pellegrini 1987 aquacultural-engineering

7/28/2019 Pellegrini 1987 Aquacultural-Engineering

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Aquacultural Engineering 6 (1987) 183-189

A T ide-generating A pparatus for Lab oratory Cu ltures ofM arine Algae

M . P el le g r in i a n d M . L a h a y eLaboratoire de Biologic VEg6tale, Facult6 des Sciences de Luminy Case 901, Universit6d'Aix-Marseille 2, 70 Route L6on Lacharnp 13288, Marseille C6dex 09, France

A B S T R A C TT h e a p p a r a t u s d e s c r i b e d i n th i s p a p e r m a y b e u s e d f o r t h e c u l tu r e o f b e n -t h i c m a r i n e a l g a e o r o t h e r m a r i n e o r g a n i s m s w h i c h a r e s u b m i t t e d t o t id a lm o v e m e n t s . O n e o f th e m a i n a d v a n ta g e s o f o u r sy s te m is t h a t e c o lo g ic a lf a c t o r s ( t e m p e r a t u r e , l ig h t , e m e r s i o n - i m m e r s i o n r e g i m e s e tc .) c a n b ev a r i e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y f r o m o n e a n o t h e r a n d a r e e a si ly c o n t ro l la b l e .

I N T R O D U C T I O NM a r i n e a l g a e r e p r e s e n t a n i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e o f i n d u s tr ia l p r o d u c t s , e s p e -c i a l l y f o r t h e i r c o l l o i d a l e x t r a c t s . P r e s e n t l y , a s n a t u r a l p r o d u c t i o nd e c l in e s d u e t o o v e r h a r v e s t i n g , it is i m p e r a t i v e t h a t i n te n s i v e s e a w e e df a r m i n g s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d . T h e r e f o r e , i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s l a r g e s e a -w e e d c u l t i v a t i o n p r o g r a m s s h o u l d b e s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d i n o r d e r t oo b t a i n h i g h q u a l it y r a w m a t e r ia l s f o r in d u s t r i a l p u r p o s e s .D i f f e r e n t s y s te m s o f se a w e e d a q u a c u l tu r e h a v e b e e n a t t e m p t e ds u c c e s s f u l l y e i t h e r f r o m g e r m l i n g s o r f r o m v e g e t a t i v e f r a g m e n t s ( s e eM a t h i e s o n , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 7 f o r r e v i e w s ) . H o w e v e r , i n a l l c a s e s , f o r e a c hc o m m e r c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e s p e c i e s , s u i t a b l e g r o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s m u s t b ee s t a b l i s h e d , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t p h y s i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s a sw e ll a s a q u a c u l t u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s ( f o r e x a m p l e w a t e r s u p p l y ,p u m p r e q u i r e m e n t s , a e r a t i o n , d i s i n f e c t i o n , e t c . ) .

T h e p r e s e n t p a p e r d e s c r i b e s a n a p p a r a t u s w h i c h e n a b l e s r e s e a r c h e r sto s t u d y t h e e f fe c t o f v a r y i n g t h e r a t io o f t im e o f e m e r g e n c e / t i m e o fi m m e r s i o n o n t h e g r o w t h o f v a r i o u s s e a w e e d s c u l ti v a t ed in a f r ee - li v in gs t a t e .183Aquactdtural Engineering 0144-8609/87/S03.50-- Elsevier Applied SciencePublishers Ltd, England. 1987. Printed in Great Britain


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1 8 4 M. P ellegrini, M. LahayeD E S C R I P T I O N O F T H E A P P A R A T U S

T h e c u l t u r e a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s ts o f 12 m o d u l e s s u p p o r t e d b y a m e t a ll icf r a m e , a r r a n g e d i n t w o t h e r m o s t a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d w a t e r u n i t s w h i c h a r ee q u i p p e d w i t h f lu o r e s c e n t t e m p o r i z e d l ig h t in g ( F ig . 1 ).T h e c o m p l e te c h a n g e o f c u lt u re m e d i u m is c a r r ie d o u t a u t o m a t ic a ll yb y s i m p l e g r a v i t y t h r o u g h a d i s t ri b u t io n t a n k .A s c h e m a t ic d i a g r a m o f th e w h o l e s y s t e m is r e p r e s e n t e d in F ig . 2; itsc o m p o n e n t s a r e d e s c ri b e d s e p a r a t e l y b e lo w .E a c h u n i t is c o m p o s e d o f th r e e m a i n e le m e n t s : (a ) a n u p p e r c u lt u ret a n k , (b ) a c e n t r a l t r a n s f e r t a n k a n d (c ) a p u m p l o c a t e d i n t h e l o w e r p a r t.

