pei201511-dl.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
MONITORING IN THE AGE OF BIG DATA
CHALLENGES OF COAL PLANT UPGRADE
PREPARING FOR NEW EU MERCURY LIMITS
Hinkley Point CA nuclear renaissance?
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
The magazine for the international power industry November 2015
1511PEI_C1 1 10/26/15 3:49 PM
For more information, enter 1 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_C2 2 10/26/15 3:49 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 1
POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL
Contents
Free Product InfoYou can request product and service information from this issue. Simply click on the link below that will provide you access to supplier companies’ websites,
product information and more http://pei.hotims.com
If you are considering suppliers or buying products you read about in PEi, please use this service. It gives us an idea of how products are being received to help us continually
improve our editorial offering and it also lets our advertisers know that you are a PEi reader and helps them to continue supporting the free distribution of your magazine.
On the cover
Hinkley Point C: a new nuclear renaissance. P16. Cover images: EDF Energy; DECC; EU
Industry experts offer their views on the future of nuclear. P10
Credit: WANO
Power Engineering International November 2015
Features
4 Advances in mercury control
As Europe faces new emissions standards, we investigate
what it will mean for mercury control technology
companies and Europe’s power plant operators.
10 Which way forward for nuclear?
Is nuclear an inflexible generation source being left
behind in an energy world demanding flexibility, or is it the
ideal long-term companion to renewables?
16 Hinkley Point: kickstarting a nuclear revival
Work is poised to start on Hinkley Point C. We get reaction
to the pact between EDF and China General Nuclear and
find out what the project will mean for the UK.
20 Coal conversion conveyor challenge
A complex project to convert coal conveyors was made
more challenging by the need to carry out the work while
the plant was fully operational.
2 Industry Highlights
36 Diary
36 Ad Index
NOVEMBER 2015/// VOLUME 23/// ISSUE 10
26 Monitoring in the age of big data
Condition monitoring is changing as computing
technology evolves. We discuss the future of the
technology for power plant operators.
30 Flue gas desulfurization retrofits
As new SO2 emission regulations require the retrofit of
flue gas desulfurization units, we examine cost-effective
solutions to achieve these new emission standards.
34 The Middle East’s expanding energy mix
POWER-GEN Middle East in Abu Dhabi put in the spotlight
the region’s plans to diversify its power generation
portfolio away from fossil fuels.
1511PEI_1 1 10/26/15 3:45 PM
2 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Industry Highlights
Follow PEi Magazine on Twitter: @PEimagzine
Follow me: @kelvinross68
To implement COP21 pledges, the energy sector will need to invest $13 trillion
Kelvin Ross Editor www.powerengineeringint.com
Power Engineering International November 2015
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has
released a special briefing document
that outlines the energy sector
implications of national climate pledges
submitted for the upcoming climate summit in
Paris, known as COP21.
The briefing finds that if all countries meet
the goals outlined in their submitted pledges,
growth in energy-related emissions – which
account for two-thirds of total greenhouse
gas emissions – will “slow to a relative crawl by
2030”.
And it calculates that the full
implementation of these pledges will
require the energy sector to invest
$13.5 trillion in energy efficiency and low-
carbon technologies between now and 2030,
at an annual average of $840 billion.
Around $8.3 trillion will be needed to
improve energy efficiency in the transport,
buildings and industry sectors, and the rest will
have to be spent on decarbonizing the power
sector.
The IEA projects that more than 60 per
cent of total investment in power generation
capacity will be for renewable capacity, with
one-third of this being for wind power, almost
30 per cent for solar power (mainly solar
photovoltaics) and around one-quarter for
hydropower.
The report states that “actions in the energy
sector can make or break efforts to achieve
the world’s agreed climate goal”.
More than 150 countries have submitted
pledges, accounting for around 90 per cent
of global economic activity and almost 90 per
cent of global energy-related greenhouse gas
emissions today.
