perceived availability of inmates social services...

Journal of New Government Paradigm Volume 2, 2014

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PERCEIVED AVAILABILITY OF INMATES SOCIAL

SERVICES AND PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: THE CASE

OF PROVINCIAL JAIL, LANAO DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES

Milhaya Dianalan Langco1

Aleyaneda D. Bantuas

Melani B. Bunani

Johara Camad

Ana B. Talib

ABSTRACT

This study determined the perceived availability of inmates social services and

problems encountered: the case of Provincial Jail, Lanao del Sur. The study used

the descriptive research design. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts

and percentage distribution were used in the presentation and analysis of data.

Percentage was used to quantitatively describe and analyse the responses given

by the respondents while weighted mean was used to determine the average value

of the responses in each item of the given questionnaire. Results of the findings

revealed that the respondents generally believed that participation of in a

recreation and sport activities as well as skills development program are two of

the usually conducted social services in the provincial jail. In addition, although

having a group entertainment in the form of movies, videos, and stage shows;

conducting recreational and sport activities; and organizing a skills development

program were usually available; the occasional get together and facilitation of

visitation services were always available as primary inmate’s social services.

However, an organized amateur talent contest and prologue games was seldom

available to them as perceived by the respondents. When it comes to the available

medical services among inmates in Provincial Jail, the said services was often

available to them. The results on the second and third indicators are quit

inspiring since it put into consideration the health of the inmates which is one of

the primary needs of any human beings. The respondents assumed that conducting

a physical examination and enforcement of health policies were two of the main

activities usually rendered in relation to the medical services provided by the jail

management. Nevertheless, the result in the second indicator maybe inconsistent

with the first indicator since the respondents said that Doctors are seldom

available as well as the physical fitness program. In addition, proper sanitation

and ventilation of every cell was never available to them as perceived by the

respondents. Moreover, the results on the available spiritual services among

inmates in the Provincial Jail that mass prayer, religious volunteer, and freedom

and opportunity in pursuing religious beliefs were always available to them. On

1 Milhaya Dianalan Langco is a Professors and Lecture in Mindanao State University (MSU) main

Campus at college of Public Affairs, Philippines. Can be contacted by email :

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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the other hand, availability of religious books and related reading materials,

guidance and counselling, and convenient place of worship were usually

available.

Key Words : Social Services,

INTRODUCTION

The prison of today is a clinic where the afflicted number is segregated,

diagnosed, treated and rehabilitated with the view of returning him to the fold of

the normal community, equipped with a healthier sense of values and prepared to

accept the responsibilities of community (Abelardo, 1977). Thus, for the inmates

to be well-equipped, develop and be responsible enough to its community, the

institutions or offices managing inmates like Bureau of Jail Management and

Penology (BJMP) and other concerned offices must be liable for the availability

of the services they ought to provide for the inmates such as social services,

medical services, spiritual services and other related services. Imprisonment

should be used as a last resort for all offenders, taking into account the nature and

circumstances of the offence, the risk the offenders pose to the public and the

social reintegration needs of the offenders2. All prisoners have a right to health,

equivalent to that in the general community as part of their basic human rights.

This right should guide all jurisdictions in determining the amount and quality of

health care provided in prisons.

In the case of the Philippines, congestion seems to be perennial problem

in most prisons. This was particularly observed in the new Bilibid Prisons which

has a capacity of 3,500 prisoners but which currently houses more than 8,000

prisoners. Sleeping accommodations is a far cry from that provided for by law.

Even minimum comfort on the part of the prisoners is not provided. The

authorities do not supply mattresses or pillows. The cells are uncomfortably cold

and damp. Sleeping accommodations are so meagre that prisoners are constrained

to sleep in corridors. It would not be surprising then to know that prisoners would

2 Handbook on Prisoner with Special needs. 2009


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rather get sick and enjoy the comfort of hospital beds than be “healthier” and stay

in their cells. Bathing and shower installations for the prisoners leave much to be

desired. Toilets do not work properly. They are very dirty and not fit for human

use. Also, there are not enough toilet facilities. Many times prisoners have to

forego their morning rituals , water is also scarce and prisoner usually go for days

without taking a bath or doing their laundry (Abelardo,1977).