F i g . ! . Ph otog raph ic v iew of the t ide-s imula t ing appa ra tus . (a) cu l ture t ank; (b) t ransfertank; (c ) low er pum p.


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Tide-generating apparatus fo r culture o f marine algae 1 8 5

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Fig . 2 . Sch em at ic v iew o f the tide - s imu la t ing ap pa ra tu s . ( a ) ae ra to r ; (b ) bask e t ; ( ct )cu l tu re t ank : (dp ) d i s t r ibu t ion pump; (d t ) d i s t r ibu t ion t ank ; ( f i t ) f luo rescen t l igh t tubes :( LLW ) l o we r l e v e l o f wa t e r ; ( lp ) lo w e r p u m p ; ( lwp ) l o w e r wa s t e p i p e ; ( o p ) o v e r f l o w p i p e :(p ) pump; ( r ) r e se rvo i r ; ( s ) s iphon ; ( tb ) the rmos ta ted ba ths ; ( t t ) t r ans fe r t ank ; (ULW)u p p e r l e ve l o f wa t e r : ( U V ) u l t r a v io l e t s t e r i li z a ti o n s y s t e m.

Seaw a t e r en t e r s t he cu l t u re t an k (20 l it re s ) t h rou gh a p l a st ic tube con -nec t ed t o the l ow er pum p . A n ov e r f l ow p i pe m arks o f f t he m ax i m a l leve lof water. A s iph on a l lows par t i a l d ra inag e a nd indu ces the + low-tide" con-d i t i o n . C o n s t a n t m o t i o n o f t h e c u l t u r e m e d i u m i s p r o v i d e d b y b u b b l i n ga i r f r o m t h e b o t t o m o f t h e ta n k t h r o u g h a p u m p ( R e n a , m o d e l 3 2 5 , f lo wra te : 6.5 l it re s m i n - ~) and an ae ra t o r . T he spec i m ens a re p l aced i n t o fou rp l ex i g l a s s baske t s w h i ch a re pe r fo ra t ed on t he i r s i des and suspended byad j us t ab l e c l am ps f rom t he t op o f t he cu l tu re t ank .


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186 M. Pel legrin i , M. LahayeThe cen t ra l t r ans fe r t ank (20 l i t r e s ) i s connec t ed t o t he ove r f l ow p i peand t he s i pho n o f the cu l t u re t ank . I t i s p rov i ded w i t h : (a ) a de l i ve ry w a t e r

p i pe l i nked w i t h t he d i s t r i bu t i on t ank , (b ) an ove r f l ow connec t ed t o t hel a b o r a t o r y w a s t e p i p e a n d (c ) a s i p h o n w h i c h m a i n t a in s t h e l o w e r p u m pu n d e r l o a d .

T h e d i s t r ib u t i o n p u m p ( E h e i m , m o d e l 2 0 1 3 , f l o w ra te : 3 9 0 l it re s h - J )o f t he cu l t u re t ank , f i tt ed w i t h an ac t ive cha rc oa l f il te r , i s equ i pped w i t h at imer.A re se rvo i r (450 l i t r e s ) con t a i n s f i l t e r ed seaw a t e r w h i ch passest h rough an u l t r av i o l e t s t e r i l i za t i on sys t em , i n o rde r t o m i n i m i ze m i c ro -b i a l con t am i na t i on , b e fo re r each i ng t he t r an s fe r t ank b y g rav it y . Th i sensu re s t ha t t he ti de r a t e s a re no t d i s t u rbed i n t he cu l t u re t ank . T he s t e ri -l iza t i on sys t em cons i s t s o f a qua r t z g l a ss t ube d i scha rg i ng 2 537 A u l t ra -v io le t rad ia t ion .T h e s ix c u l t u r e a n d t r a n s f e r ta n k s a r e p l a c e d i n tw o w a t e r b a th s w h i c h