By world region, all of the countries in North
America have submitted pledges, almost all
in Europe, around 90 per cent in Africa, two-
thirds in developing Asia, 60 per cent in Latin
America and one-third in the Middle East.
These countries currently account for around
90 per cent of global fossil fuel demand
and almost 80 per cent of global fossil fuel
production.
The form of the pledges varies, including
concrete emissions targets, deviation from
‘business-as-usual’ emissions trajectories,
emissions intensity targets, reductions
or limitations in per-capita emissions, or
statements regarding policies and measures
to be implemented.
IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol said that
the fact that more than 150 countries have
submitted pledges to reduce emissions is
“remarkable”.
“These pledges, together with the
increasing engagement of the energy
industry, are helping to build the necessary
political momentum around the globe to seal
a successful climate agreement in Paris.”
The briefing finds that all of the pledges
take into account energy sector emissions
and many include specific targets or actions
to address them.
If these pledges are met, then countries
currently accounting for more than half of
global economic activity will see their energy-
related greenhouse gas emissions either
plateau or be in decline by 2030.
Global energy intensity, a measure of
energy use per unit of economic output,
would improve to 2030 at a rate almost three
times faster than the rate seen since 2000. In
the power sector, 70 per cent of additional
electricity generation to 2030 would be low-
carbon.
And the power sector – the world’s largest
source of energy-related CO2 emissions –
would see emissions plateau at close to
today’s levels, “effectively breaking the link
between rising electricity demand and rising
related CO2 emissions”.
The report finds that the full implementation
of the pledges will require the energy sector
to invest $13.5 trillion in energy efficiency
and low-carbon technologies from 2015 to
2030, working out at an annual average of
$840 billion.
However, despite these efforts, the IEA
states that the pledges “still fall short of the
major course correction necessary to achieve
the globally agreed climate goal of limiting
average global temperature rise to 2oC,
relative to pre-industrial levels”.
Birol added: “The energy industry needs a
strong and clear signal from the Paris climate
summit.
“Failing to send this signal will push energy
investments in the wrong direction, locking
in unsustainable energy infrastructure for
decades.”
1511PEI_2 2 10/26/15 3:45 PM
HEAT
EXCHANGE
MEANS
KELVION
We are Kelvion, global experts in heat exchange. We know that we’re in the business of selling
trust. Customers rely on us to understand their challenges, boost their performance, and deliv-
er products that work, every time. We have the range and quality to compete for the toughest
projects, in the harshest environments. But we’re not too big to care. That’s why we’re proud to
represent Kelvion, the new challenger in heat exchange. www.kelvion.com
For more information, enter 2 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_3 3 10/26/15 3:45 PM
4 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Mercury control
Power Engineering International November 2015
Mercury falling
Both the development of mercury control technology and its installation in power plants
follow the evolution of emissions regulations. With a new standard in the works for Europe, Tildy Bayar investigates what it will mean for mercury control technology companies and
Europe’s power plant operators.
In a March note, Greenpeace EnergyDesk
editor Christine Ottery wrote that European
environmental regulations for power
plants, which are expected to be finalized
by 2016 and come into force by 2020 as
part of the Industrial Emissions Directive
(IED), “could change the face of Europe’s
energy system … though hardly anyone
knows they exist.”
Analysts have speculated that the
regulations, known as the large combustion
plant best available techniques reference
document (LCP BREF), could force large
numbers of coal-fired power plants across the
EU into retirement by 2025.
Along with establishing stricter limits for
SOx, NOx and particulate emissions, the
regulations, known as the large combustion
plant best available technology reference
document (LCP BREF), will likely set standards
for mercury emissions from power plants. Unlike
the US, Europe currently has no set standard
for these emissions, and thus the major market
for mercury control technologies to date
has been North American. In Europe, the
need for legislation specifically dealing with
mercury has largely been addressed by the
mercury reduction co-benefits available from
technologies used to comply with existing
legislation (the Large Combustion Plant
Directive and the current version of the IED) on
SOx and NOx removal.
