormal perception experiments .

To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of theremoteviewmg experiment, the experimental results weresubjected to independent judging on a blind basis by an SRIresearch analyst not otherwise associated with the resear ch .The subject s response packets, which con tained the ninetyped unedited transcripts of the tape-recorded narrativesalong with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random order. While standing at each target location, visited in t u r n the judg e was required to blind rank orderthe nine packets on a scale I to 9 (best to worst match ). Thestatistic of interest is the sum of ranks assjgned to the targetassociated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches .For nme targets, the sum of ranks could range from nine toeighty-one . The probability that a gjven sum of ranks s orless will occur by chance is gjven by [55 J

I s k n) -NI - r ( or less) = ;; L L ( - I ) _N ;=n 120 n L

where .s is obtained sum of ranks, N is number of assignable

ranks, n is number of occasions on which ranltings were made,and , takes on values from zero to the least positive integer kin i - n /n. (Table 1 is a table to enable easy application ofthe above fonnula to those cases in which N = n.) The sum inthis case, which included seven direct hits out of the nine, was16 ( see Table 11), a result significant at p = 2.9 X IO- s byexact calculation.

In Experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was se-cured in a double-walled copperscreen Faraday cage. TheFaraday cage provides 120-dB attenuation for planewaver d i ~ r qu e nc y radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz .For magnetic fields, the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz anddecreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order judging(Table II ) indicate that the use of Faraday cage electrical


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336 PROCEEDIN GS O f THE IEEE. MA RCH 1 97 6

b)

Fig. 3. Swimming pool complex as re m o te -viewing target . ( a) C i ty map o f target locat ion. (b) Drawing by Price (5 1) .

TABLE ICRITICAL VALU ES Of SU MS Of RANK S FOR P U .FEIlENTIAL MAT C H-r NG

I I I I I !AVE .

.LJ

. 0'.

- ,- f \

~ ~ I C ~ I

-

(0)

HUllIb e o f Pr oba b i l i t y ( one - t a i led ) Chat t he In d i c a t e d s o f Ran k s o r Le ss Would Occ ur by Ch., nc .,Ass i g n. o l eRank s M) 1 O0- l O ,oos 0, 00 1 l O' '''. 10 0 . 10 0 . 04 0.025 0 .0 1 0 .002 0 . 0005 S

, , , S S l , , ) SI 10 8 8 6 S, , ,S II 10 83 13 12 , 22 120 18 17 IS 12 II 88 ,13 II 8 27 22 20 17 IS

)) 20 12 10O 22 21 17I 2 I

0 29 27 22 19 II9 J8 J6 J3"I J2 20 178 J6S "

I 12 JO 221 ' 8 " NOle : 11 Us tabJe applies: o nly to those special cases I1l which the numb e r o f OCcaSlO[JS o n whi ch o bjects

are bema ranked n) is equal to the number o f assignable ranks N . Each entry represents the largestnwnber that is significa.ct at the indicated p -Ievel. Source: R . L Morris ( 5 5) .

shielding does not prevent high-quality descriptions from beingobtained.

As a backup judging procedure, a pane l o f five additionalSRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research we r easked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts( with associated drawings) generated by the remote vieweragainst the nine target locati o ns which they independentlyvisited in tu m . The transcripts were unlabeled and presentedin random order. A correct match co nsisted of a transcriptof a given date being matched to the target of that date . Inst ead of the expected number of 1 match each per judge , thenumber of correct matche s obtained by the five judg es was 7,6, 5, 3, and 3 , respectively . Th u s, rather than the ex p ectedto tal number of 5 correct matche.s from the judges, 24 suchmatches wer e obtained .

B . S ub je ct S4: Learn erThis experiment was desjgned t o be a replication o f our pre

vious experiment with Price , th e fir st replicati o n attempted.The subject for this experiment was Mrs. Hella Hammid , agifted professional ph o tograph er. She was sel e cted for thisseries on the basis of her successful p e rformance as a pe rcipient in the EEG ex p e riment described earlier. Outside ofthat interaction, she had no previous experience with appar entparanormal fun c tioning.

At the time w e began working with Mrs. Ham m id , she hadno strong fe elings about the likeWtood of her abilit y (0 succeed in this task. This was in contrast to both lngo S wannwho had come to our la bo ratory fresh from a length y andapparently successful seri es of experiments with Dr. Gert ru deSchmeidl e r at City College of New York [56) and Pat Pri ce
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PUTHOFF AND TA R G PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER '

PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS TARGET

CD.