a r e m a i n t a i n e d a t t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e . T e m p e r a t u r e r e g u l a ti o n is p r o -v i d e d b y a t h e r m o s t a t l o c a t e d i n t h e b a t h a n d c o n n e c t e d t o a f r e e z i n ga p p a r a t u s a n d t o a p u m p w h i c h c i r c u la t e s e th y l e n e g l y c o l t h r o u g h c o il s a tt h e b o t t o m o f t h e t h e r m o s t a t e d b a t h s .A l l t a n k s , b a t h s a n d p i p e s a r e m a d e f r o m p l a st ic o r p o l y v i n y l c h l o r id e(PV C) w h i ch i s una f fec t ed by seaw a t e r , i n o rde r t o avo i d m e t a l l i c i oncon t am i na t i on . M oreove r , i t i s know n t ha t p l a s t i c s do no t i nh i b i t a l ga lg r o w t h ( D y e r a n d R i c h a r d s o n , 1 9 6 2 ).I l lu m i n a t io n is p r o v i d e d f o r e a c h w a t e r b a t h b y f o u r 6 5 W f l u o r e s ce n tt ubes (2 G ro - l ux S y l van i a a l t e rna t ed w i t h 2 coo l -w h i te ) m o un t ed on ab o a r d a n d s u s p e n d e d a b o v e t h e f r o n t e n d o f t h e c u l t u r e s y s t e m . T h eene rg y em i ss i on o f t hese c om bi ne d f l uo rescen t t ubes c l o se l y fo l low s thea b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m o f a lg a l p i g m e n t s. T h e l ig h t i n t e n si ty m a y b e m o d i -f ie d b y c h a n g i n g t h e t u b e n u m b e r .

I t i s poss i b l e t ha t som e eva por a t i on o f t he m ed i um t akes p l ace , l ead ingt o a n i nc rease i n sal in i ty . I t i s t he re fo re i m pe ra t i ve t o m on i t o r s a l in i t yda i ly to m ain ta in i t a t a con s tan t l eve l.T h e m e d i u m is c h a n g e d r e g u l a rl y e a c h w e e k .Cu l t u re un i t s a re i n s t a ll ed i n a con s t an t t em pera t u re room .

O P E R A T I O NT i d a l c o n d i t io n s a r e m a i n t a i n e d a u t o m a t i c a ll y in t h e f o l lo w i n g m a n n e r .T h e l o w e r p u m p o f t h e u n i t d r a w s w a t e r f r o m t h e t r a n s f e r t a n k a n dsupp l i e s t he cu l t u re t ank caus i ng t he w a t e r l eve l t o r i s e , s i m u l a t i ng' fl ow i ng t ide '. T he w a t e r r each es t he ove r f l ow ; th i s co r re spo nds t o t he


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Tide-generating apparatus o r culture of m arine algae 187' sl a c k h i g h w a t e r ' . W h e n t h e p u m p s to p s , th e s i p h o n r e tu r n s t h e w a t e r t othe t r ans fe r t ank , s imu la t ing 'f a l li ng t ide ' . W he n the s iph on f a i ls , i t is' s lack low wa te r ' . T he n the cyc l e s ta r t s aga in .