The mercury emissions limits being
considered in the draft BREF for plants over
300 MW range between 0.2 µ/m3 and
10 µ/m3. Dr Lesley Sloss of the International
Energy Agency’s Clean Coal Centre said in
May that while “the actual value has yet to be
agreed and the applicability of the proposed
limits has yet to be defined,” the new BREF
“could mean … there may be a new mercury
control market opening up in Europe within
the next few years.”
And this market could expand even further.
Mandar Gadgil, Air Quality Control Systems
Engineer with Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), notes
that “in the next four to five years, Germany will
enact the BREF regulation, and Europe may
follow. China, India, South Africa, and other
coal-burning countries will implement new
regulations. It may take five years or so, but
by 2025 I think all plants will have to control
mercury all over the world.”
However, Jorgen Grubbstrom, Product
Marketing Manager for Dry FGD Environmental
Control Solutions with Alstom’s* Steam
Business, says the European market may be
slower to develop than expected. “Suppliers,
member states and different stakeholders
understand that it’s very important to have the
correct conclusions as they may drive a lot of
changes for the power industry,” he says. “[The
BREF] is taking more time than expected – it’s a
tedious process – so they are in delay.”
Bernd Volmer, Process Engineering & Design
AQCS at Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems
Europe (MHPSE), says his firm will be ready
when the time comes. “The US, compared
to Europe in regard to mercury reduction, is
in front of us,” he says, “so we learn from our
partners in the US about the technologies and
will implement these also on the European
market – the emission values will come into
force in 2016–17, and plants will be required to
comply in 2020–21.”
Standards development, Volmer notes, is
“an ongoing, rotating process”. While power
plant operators will be given four years to
implement the expected BREF standard, he
explains, a subsequent revision will be issued in
eight years. “So there is a time interval between
a revision of eight years and compliance
duration of four years. Every four years a utility
will comply with the regulation, then it has
another four years’ time to implement a new
revision of the standard reflecting the updated
technology.
“We have to continuously improve the
technology in response to the continuous
challenge of emission values,” he says.
How it works
The basis of the control process is the oxidation
of mercury, and then its removal within
downstream equipment before it is emitted
through the stack into the atmosphere. The
most common technology involves injection
of activated carbon into the plant’s exhaust
stream.
New EU rules on mercury control are expected
Credit: Babcock & Wilcox
1511PEI_4 4 10/26/15 3:45 PM
Engine and Marine Systems Power Plants Turbomachinery After Sales
Go for Gas For � exibility in an era of renewables
As we enter an age of renewables, the V35/44G is a great source of power, and a great source
of � exibility. It is the � rst fully electronic four-stroke gas engine from MAN Diesel & Turbo, and
combines exceptional ef� ciency, proven reliability and excellent TCO. The V35/44G produces up to
10.6 MW, making it ideal for industrial applications and local electricity generation, including CHP.
Discover the power of MAN gas technology:
www.mandieselturbo.com
For more information, enter 3 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_5 5 10/26/15 3:45 PM
6 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Mercury control
Power Engineering International November 2015
Mercury comes in three forms: metallic,
ionic and particulate. “The goal is to oxidize
all metallic mercury to ionic mercury so it can
be removed in the flue gas desulphurization
(FGD) system,” explains MHPSE’s Volmer.
According to B&W’s Gadgil, “the main
workhorse of the industry for mercury control
in the US is powdered activated carbon (PAC)
– both halogenated (usually bromine is the
halogen of choice) or non-halogenated
depending on how much mercury is in the
gas screen.” Another “very efficient” and widely
used technology is halogen injection into the
coal itself.