At the local level especially in Lanao del Sur, the provincial jail where

personnel works 24/7 twenty four hours per day is not an exemption from this

unfortunate reality. The said jail comprised of 37 personnel guard and was divided

into two groups. Team A and Team B, where they have their day and night shifts.

This team of jail guards has a leader called “officer of the day”, who supervise the

team and entertain visitors. It is expected that the officer of the day should be

knowledgeable, well mannered, charismatic and intelligent enough since it’s his

duty to communicate properly with the visitor like mayor or other high authorities

and should know his responsibility especially when the provincial warden or the

deputy is absent or in an office travel.

The structure of the provincial jail in Lanao del Sur consist of four (4)

cell in the jail, cell 1, cell 2, cell 3, and cell 4. Every cell is occupied by 12-13

inmates. Maximum of three meals were being served to the inmates every day.

The provincial jail has only one mobile car, and a canteen which is located outside

the jail. During the conduct of this study, a total of 47 inmates were imprisoned in

the provincial jail. Considering the current problems of Marawi City specifically

on the increasing rate of crimes committed not only by maranao but by non

maranaos alike, and the fact that any human being even those guilty of a criminal

offense deserves to be treated like a normal and innocent person, an immediate

institutional reform as well as renovations due to poor proper ventilation and

sanitations should be taken into consideration.


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Hence, to shed light on these concerns, this study focused on determining

the perceived availability of inmates’ social services and problems encountered in

the case of the Provincial Jail in Lanao del Sur.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, the main problem of the study was to determine the perceived

availability of inmates’ social services and problems encountered in the case of

Provincial Jail, Lanao del Sur.

Specifically, it attempted to obtain answers to the following questions:

1. What are the available services among inmates in terms of a) social

services, b) medical services, c) spiritual services?

2. What are the problems encountered in terms of the provision of a)

inmates’ needs and facilities and c) human rights violation?

3. What are the recommended solutions to the identified problems as

perceived by the respondents?

Theoretical Framework

The basic propositions of the various theories on the provision of

inmates’ social services provided the blueprint in the conceptualization of this

study. Buikema (2005) said that providing humane housing and rehabilitative pro-

gramming—education, vocational training, counselling—are expensive and not

demonstrably effective. Politicians allege that wrong-doers need to be punished,

not rewarded; the problem, of course, is that the great majority of offenders are

sooner or later released back into society, better or worse for their experience.

This contention was reinforced by Flynn (1977) who proposed for

adopting and embracing the new models of imprisonment and corrections which

would protect the fundamental principles of justice in a democratic society. The

same was supported by Albis, Madrona, Mariño, and Respicio (1977) in saying

that the purpose of the prison system was not merely to punish the crime but

likewise to rehabilitate or correct the criminal. They further said that in a number


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of countries the primary objective of the prison system is to reform the convict

through labor or through a process of re-education that will ensure the

subordination of individual interests to those of the larger society. The recognition

of the existence of human rights does not necessarily guarantee that they will be

extended to persons charged or convicted of crime. It is of paramount importance

that effective grievance system is provided the prisoner to seek redress for the

infringement of any of their rights as recognized in the Standard Minimum Rules

advocated by the United Nations.

One of the most immediate concerns in any correctional system or

prisons is the medical or health services provided by the jail management. As

pointed out by Moore (2005) that the vast majority of those who enter jails are

released into the community shortly after entering—usually in less than two

weeks.1 Jail inmates are more likely than the general public to have health

problems—including high rates of drug and alcohol abuse and communicable

diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis—so clearly their health can affect the

overall health of a community. If their health needs are not addressed while they

are in jail, any communicable conditions that they have may spread. Further, their

chronic conditions may worsen, perhaps resulting in a need for more costly care

on their release, which may be borne by public clinics or hospitals.