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339UTHOFf AND TARG: PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORM-ATlON TRANSfER

TA R G E T T E N N I S COURTS

f ig. 6. Subject Elgin'(S2) drawings in response to tennis co u n target.

subject. I t was a demonstration experiment for a governmentvisitor who had heard of our work and wanted to evaluate our

experimental prot ocol.In the laboratory, the subject , holding a bearing compass atann's length, began the experiment by indicating the directionof the target demarcation team co rre ctly to within So . (In llfour experiments with this subject, he has always been within10 of the correct direction in this angular assessment.) Thesubject then generated a IS-min tape-recorded description andthe drawings shown in Fig. 6.

In discussing the drawings , Elgin indicated that he wasuncertain as to the action, but had the impression that thedemarcation team was loca ted at a museum (known to him)in a parti cular park. In fact, the target was a tennis court located in that park about 90 m from the indicated museum.Once again, we note the characteristic (discussed earlier) of a

resemblance between the target site and certain gestalt elements of the subject's response, especially in regard to thedrawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis ofthe significances. Nonethel ess, when rank ordering transcriptsI through 8 at tbe site, the judge ranked this transcript as 2This x ~ p l illustrates a continuing observation that most ofthe correct infonnation related to us by subjects is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, fonn, color, and materialrather than to function or name .

A second example from this group, generated by 53 (Swann),indicates the level of proficiency that can be attained withpractice . In the two years since we first started working withSwann , he has been studying the problem of separating the external signal from the inter nal noise. In our most recent

experiments, he dictates two lists for us to record. One listcontains objects that he sees, but does not think. are located

at the remote scene. A second list cont ains objects that hethinks are at the scene . In our evaluation, he has made muchprogress in this most essential ability to separat e memoryand imagination from paranormal input s . This is the key tobringing the remote-viewing channel to fruition with regard toits potential usefulness.

The quality of transcript that can be generated by this process is evident from the results of our most recent experimentwith Swann. The target location chosen by the usual doubleblind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Swann described atall building with vertical columns and set in windows . Hissketch, together with the photograph of the site, is shown inFig . 7 . He said there was a fountain, but I don't hear it. At the time the target team was at the City Hall during the

experiment, the fountain was not running. He also made aneffort to draw a replica of the designs in the pavement in frontof the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees(four) in the sketch.

For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S3, thenumerical evaluation . based o n blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 X 10-4 and in -cluded three direct hits and three second ranks for the targetassociated transcripts (see Table IV).

D . Subjects 55 nd S6: Learnerj

To compl ete the series, fOUI experiments each were carriedout with learner subjects S5 and 56, a man and woman on theSRI professional staff. The results in this case, taken as a


12/26

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vious experience in remote viewing, began to describe a largesquare with a fountain. Fo ur minutes in to the experiment,

she recognized the location and correctly identifi ed it by name(see Fig. 8). (It should be noted that in the area from whichthe target locations were drawn there are other fountainsas well , some of which were in the target p ool. ) As an example or the style of the narratives generated during remoteviewing with inexperienced subject s and of the part played bythe experimenter remaining with the subject in su c h a case,we have mcluded the entire unedited text of this experimentas Appendix B.

E Normal and Paran orma l: Use o Unselected Subjects inRemote Viewing

After more than a year of following the experimental protocol described above and observing that even inexperienced

subjects generated r e ~ u l t sbetter than expected, we initiated aseries of experiments to explore further whether individual sother than putative "Psychics" can demonstrate the remote-viewing ability. To test this idea, we have a continuing pro-gram to carry out additional experiments of the outdoor typewith new subje cts whom we have no a priori rea so n to believehave paranormal perceptual ability. To date we have colle c teddata from five experiments with two individuals in this category : a man and a woman who were visiting governmentscientists interested in observing our experimental prot oco ls.The motivation for these particular experiments was tw ofol d.First, the experiments provide data that indicate the level ofprofiCiency that can be expected from unselected volunteers .


13/26

----

4 1PUTHOFF AND TARG : PER CEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR lNFORMATION TRANSfER

Fig , 8. S ubject (S6) drawifta o f White Plaza, Stanford University. Subject drew what she called curvy benches and then announced r-rectly that the place was 'Whi te Plaza at Stanford.

Second, when an iDdividual observes a successful demonstra

tion experiment involving another person as subject, it inevitably occurs to im that perhaps chicanery is involved. ehave found the most effective way to settle this issue for theobserver is to have the individual himself act as a subject so asto obtain personal experience against which our reportedresults can be evaluated .