“It’s very simple,” Gadgil says. “Calcium
bromide or sodium iodide is added to the
coal. It’s an inexpensive process and results in
very high mercury oxidation. The only catch is
that for halogen addition to work on its own as
a mercury control technology, there has to be
some sort of FGD system. Oxidized mercury is
very soluble and can be taken out in the FGD.”
There are other sorbents in use, Gadgil
adds, such as amended silicate, which is “as
good as activated carbon but has not been
as widely used due to economic reasons.”
Gadgil also confirms that “sometimes there
is re-emission of mercury – this has happened
in some plants. If there are 2µg of elemental
mercury going inside a wet scrubber and 3µg
coming out, that’s re-emission,” he explains.
“This happens because of the chemical
nature, processes and the atmosphere inside
the scrubber, and as a result some of the
oxidized mercury goes from the oxidation
phase to the elemental phase. To address
that, we have a sulphide-based additive,
sodium hydrosulphide, which has proved
very effective in controlling re-emission. Other
companies have their own re-emission control
additives.”
Alstom’s Grubbstrom notes that, “since
re-emission is a function of the chemistry of
the slurry, in particular the sulphite content
is of importance to monitor and control this
parameter.” To this end, his firm has recently
launched a sulphite analyzer which also
measures oxidation reduction potential (ORP)
and controls the flow rate of oxidization air to
the wet FGD.
MHPSE’s Volmer says the mercury reduction
process involves looking at existing plant
equipment and “how you can optimize it to
meet requirements. For a system where you
already have [mercury] mitigation through
selective catalytic reduction (SCR), the use
of SCR with special types of catalyst is a very
low-cost mitigation process, together with a
downstream wet FGD equipped for mercury
removal.”
Alstom’s Grubbstrom says his firm takes two
main approaches. First, a system based on
injecting an adsorbent such as PAC upstream
of the air preheater in a high-temperature
area and collecting it later in an area of at
least 50 degrees lower to enhance adsorption.
A milling system reduces the size of the PAC to
increase the surface area of the sorbent and
enhance mercury capture on the surface of
the carbon particles, Grubbstrom says.
Secondly, an enhanced PAC process
which includes a sorbent storage silo and
an injection system comprised of a series of
lances in the ductwork, designed to optimize
contact between flue gas and PAC. The
mercury, PAC and fly ash are removed in a
fabric filter.
Gerhard Heinz, Director of Sales & Marketing
for Alstom Thermal Services Central Europe &
CIS, notes that higher temperatures favour the
kinetics of oxidizing elemental mercury and
increase the extent of chemical absorption. In
addition, “injecting in a high-temperature area
before the air heater increases absorption
because the mercury is in contact with
the flue gas for a longer time,” he says. The
mercury is then collected in the electrostatic
precipitator (ESP), which “might need to be
upgraded a bit to fulfil lower particle emission
requirements,” he notes.
Different strokes for different plants
Daniel Chang, Air Quality Control Service
Area Leader with Black & Veatch Energy
(B&V), notes that attention to site-specific
constraints is needed to determine the best
mercury compliance solution. “We take into
consideration the performance of emissions
control technology to reduce emissions to
required limits, the ease of integrating into
an existing power plant, and then the cost to
implement the technology,” he explains.
“For example,” he says, “two different power
plants located in different regions may be
combusting different kinds of coal. This usually
means a difference in the amount of mercury
emitted, which could be in terms of quantity
as well as composition. Secondly, coal-fired
power plants can be configured very differently
in terms of the way coal is combusted. The
back end of the unit is also very different
in terms of types of equipment installed for
capturing emissions of SO2, particulate matter
and NOx.”
Power plants burning bituminous coal,
which has a higher sulphur content, are
prevalent in the eastern US, Chang notes. This
type of plant is generally equipped with a NOx
reduction system such as an SCR. Depending
on the age of the unit, some will have ESPs or,
if built later or retrofitted, a pulse jet fabric filter
(PJFF) to reduce particulate emissions from
the flue gas stream, followed by a FGD system.