The national or local government is also duty bound to provide health

care to inmates. This is based on a the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the

government has an obligation to provide medical care to those whom it

incarcerates, and that failure to provide such care may violate inmates’

constitutional rights. Jail medical care is considered a condition of confinement.

When conditions of confinement are extremely severe or inadequate, they can

amount to cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

(Moore, 2005).


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Moreover, imprisonment and other measures which result in cutting off

an offender from the outside world are afflictive by the very fact of taking away

from the person the right of self-determination and depriving him of his liberty.

Therefore the prison system should not, except as an incident to justifiable

segregation or maintenance of discipline, aggravate the suffering inherent in such

a situation. The purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment on a

similar measure deprivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against

crime. This end can only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to

ensure, so far as possible, that upon his return to society, the offender is not only

willing but able to lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life. To this end, the

institution should utilize all the remedial, educational, moral, spiritual and other

forces and forms of assistance which are appropriate and available, and should

seek to apply them according to the individual treatment needs of the prisoners.

The regime of the institution should seek to minimize any differences between

prison life and life at liberty which tend to lessen the responsibility of the

prisoners or the respect due to their dignity as human beings. (Albis, Madrona,

Mariño, and Respicio, 1977)

Conceptual framework

This part of the paper discussed the analytical model showing the

relationships of the concepts as used in this study. There were three (3) sets of

variables in this research. This included the available services in terms of social

services, medical services, and spiritual services; the problems encountered in

terms of the provisions of inmate’s needs, facilities, and human rights violations;

and the suggested solutions to the identified problems as perceived by the

respondents formed part of the conceptual model. The interplay of variables is

shown in Figure 1 on the analytical model presented in the next page.


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Figure 1

Analytical Model Showing the Relationships of Concepts used in the Study

METHODOLOGY

The methodology of the study includes the research design, the locale of

the study, population and respondent, sampling procedure, data gathering

instruments, and method of data analysis/statistical tool.

Research Design

The study used the descriptive design. Descriptive statistics such as

frequency counts and percentage distribution were used in the initial presentation

and analysis of data.

Locale of the study

This study was conducted in the province of Lanao del Sur located in the

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The province is bounded as

“power province” due to the famous lake Lanao, which is the source of

Problems Encountered in terms of:

Provision of inmates Needs and facilities

Human Rights Violation

Perceived Available Services in terms of:

Social Services

Medical Services

Spiritual Services

Solutions and

Recommendations to the

Identified Problems

bh


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hydroelectric power in Mindanao. It is the largest lake in the Philippines with an

area of 33,400 hectares. The province has also several rivers like Rognan River,

which at present the main source of irrigation system managed by the National

Irrigation Administration of the province.

Its capital is Marawi City and its boarders are Lanao del Norte, Bukidnon

to the East, and Maguindanao and Cotabato to the South. To the Southwest lies

Illana Bay, and of the Moro Gulf. Lanao del Sur is divided into 39 municipalities

and 1 City. The legal basis of Lanao del Sur is Republic Act 2228, which was

approved in May 1959.

The Provincial Jail of Lanao del Sur is located in Tampilong, Marawi

City near Matampay, Old Capitol.

Population and Sample

The population of the study consisted of the personnel currently working

in the Provincial Jail composed of provincial warden, assistant provincial warden,

administrative officer, prison guard I. Thus, this study had a total population of

thirty seven (37) who were completely enumerated.

Key Informants

To generate data to provide answers to research problem number one and

number two key informants was identified and selected. The criteria used are age

between thirty (30) - sixty (60) years old, and currently working in Provincial Jail.

A total of two (2) key informants were selected and interviewed on the

available inmates’ social services and problems encountered in the case of

Provincial Jail, Lanao del Sur.