D I S C U S S I O NC u l t u r e s o f f r ee - li v in g a lg a e a r e g e n e r a l ly m a i n t a i n e d i n m o t i o n b y p r o -duc ing wa te r c i r cu l a t i on wi th an a i r - je t sunk in to t he cu l tu re t ank . Th i st e c h n i q u e h a s b e e n u s e d f o r d i f f e r en t R h o d o p h y c o p h y t e s , e s p e c ia l ly f o rC h o n d r u s (Ne i sh and Fox , 1971 ; Ne i sh and Shack lock , 1971 ; Ne i sh e tal., 1 9 7 7 ) a n d f o r Graci lar ia (De B oe r an d R y the r , 1977) . I t i s kn ow n a s' tu m b l e c u l t u r e ' a n d d i ff e rs f r o m t h e ' s p r a y c u l tu r e ' t e c h n i q u e d e v e l o p e df o r a lg a e a t t a c h e d o n f r a m e w o r k s , s u s p e n d e d v e r ti c a ll y a n d i m m e r s e d i na s p r a y o f s e a w a t e r ( C h a p m a n , 1 9 7 3 ).I n t e r t id a l a lg a e u n d e r g o d i f fe r e n t p e r i o d s o f i m m e r s i o n a n d , a c c o r d -i n g t o D o t y a n d A r c h e r ( 1 9 5 0 ), t h e t id e m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a p r i-m ary f ac to r r egu la t ing seco nd a ry f ac to r s such a s t em pera tu re , l igh t, e tc .H o w e v e r , i n s id e a n e x p e r i m e n t a l c u lt u r e u n it , t h e m o t i o n s o f t h e w a t e rcaused by t i de s a r e d i f fi cu lt t o r ep rod uc e a s a r e t hose cau sed b y wavesand cu r r en t s . Sou th (197 0) ex pe r im en ted w i th a f r ee - flowing sea wa te rsys t em fo r t he cu l tu re o f A l ar i a , w h e r e a s C h a r t e r s a n d N e u s h u l ( 1 9 7 9 )b u i lt a n a p p a r a t u s u s in g a s u b m e r g e d j e t o f h i g h v e lo c i ty w a t e r w h i c hv i g o r o u s ly b r u s h e d a t t a c h e d a lg a e fo r a s h o r t t i m e p e r i o d .T h r e e p r i n c i p a l t y p e s o f l a b o r a t o r y a p p a r a t u s h a v e b e e n c o n s t r u c t e dfo r s im u la t ing ti da l ac t ion ( see Un de rw oo d , 1972 , fo r a c r i ti c a l r ev iew) :

( 1 ) H y d r o g r a p h i c a l m o d e l s w h i c h a l lo w t h e s t u d y o f c o n t r o l l e d p h y s i-ca l f ac to r s such a s wave fo rm and t i da l ve loci ty . Th ese a r e r a r e lyu s e d b y b i ol o g is ts ( A n o n , 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 6 8 ; T h o m , 1 9 6 0) .(2 ) S i p h o n a l m o d e l s w h i c h p r o d u c e a l t e r n a te r a is in g a n d l o w e r in g o fwa te r i n cu l tu re t anks by means o f a sys t em o f d ra ins and va lves( B r ac h e r, 1 9 1 9 ; M a r t i n a n d R e e d , 1 9 3 5 ; A l e e m , 1 9 4 9 ; B a r k m a n ,1 9 5 5 ; F u l c h e r a n d M c C u l ly , 1 9 6 9 ; R u s a n o w s k i a n d V a d a s, 1 9 7 3 ;F l e t c h e r a n d J o n e s , 1 9 7 5) . U n f o r t u n a t e l y s u c h a p p a r a t u s s u ff e rf rom some d i sadvan tages , fo r example , t he change in wa te r l eve loccur s a t a cons t an t r a t e whe reas i t f o l l ows a s ine cu rve on theseashore .

(3 ) S inuso ida l mode l s wh ich accu ra t e ly s imula t e t he na tu ra l cond i -t i ons by p roduc ing s inuso ida l changes i n wa te r l eve l (Evans ,1 9 6 4 ; M i c a l l e f , 1 9 6 7 ; T h o m p s o n , 1 9 6 8 ; T o w n s e n d a n d L a w s o n ,1 9 7 2 : U n d e r w o o d , 1 9 7 2 ; E d w a r d s , 1 9 7 7 ).


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188 M. Pellegrini, M . La hayeO ur sys t em , ea sy t o bu i l d and ope ra t e , i s ba sed on t he ' t um bl e cu l tu re"t echn i qu e i n t ha t an a t t em pt i s m ade t o a r ti f ic i a ll y r ep ro du ce t i da l ac t i oni n l a b o r a t o r y s tu d i es . C u l t u r e e x p e r i m e n t s a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g c o n d u c t e d