The first visitor V 1) was invited to participate as a subjectin a three-experiment series . All three experiments containedelements descriptive of the associated target locations; thequality of response increased with practice. The third response is shown in Fig . 9 , where again the pattern elements inthe drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject'sanalytic interpretation of the target object as a cupola .

.-,

R SPONS S OF VISITINGSCIENTIST SUBJECT

Fig. 9. S ubject (V l drawinl o f merry oround target .

, i0 I\ T

II

r~ ~ ~

II


14/26

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TECHNOLOGY SERIESTYPEWRITER TARGET

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r I .iff

I

I ' I

SUBJECT SWANN (S3) RESPONSE

SUBJECT HAMMID (S4) RESPONSEFill'. lO Drswinll's of a typewriter target by two subjects.

The second visitor [V2J participated as a subject in two experunents . In his first experiment, he generated one of the

higher signal-ta-noise resultswe ~ v e

observed. He beganhis narrative, "There is a red A-frame "building and next to itis a large yellow thing (a t ree-Editor}. Now further leftthere is another A-shape . It looks like a swing-set , but it ispushed down in a gully so I can' t see the swings." [All correct.] He then went on to describe a lo ck on the front doorthat he said "looks like it's made of laminated steel . so itmust be a Master lock ." (Also correc t . J

For the series of fIVe-three from the first subject and twofrom the second-the numerical evaluation based on blindrank orde ring of the transcripts at each site was sig.n..ificant atp = 0 .0 I 7 and included three direct hits and one second rankfor the target-associated transcripts. (See Table VI. )

TABLE VIDISTRI8UTlON OF RANICINGS AssiGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS AssOCIATED WITH

EA C H TARGET locATION FOR VISITOR SUBJECT5 VI AND V2

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" (psi parameter)Fig . 19 . ReliabIlity curve for se quentia l sampling procedure (Po = 0. 4 ,P :. O . 6 ,c : r=O.Ol , t J=O.O I ) .

the upper or the lower limit line is reached, at which point a

decision is made to acc ept 0 or 1 as the bit being transmitted .Channel reliabiliry (pr o bability of co r rectly determiningme ssage being transmitted) as a function of operative psiparameter ' is plotted in Fig . 19 . As observed, the sequenti al

. sampling procedure can result in 90 percent o r greater reliabili tywith psi parameters on the order of a few percent .

Implementation of the sequenti al sampling procedure requires the transmission of a message coded in binary digits.Th erefore, the target space must con sist of dichotomous elements such as the white and green cards used in the ' experiments by Ryzl.

In operation , a sequence co rresponding to the target bit (0or I) is sent and the cumulative entries are made ( Fig . 18) untila decision is reached to accept either a I or a 0 as the bit being

transmitted . At a prearranged time , the next sequence isbegun and continues as above until the entire message ha s beenreceived . A useful alternative, wh ich relieve s the percipient ofthe burden of being aware of his self-contradiction from trialto trial , co nsists of cycling th r ou gh the entire message repetitively and entering each response on its associated graph untila decisi o n has been reached o n all message bits . The author shave used this technique successfully in a pilot s tudy, but adiscussion of this would take us beyond the intended scop e ofthis paper.

From the result s obtained in such experiments , the channelbit rate can be ascertained for the system co nfiguration underconsideration. Furthenn or e , bit rate s for other degrees ofreliability (i .e ., fo r other po, P I , 0 , and (1) c an be estimated by

construction o f other deci sio n c urve s over the same data baseand thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree ofreliability.

In summary, the procedures described here can provide for aspecificatjon of the char ac teri stic s of a remote-sensing channelunder well-defined conditions . Th e se procedures also providefor a determinati o n of the feasibility o f such a channel forparti cu lar application s.

APPENDIX B

REM O TE-VIEWING TRANSCRIPT

Following is the unedited transcript of the first experimentwith an SRI volunteer (56) , a mathematician in the computerscience laboratory, with no previous experience in remote

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. MARCH 1976

viewing, The target , determined b y random procedure , wasWhite 's Plaza, a plaza with fountain at Stanford Univers iry(shown in Fig . 8). As is our standard prot oc ol , the ex.perimenter with (he subje c t is kept ignorant of the specific targetvisited as well as the contents of the target pool. The experiment e r 's s tatements and qu e stions are itali cs.

Today is Mo nday , Oc t ob e r 7th. It is 11 :00 and thisisa re-mOte viewing experiment with Russ Targ, Phyll is Cole, and HalPuth o In rh is exp e riment Hal w ill dr ive t o a rem ote silechosen by a random process . Phyllis Cole will be the remoteviewer, and Russ Targ is the mo nitor. e expe c t this ex peri-menr to start at twenty minutes after eleven and ron [ o r fifoteen minutes.