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Data Gathering Techniques

To obtain data on the existing social services among inmates, document

analysis and interviews were used. Two (2) key informants who were connected

in the Provincial Jail were carefully selected. A structured questionnaire was also

used as an instrument in gathering data for the rest of the research questions. It

was divided into four parts. The first part contained the socio economic profile of

the respondents. The second part contained the available social services among

inmates in terms of social, medical, and spiritual services. The third part was

constructed to find out the problems encountered related to the provision of

inmates’ needs and facilities as well as human rights violation. And the fourth one

dealt with the solutions to the identified problems in terms of management.

In identifying the available social services among inmates in terms of

social, medical, and spiritual services, indicators with the following response

categories and scores were used: 4 points – always; 3 points – usually; 2 points –

seldom; and 1 point – never.

Methods of Data Analysis

The following statistical tools employed in the analysis of the data

gathered:

1. Frequency Counts and Percentage. These statistical tools were used

to quantitatively describe and analyze the responses given by the

respondents.

2. Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the average value of the

given questionnaire. The formula is :

X=∑w(x)

∑w

Where:

X=mean value

∑=Summation


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W=observed frequency

X=frequency expected

Furthermore, the scale used in the measurements of the variables – the

social, medical, and spiritual services available among inmates in the Provincial

Jail, Lanao del Sur, was shown in the next page.

Mean Verbal Interpretation

3.50 – 4.0 Always

2.50 – 3.49 Usually

1.50 – 2.49 Seldom

1.0 – 1.49 Never

Available Services among Inmates

a. Social Services

As shown in Table 1, of the six (6) indicators on social services, two (2)

earned a majority decisions on the usually response category with the same

frequency count and percentage of 18 or 48.6%.

The data in Table 1indicates that the respondents generally believed that

participating in a recreational and sport activities as well as skills development

program are two of the usually conducted social services in the provincial jail.

This finding is evidenced by over-all mean of 2.95. Thus, it can be said that the

provincial jail always put into consideration the urgent need of any inmates

specifically seeing their loved ones during visitation hours and a get together

activities which basically inspires and motivates them to reform themselves.

It is further shown in Table 1 that although conducting a recreational and

sport activities (3), organizing a skills development program (2.9), having a group

entertainment in the form of movies, videos, and stage shows (2.7) were usually

available, the occasional get together (3.8) an facilitation of visitation services

were always available as primary inmates’ social services. However, an organized


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amateur talent contest and prologue games was seldom available to them as

perceived by the respondents.

These finding are being sustained by the arguments posed by

Macabangkit (2004) that program that are best for the inmates are those that will

help them change and be able to gain insights and to make the needed adjustments

so they do not return to crime.

Table 1

Frequency Distribution and Mean Scores of Responses on the Available Social

Services among Inmates

Social Services

Indicators

Responses

Description A

(4)

U

(3)

S

(2)

N

(1) Mean

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Occasional get together 17 17 3 0 3.8 Always

Group entertainment in

terms of movies,

videos, and stage shows

17 5 2 13 2.7 Usually

Recreation and sport

activities 10 18 8 1 3 Usually

An organized amateur

talent contest and

prologue games

organized

0 11 8 18 1.8 Seldom

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Skills development

program 10 18 6 3 2.9 Usually

Facilitation of visitation

services 21 14 2 0 3.5 Always

Over-all Weighted Mean 2.95 Usually * Always (A) 3.5 – 4.0 Seldom (S) 1.5 – 2.4

Usually (U) 2.5 – 3.4 Never (N) 1.0 – 1.4

b. Medical Services

The data in Table 2 paint a picture of the available medical services

among inmates in Provincial Jail, Lanao del Sur. The over-all mean of 2.4 shows

that the said services were often available to them. The results on the second and

third indicators are quite inspiring since it put into consideration the health of the


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inmates which is one of the primary needs of any human beings. The respondents

assumed that conducting a physical examination (19) and enforcement of health

policies (16) were two of the main activities usually rendered in relation to the

medical services provided by the jail management.