t o i nves t iga t e t he e f f ec t o f t im e o f em erge nce r e l a ti ve t o t im e o f im m er -s i o n u n d e r v a r y i n g r e g im e s u p o n t h e g r o w t h o f fr a g m e n t s o f a b r o w n a lg aCystoseira stricta , t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e p r o p e r t i e s b e i n g u s e d a s a m e a n s o fi nc reas i ng t he na t u ra l y i e l d s o f t he p l an t . Th i s Fu ca l e is d i s t r i bu t ed on t hee x p o s e d r o c k y s h o r e s o f P r o v e n c e , in d e n s e b a n d s , j u s t b e l o w t h e w a t e rf i aa rk so t ha t i t i s cove red and uncove red due t o w ave and t i da l m ove -m e n t s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e s e a r e v e r y f e e b le i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a. T h ee f fect s o f nu t r i en t a dd i t i on a re a l so be i ng i nves t iga t ed . Com pl e t e r e su l tsw i ll be pub l i shed e l sew here .In conc l us i on , i t i s obv i ous t ha t t he m a i n advan t age o f ou r expe r i -m e n t a l ap pa ra t us is t ha t i t is e a s il y con t ro l l ab l e . Inde ed a va r i e t y o fc o m b i n a t i o n s o f t e m p e r a t u r e , l ig h t i n te n s it y , p h o t o p e r i o d , e m e r g e n c e -i m m e r s i o n r e g im e s m a y b e i n v e s ti g a te d in o r d e r t o d e f in e o p t i m u m c u lt i-v a t io n c o n d i ti o n s f o r b e n t h i c m a r i n e a l g a e o r o t h e r m a r i n e o r g a n i sm s .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T ST h e a u t h o r s w i s h t o t h a n k G . S la w y k ( C e n t r e d ' O c 6 a n o l o g i e d e M a r -se i l l e ) for c r i t i c i z ing the t ex t and for ass i s t ance in the prepara t ion of theEn g l i sh t ex t.

R E F E R E N C E SAleem, A. A. (1949). An apparatus for producing artificial t ides. J. Mar. Biol.

Assoc . U K, 28 , 663-5 .A no n (1967). Hy draulics Research Station W all ingford. Ministry of Technology,London , 346 pp.An on (1968). Hydraulics Research, HM SO, London, 80 pp.Barkm an, J. J. (1955). O n the distribution and ecology of Littorina obtusata (L.)and its subspe cific units. Arch . Neerl . Zoo l . , 11, 22-8 6.Bracher, R. (1919). Observations on Euglena deses. Ann. Bot. , 33, 93-108.Chapman, A. R. O. (1973). Methods for macroscopic algae. In: H a n d b o o k o fPhycological Methods, ed. J. R. Stein, Cambridge University Press, Cam-bridge, pp. 87-1 04 .Charters, A. C. & Neushul, M . (19 79 ). A hydrodynam ically defined cu lturesystem for benthic seaw eeds. Aquat. Bot . , 6, 67-7 8.De Boer, J. A. & Ryther, J. Y. (1977). Potential yields from a waste-recyclingalgal mariculture system. In: The Marine Plan t B iomass o f the Paci f ic


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Tide-generating apparatus fo r culture o f m arine algae 189Northw est C oast , ed . R . W . K rau s s , O reg o n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P re ss , Co rv a l li s ,p p . 2 3 1 - 4 9 .D o t y , M. S . & A rch e r , J . G . (1 9 5 0 ) . A n ex p e r i men t a l t e s t o f t h e t i d e f ac t o rh y p o t h es i s . A m . J . Bo t ., 3 7 , 4 5 8 - 6 4 .D y e r , D . L . & R i ch a rd s o n , D . E . (1 9 6 2 ) . M a t e r ia l s o f co n s t ru c t i o n in a lg a lcu l tu re . Appl. Microbiol. , 1 0 , 1 2 9 - 3 1 .E d w ard s , P . ( 1 9 7 7 ) . A n i n v es t i g a t i o n o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e l ec t edb en t h i c m ar i n e a l g ae w i t h a t i d e - s i mu l a t i n g ap p a ra t u s . J . Phycol., ! 3 , 6 2 - 8 .E v an s , E (1 9 6 4 ) . A t i d e g en e ra t i n g m ach i n e fo r lab o ra t o ry u s e . Neth. J. Sea Res.,2 , 1 8 3 - 5 .F l e t ch e r , A . & J o n es , W . E . (1 9 7 5 ) . A s i m p l e t i d e s im u l a t o r fo r m a i n t en an c e o fm ar i n e ( i n te r t id a l ) a lg a l an d l i ch en cu l t u re s . Br. Phycol. J ., 1 0 , 2 6 3 -4 .Fu l ch e r , R . G . & M cCu l l y , M. E . (1 9 6 9 ) . L a b o r a t o ry cu l t u re o f t h e i n t e r ti d a lb r o w n a lg a Fu cus vesiculosus. C an. J. Bo t. , 4 7 , 2 1 9 - 2 2 .

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pellegrini 1987 aquacultural-engineering

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