It is just ab o ul tw enty mi nutes afler eleven and Hal shouldbe a t his larget location by nOw.

Why don t you tell me what kind o [ pi ctures you se e andwhat yo u think he m ighl be doing or experiencing .

The fir s t thing that c ame t o mind was some sort of a large,square kind of a shape. Like Hal was n front of it. It was a. not a building o r somethi ng, it was a square. I don' t knowif it wa s a window , but so mething like that so th a t the bottomlin e of it was not at the gr o un d . About where hi s waist was, atleast . That 's what it seemed t o me . It seems o ut d oo rs someh o w . Tree .

Does Hal seem 1 be lo o king at that square ?J do n ' t know . The first lmpression was that he wasn't , but I

have a se nse that whatever it was was something one mightlook at. I do n 't know jf it would be a sign, but something thatone might look at.

Can you tell i it is on the gr o und or vertical ?~ seemed vertical .

I do n ' t ha ve a sense that it was part o f any thin g particular .It might be on a building or part of a building, bu t I do n ' tknow . There wa s a tree outside, but I also got the impressionof cement. I do n ' t have the impression of very many peopleo r traffic either. I have the sense that he is sort of walkingback and forth. I don ' t have any more explicit picture thanthat .

Can you move into where he is standing and tr y t o see whalhe is lo o king al ?

I pi ck ed up he was t ou c hing somet hing -something rough .Maybe warm and rough . Something possibly like cement .

II is twent y - fou r minutes after eleven.Can you change your p o int o f view a nd m o ve above the

scene so you can get a bigger piclure o f what s there ?( still see so me trees and so me sort of pavement or some

thing like that . Might be a co urtyard . The thin g that came tom ind was it might be one of the plazas at Stanfo rd campus orsomething like that, cement.

Some kind s of landscaping.I said Stanfo rd campus when I started t o see some things in

White Plaza , but I think that is misleading .I have the sense that he 's not moving around too much.

Th at it 's in a small area .I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting

on my impressions fr om St a nford campu s . I had the impression of a f ou ntain . Th er e are two in the plaza, and i t seemedthat HaJ was possibly near the , what the y call Mem Claw .

What is that ?It ' s a fountain that looks rather like a claw . It's a black

sculpture. And it has be n c he s around it made of cement .Are there any buildings at tbe p14ce you are looking a t ? Are

there any buildings? Y o u described a kind o f a co urtyard .


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353UTHOFF AND TARG: PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR IN F O RMATION TRAN SF ER

Usually at some places there should be a building, large orsmall that lhe courtyard is ab o ut. Look at the end or the sideso f the courtyard. Is there anything to be seen ?

1 have a sense that there are buildings . It 's no t solid buildings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have asense that no ne of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story,maybe an occasional two story one.

Do you have any better idea o f what your square was thatyou saw at the outset?

No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses.Does it seem part o f this scene?It . . . I think it could be . It co uld almost be a bulletin board

or something with notices on it maybe.Or something that people are expected to look at. Maybe a

window with things in it that people were expected to look at.Whatlcind o f trees do you see in this place?I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that

they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet oftrunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. Sothat the branches have maybe a 12 foot diameter, or something. Not real big trees.

New trees rather than old trees ?Yeah, maybe 5 or 10 years old, but not real old ones.Is there anything interesting about the pavement?No . I t seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not

very interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscapingaround. Little patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe some flowers . But, not lush.

Y O U U l W some benches . Doyou want to tell me about them?Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There

was some kind of ben ches of cement. Curved benches, it feltlike.

They were of rough cemen t.What do you think Hal is doing while he is ,here?I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project

them. Looking at different things and sort of walking backand forth not covering a whole lot of territory.

Sometimes standing still while he looks around.I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense

that it was being recorded or something. I don't know if hehas a tape recorder, but if it 's not that, then he is saying something because it needed to be remembered. II's 11:33. He'sjust probably getting ready to come back.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to thank the principal subjects, Mrs . HellaHammid, Pat Price, and lnIo Swann, who showed patience andforbearance in addition to their enthusiasm and outstandingperceprual abilities. We note with sadness the death of one ofour subjects, Mr. Price . We express our sincere thanks also to

Earle Jones, Bonnar Cox, and Dr . Arthur Hastings, of SRI , andMrs. Judith Skutch and Richard Bach, without whose encouragement and support this work could not have takenplace.

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