However, the result in the second indicators may be inconsistent with the

first indicators since the respondents said that Doctors were seldom available (2.3)

as well as the physical fitness program (2.41). In addition, proper sanitation and

ventilation of every cell (1.3) was never available to them as perceived by the

respondents.

These findings are being sustained by the arguments by Moore (2005)

that jail inmates are more likely than the general public to have health problems

including high rates of drug and alcohol abuse and communicable diseases such as

tuberculosis – so clearly their health can affect the overall health of a community.

If their health needs are not addressed while they are in jail, any communicable

conditions that they have may spread.

These findings bring significant implications to the importance of

improving the condition of the Philippine Correction System especially making

health care services available to the inmates. As the same author explained that

providing health care is not a jail’s primary mission, but it is a critical function

that jails must perform, and under much more challenging circumstances than

most health care provides face.

Table 2

Frequency Distribution and Mean Scores of Responses on the Available Medical


Medical Services

Indicators

Responses

Description A

(4)

U

(3)

S

(2)

N

(1) Mean

Doctors are available 4 10 16 7 2.3 Seldom

Enforcement of

health policies 8 16 11 2 2.8 Usually

Conduct of physical 4 19 12 2 2.7 Usually


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examination

Medicines are

available 7 13 12 5 2.6 Usually

Physical fitness

program 6 6 16 9 2.41 Seldom

Proper sanitation and

ventilation of every

cell

2 12 2 1 1.3 Never

Over-all Weighted Mean 2.4 Often * Always (A) 3.5 – 4.0 Seldom (S) 1.5 – 2.4

Usually (U) 2.5 – 3.4 Never (N) 1.0 – 1.4

c. Spiritual Services

As sown in Table 3, based on the frequency distribution, item 1, 2, and 6

were perceived by the respondents as always available or observed in the

provincial jail, Lanao del Sur. These were mass prayer (3.8), religious volunteer

(3.6), and freedom and opportunity in pursuing religious beliefs. On the other

hand, availability of religious books and related reading materials (3.2), guidance

and counseling (3.03), and convenient place of worship (3.03) were usually

available among inmates. Moreover, the over-all weighted mean was 3.4 which

was an indication that the spiritual services in the provincial jail were usually

available among inmates.

The findings imply that though the jail management was not able to

always provide spiritual services among inmates, having a “usually” remark is an

indication that the former was trying their best to help the inmates to strengthen

their faith. These findings sustained the mission of the Muslim Prison Board

which include not only the rehabilitation, transformation, and reintegration of the

inmates but also to aspire to make the incarceration of Muslim inmates as smooth

and favorable as possible in the hope that they preserve their Imaan (faith) in the

hostile prison environment and that they reform their lives in conformity with the

noble Qur’an and Sunnah to become active members of society.

(http://www.iic.org.za)

http://www.iic.org.za/


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Table 3

Frequency Distribution and Mean Scores of Responses on the Available Spiritual


Spiritual Services

Indicators

Responses

Description A

(4)

U

(3)

S

(2)

N

(1) Mean

Mass Prayer 28 9 0 0 3.8 Always

Religious volunteer 26 8 2 1 3.6 Always

Availability of

religious books and

related reading

materials

20 8 4 5 3.2 Usually

Guidance and

counseling 9 22 4 2 3.03 Usually

Convenient place of

worship 19 6 6 6 3.03 Usually

Freedom and

opportunity in

pursuing religious

beliefs

26 7 4 0 3.6 Always

Over-all Weighted Mean 3.4 Usually * Always (A) 3.5 – 4.0 Seldom (S) 1.5 – 2.4

Usually (U) 2.5 – 3.4 Never (N) 1.0 – 1.4

Problems Encountered by the Respondents

a. Inmates Needs and Facilities

Table 4 presented the immediate problems that were related to the

provision of inmates’ needs and facilities as perceived by the respondents ranked

according to priority. The top seven (7) problems related to the provision of

inmates’ needs and facilities were the unavailability of doctors and nurses to cater

the inmates health problems and needs, financial assistance or support is not

enough for the realization of programs and activities, insufficient of equipments

and facilities needed by the inmates, poor management of food services, lack of

strategy and plans on handling conflicts among inmates, scarcity of water and

poor ventilation, and lack of cooperation and unity among inmates and

administrator in terms of development programs.

