pengantar ilmu biokimia. oleh h.mohammad … · (concerned) dengan ilmu kimia dasar dari kehidupan...
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Ilmu Biokimia :mempelajari macam-macam molekul yang ada di dalam sel mahluk hidup dan organisme dan reaksi-reaksi kimiayang terjadi diantara molekul-molekul tersebut. Ilmu Biokimia dapat perkawinan antara ilmu kimia dan ilmu biologi.
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Ilmu yang memperhatikan (concerned) dengan ilmu kimia dasardari kehidupan
(the chemical basis of life)Two notable breakthroughs in the history of biochemistry
(1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts
(2) Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules
Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins
DNA RNA Protein
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Manusia organ ( otak, mata, organ-organ pencernaan,paru, jantung, ginjal, organ-organ reprodiksi, dan lainnya)Organ jaringan,Jaringan sel
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The ER modifies proteins, makes macromolecules, and transfers substances throughout the cell.
Ribosome translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein).
Mitochondrion manufactures adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of energy.
The Cell
• circa 100 trillion (1014) cells in a human organism• 200 different forms of cells
Nucleus only in eukaryotic cells. Contains most of the cell's genetic material.
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Sel ada organel, supra molekul (ribosom, enzim), makromulekul (polisakarida, polipeptida), building block (asam amino, glukosa, asam lemak, deoksinukleotida, ribonukleotida dll) metabolit (asam piruvat, asam sitrat, asetoasetil-KoA, asam urat dll).
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Precursor adalah suatu senyawa yang dianggap dapat sebagai tanda adanya kehidupan di suatu planetBahannya yg dianalisa adalah udara(H2O, N2, CO2, NH3 dan O2)
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Manusia tersusun atas : (1)bahan organik,
protein 15%, lipid 15% dan karbohidrat 5%,
(2) bahan anorganik 5% berat badan.(a) kation, Na+, K, Ca2+,
Mg2+, Fe, Zn2+, Cu2+ dll. (b) anion Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-,
H2P2O42- dll.
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KarbohidratSenyawa polihidroksi aldehid atau polihidroksi keton.
(1). Monosakarida (Cn H2n On ): Jumlah atom CAldehid KetonTriose (3) Gliserose Dihidroksi asetonTetrose (4) Eritrose EritrulosePentose (5) Ribose RibuloseHeksose (6) Glukose Fruktose
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H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
H H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
OH
α-D-glucose β-D-glucose
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4
5
6
1 1
6
5
4
3 2
H
CHO
C OH
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
1
5
2
3
4
6
D-glucose (linear form)
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Disakarida { Cn (H2O)n-1 }:Sukrose (glukose dan fruktose)Laktose (glukose dan galaktose)Maltose (dua glukose)
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(3). Oligosakarida ( 4 – 10 mono sakarida )(4). Polisakarida:
homopolisakarida, amilum, glikogen, innulin, sellulose dan lainnya
heteropolisakarida, chitin, glikoprotein dll.
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H O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OH
HO H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HH H O
OH
OHH
OH
CH2
HH H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
OH
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
O
1 4
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H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
HH H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
HH
O1
OH
3
4
5
2
glycogen
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LipidaSenyawa yang larut dalam pelarut nonpolar. (A). Lipida sederhana
1.triasil gliserol2.lilin
(B). Lipida komplek1.fosfolipid, lesitin (lechitine)2.serebrosida, sphingosin3.lipoprotein
(C). Turunan lipid1.asam lemak2.gliserol3.steroid4.keton bodies
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Asam amino dan ProteinSenyawa yang mengandung gugus asam dan amino :
H αR-C-N H3+ H3+N-C-COOH
COOH |R
Asam amino esensial (tikus putih) : Arginine (Arg=R), Histidine (His=H), Isoleucine (Ileu=I), Leucine (Leu=L),Lysine (Lys=K), Phenylalanine (Phe=F), Methionine (Met=M), Threonine (Thr=T), Tryptophan (Try=W) dan Valine (Val=V).
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Asam amino yang lain : Glycine (Gly=G), Alanine (Ala=A), Serine (Ser=S), Tyrosine (Tyr=Y), Cysteine (Cys=C), Aspartic acid (Asp=D), Asparagine (Asn=N), Glutamic acid (Glu=E), Glutamine (Gln=Q), dan Proline (Pro=P).
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Name 1-letter code Triplet
Glycine G GGT,GGC,GGA,GGG
Alanine A GCT,GCC,GCA,GCG
Valine V GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG
Leucine L TTG,TTA,CTT,CTC,CTA,CTG
Isoleucine I ATT,ATC,ATA
Histidine H CAT,CAC
Serine S TCT,TCC,TCA,TCG,AGT,AGC
Threonine T ACT,ACC,ACA,ACG
Cysteine C TGT,TGC
Methionine M ATG
Glutamic Acid E GAA,GAG
Aspartic Acid D GAT,GAC,AAT,AAC
Lysine K AAA,AAG
Arginine R CGT,CGC,CGA,CGG,AGA,AGG
Asparagine N AAT,AAC
Glutamine Q CAA,CAG
Phenylalanine F TTT,TTC
Tyrosine Y TAT,TAC
Tryptophan W TGG
Proline P CCT,CCC,CCA,CCG
Terminator (Stop) * TAA,TAG,TGA
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Asam amino dapat membentuk polipeptida (protein) dengan ikatan peptida. Pembagian protein : (A).Protein sederhana:
albumin, globulin, kollagen, histon da protamin
(B).Protein terkonyugasi,nukleoprotein, glikoprotein, lipoprotein, metaloprotein, dan lainnya
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Protein StructurePrimary structure is the sequence of the amino acids in the protein.A change in one amino acid can alter the biochemical behavior of the protein.Secondary structure is the regular arrangement of segments of protein.
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ProteinsProteinsProtein StructureProtein Structure
One common secondary structure is the α-helix.Hydrogen bonds between N-H bonds and carbonyl groups hold the helix in place.
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ProteinsProteinsProtein StructureProtein Structure
Tertiary structure is the three dimensional structure of the protein.Shape of the protein
28Structure solved using Xray crystallography
Tertiary structure of proteins
catalase enzyme
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids carry genetic information.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) have molecular weights around 6 - 16 × 106
amu and are found inside the nucleus of the cell.RNA (ribonucleic acids) have molecular weights around 20,000 to 40,000 amu and are found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus of the cell.
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Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.There are three important parts to a nucleic acid:
1 phosphoric acid unit,2 five carbon sugar (e.g. deoxyribose),
and3 nitrogen containing organic base (e.g.
adenine).
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Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA have different sugars (dexoyribose vs. ribose).There are only five bases found in DNA and RNA:
adenine (A),guanine (G),cytosine (C),thymine (T found in DNA only), anduracil (U found in RNA only).
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsDNA consists of two deoxyribonucleic acid strands wound together in a double helix.The phosphate chains are wrapped around the outside of the DNA molecule.
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•Complementary base pairs are formed from bases which optimize H-bonding: T and A or C and G. •The complementary base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonding. •During cell division, the DNA double helix unwinds.
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A new strand is formed when bases attach to each strand of the unwinding double helix.Because of the optimized hydrogen bonding, there is only one location for each base.
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•Therefore, the order of bases in the new strand is the same as the order of bases in the original strand.•This is how genetic information is preserved during cell division •DNA structure provides us with the understanding of how protein synthesis occurs, how viruses infect cells, and other biological problems occur.