perception. rules of perceptual organization gestalt psychologists the whole is more than the sum of...
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Perception
Rules of Perceptual Organization
Gestalt PsychologistsThe whole is more than the
sum of its partsClosure
Even if there are gaps in a picture we will see the object
Rules of Perceptual Organization
Figure Ground PerceptionThe perception of figures
against a backgroundWhat we see as the figure
and the background shape our perception
Rules of Perceptual Organization
ProximityObjects that are close to one
another are paired together for no reason other then their closeness
SimilarityObjects that are similar to one
another are grouped together
Rules of Perceptual Organization
ContinuityObjects are viewed as
continuing pattern rather then broken apart segments
Common FateObjects moving together
belong together
Perception of Movement
To perceive an object is moving you must view it relative to another objectExamples
Earth’s movementMovement of a car
Stroboscopic Motion
Movements that are not actually in motion are movingFlip bookMovie
Depth Perception
The distance away from youPerceived through monocular
and binocular cues
Depth Perception – Monocular Cues
Need one eye to be perceived Creating the illusion of three
dimensionsPaintingsPerspective
Objects in the distance appear smaller
Parallel lines appear to get closer together
Depth Perception – Monocular Cues
ClearnessThe clearer an object the closer it appears to be
OverlappingObjects that are partially covered are perceived to be further away
Depth Perception – Monocular Cues
ShadingHighlighted areas are perceived as being closer to you
Texture GradientObjects that are closer have more and varied texture
Depth Perception- Monocular Cues
Motion ParallaxThe tendency of objects to move forward or backwards depending on their distanceExample: as you drive in your carMoon moves forward Trees move backwards
Depth Perception – Binocular Cues
Requires both eyes for perceptionRetinal disparity
Seeing double of your finger as you bring it towards you
An image of the finger is projected onto each retina
Serves as a cue for depth within a few feet
Depth Perception – Binocular Cues
Convergence Feeling of tension in eye muscles
Feeling of convergence is greater as an object gets closer
Perceptual Constancies
Created by experienceSize Constancy
The tendency to perceive object as being one size regardless of how far away they are
Perceptual Constancies
Color ConstancyPerceiving an object as
remaining the same color even through different exposure to light
Brightness ConstancyTendency to perceive an object
as being equally as bright even when the light around it changes
Perceptual Constancies
Shape ConstancyPerception that an object has the
same shape regardless of the angle at which you view it
Visual Illusions
Muller – Lyer illusionWe perceive the lines as
corners of a buildingOur brain reasons the corner
of the room must be larger because it is further away
Visual Illusion
Ponzo illusionConverging lines strike us as
receding into the distanceThe rule of size constancy
comes into play
http://educ.jmu.edu/~johns2ja/illusion/illusion.htm#mcdpool