It is worth noting that these cited problems encountered by the jail

management and inmates reflected the urgent need for a rehabilitation of inmates


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needs and facilities. As posed by Albis, Madrona, Mariño, and Respicion (1977),

the purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment on a similar measure

deprivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against crime. This end can

only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to ensure, so far as

possible, that upon his return to society, the offender is not only willing but able

to lead a law-abiding and self-supportive life. To this end, the institution should

utilize all the remedial, educational, moral, spiritual and other forces and forms of

assistance which are appropriate and available, and should seek to apply them

according to the individual treatment needs of the prisoners.

Table 4

Frequency and Rank Distribution of Responses on the Problems on the Provision of

Inmates’ Needs and Facilities

Response Categories

Frequency

Rank

Unavailability of doctors and nurses to cater the

inmates’ health problem and needs 25 1

Financial assistance or support for the realization of

programs and activities 20 2

Insufficient of equipments and facilities needed by the

inmates 19 3

Poor management of food services 6 4

Lack of strategy and plans on handling conflicts among

inmates 3 5

Scarcity of clean water and poor ventilation 2 6

Lack of cooperation and unity among inmates and

administrator in terms of development programs 1 7

b. Human Rights Violation

Table 5 presented the problems that were related to human rights

violation as perceived by the respondents ranked according to priority. The top

seven (7) problems related to human rights violation were commotion among

inmates, no equality among inmates, discrimination because of economic status,

favoritism among inmates, lack of freedom of expression, extension of

punishment period, and abuse of work in terms of work to be done without any

cause.


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The Asian Human Rights Commission (2012) posed that the conditions

of prisons in many Asian countries give rise to further abuse and human rights

violations, including torture and ill treatment. While existing human rights

standards provide for prisoners to have the same human rights as everyone else,

with certain limitations due to liberty restrictions, the reality is far different.

Throughout Asia, prisoners are denied basic human rights, such as the right to

adequate food, sanitation, health care. Prisoners also often suffer verbal and

physical abuse.

From this finding, it may also be deduced that regular visiting of prisons

and places of detention are suggested or it would ensure that prisoners’ basic

rights are protected. Moreover, respect of their fundamental rights and needs

depends exclusively upon the authorities in charge (Asian Human Rights

Commission, 2012).

Table 5

Frequency and Rank Distribution of Responses on the Problems on Human Rights

Violation

Response Categories

Frequency

Rank

Commotions among inmates 13 1

No equality among inmates 10 2

Discrimination because of economic status 8 3

Favoritism among inmates 7 4

Lack of freedom of expression 4 5

Extension of punishment period 3 6

Abuse of power in terms of work to be done without

any cause 2 7

Solutions to the Identified Problems in terms of Management

This part dealt with the recommendations suggested by the respondents

based on the problems identified regarding the availability of inmates’ social

services in terms of management.


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Table 6 showed the top seven (7) recommendations related to the

availability of inmates’ social services in terms of management. This include the

following: the higher authorities must be open to the opinions of the majority

upon the plans to be made, formulate policies and programs that are helpful to the

inmates’ needs, there should be enough budget upon the implementation of

programs and services, the management must decide in advance on the things to

be donw before problems occurred, the agency must determine the over-all

mission of its existence, conduct training for the jail administrator in

strengthening their way of managing inmates, and the decisions relating to new

rules and regulation within the jail must be disseminated to jail administrator as

well as to the inmates.

The findings imply that the top most solution to the encountered

problems on the availability of inmates’ social services relative to inmates’ needs,

facilities and human rights violation includes the strengthening of the

management system of the jail management specifically in exercising their power

to supervise the implementation of the treatment that an individual prisoner

should receive (Albis, Madrona, Mariño, and Respicio, 1977). The same

implication supports the recommendation for an institutional reform directing

towards the development and implementation of an integrated system of

correction and rehabilitation which includes the establishment and implementation

of s strong oversight mechanism to be responsible for the formulation of overall

policy framework on correction and rehabilitation of inmates, as well as strict

enforcement of national and international standards on prison and jail

management and human rights of inmates.

On the other hand, among the seven recommendations mentioned,

availability of information technology systems and expertise was seen as less

important by the respondents. The findings contradicts the recommendations

made by the Supreme Court of the Philippines in their National Survey of Inmates

and Institutional Assessment Final Report (2003) which states that the limited use


37

of information technology to support investigation and validation of information

on inmates with pertinent agencies like the courts, prosecutors’ offices, and law

enforcement agencies, to back up recommendations for early release of qualified

offenders, and/or for providing them with other needed services, impede

correction and rehabilitation programs.

Thus, strengthening the institutional reform in the Philippine Corrections

Systems and jail were hereby recommended.

Table 6

Frequency and Rank Distribution of Responses on the Solutions to the Identified

Problems

Response Categories

Frequency

Rank

The higher authorities must be open to the opinions of the

majority upon the plans to be made 32 1

Formulate policies and programs that are helpful to the

inmates needs 31 2

There should be enough budget upon the implementation

of programs and services 29 3

The management must decide in advance on the things to

be done before problems occurred 26 4

The agency must determine the over-all mission of its

existence 25 5

Conduct training for the jail administrator in

strengthening their way of managing inmates 23 6

Availability of information technology systems and

expertise 16 7

Recommendations:

In the light of the findings and implications of the study, the following

recommendations are forwarded:

1. There should be a seminar or skill training to be conducted for the Jail

Personnel to enhance and strengthen their ability, knowledge and skills for

them to be an effective and efficient management.


38

2. The jail personnel should request a medical staff from the office of the

provincial governor to be assigned in the provincial jail so that the inmates’

health will be checked constantly and medicines may be provided.

3. The jail personnel should seek immediate assistance to the provincial

governor for the construction of their basketball court.

4. The jail personnel should request another mobile car from the office of the

governor that will be used for their official travel.

5. The office of the governor should provide enough budgets for the realization

of the programs of provincial jail and give more attention to the problems and

issues encountered by the jail management.

6. The jail personnel should request the office of the governor for the renovation

of the jail.

7. The jail administrators should provide livelihood programs so that inmates

will be trained to become skilled workers and for them to have their own

source of income while in jail

8. The jail must have a wide area for visitation, a comfortable and suitable place

as possible for better facilitation of visitation services.

REFERENCES

BOOKS

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Kast, Fremont E. and Rosenzweig (1985), James E. Organization and

Management.University of Washington, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Koontz, Harold and O’donnell, Cyril (1974), Essentials of Management,

University of California, Los Angeles, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Koontz, Harold and Weihrich, Heinz (1988), Management, Los Angeles: San

Francisco, McGraw-Hill, Inc.


39

Moore Jill (2005). Public Health Behind Bars: Health care for Jail Inmates

Naylor, John (1999), Management, Great Britain, Financial Times Professional

Limited

Newman William H.and Warren Kirby (1967).The Process of Management:

Concept, Behavior, and Practices. 2nd Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New

Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Richman, Barry M. and Farmer, Richard N. (1975), Management and

Organizations, Random House Inc.

Rue, Lislie W. and Byars, Lloyd L. (2000), Management: Skills and

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Unpublished Thesis

Macabangkit, Nishrin E. (2004). Lifestyle of Male Inmates in Iligan City.

Reformatory Center. Undergraduate Thesis.

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perceived availability of inmates social services...

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