Wet FGD is the most typical, Chang says.
When injected into the flue gas, PAC
captures mercury in the pores of the carbon
particles, he explains. Collection usually takes
place within the ESP or the PJFF as well as
within the wet FGD system, where water sprays
collect it in the by-product area.
“This is a commonly used approach to
mercury reduction,” says Chang. “However,
there may be other approaches within this
kind of configuration where PAC could be
avoided or its consumption reduced” through
co-benefit. “This happens when you have
an SCR which has a catalyst system that will
help oxidize mercury, and then the oxidized
mercury can be captured in the wet FGD
system,” he explains.
For the low-sulphur coal that comes from
the western US, a typical power plant could
Control technologies oxidize mercury for removal in the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) system
Credit: Alstom
1511PEI_6 6 10/26/15 3:45 PM
In power,Doosan brings it all togetherAt Doosan, we have built some of the world’s largest and most innovative power plants. Our comprehensive technical expertise spans every project aspect, from basic materials and equipment manufacturing to plant engineering, construction, plant life extension and post project services. This solid technical capability, combined with our global network and decades of experience in the power business, ensures our cutomers beneAt from optimised and integrated solutions that exceed their expectations. Talk to us about how we can do the same for you.
Integrated solutions for a better life
www.doosanheavy.com
For more information, enter 4 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_7 7 10/26/15 3:45 PM
8 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Mercury control
be configured with a boiler, NOx reduction
system, SCR, then a dry FGD system paired
with a PJFF to collect particulate matter as well
as by-product from the SO2 removal process.
The primary mercury removal method for
these plants is PAC. For these plants, Chang
says, “due to the composition of the coal, the
forms of mercury are usually less oxidized so
you always need to consider a halogenated
form of PAC where the halogens help promote
a reaction that converts it to oxidized mercury
to improve the capture rate.” For a lignite-
fired plant, he notes, the optimal mercury
compliance solution would be equivalent to
this US example.
B&W’s Gadgil concurs that existing
equipment installed at a plant can affect
technology choices. “For example,” he says, “if
the only air quality control equipment a plant
has is an ESP for particulate control, even if
there is a high degree of mercury oxidation,
the plant will still need PAC or some other kind
of sorbent. So you still need to install a carbon
injection system and a halogen injection
system – but instead of two systems, why not
use brominated carbon? One system is better
than two, and you can get the same effect as
a bromine system and some kind of sorbent.
“The same goes for a baghouse as well.
If you have SCR or FGD such as a circulating
dry scrubber, then you might not need to
use carbon at all. You may have enough
high oxidation of mercury either with SCR or
halogen addition to coal, so it can be removed
almost 100 per cent by FGD equipment. This
will save a lot of money on capital costs, and
to a certain extent on operating costs as well.”
Chang notes that the capital cost is less
intensive for mercury emissions reduction
than for other pollutants. “Activated carbon is
less capital-intensive than a wet FGD or SCR
system,” he says – but this is then balanced
by operating costs “because you have to buy
activated carbon from a vendor and [the cost
of] injection is considerable.” When selecting
mercury removal technology, he advises that
plant operators take into consideration both
the capital and operating cost, including
lifecycle costs, in order to “make sure they’re
not spending a lot of capital on a unit that
won’t have 20 years of remaining operation”.
Heinz concurs: “The main driver for total
cost of operation of mercury reduction
systems is the ongoing OPEX – mainly the cost
of sorbents. The CAPEX for installations is a
secondary driver,” he says.
When to implement?
Should plant operators wait until they are
within the compliance period to purchase
new mercury control equipment, or begin
before the legislation comes into force?
Alstom’s Grubbstrom says, “Those
customers that have a large fleet need to look
into the various options right now in order to
spread out the investment. We have already
had contact with customers – some larger
utilities, for example – that would like to discuss
it, even if it will be one year until the [BREF] is
published and then [they can] take four more
years [to upgrade].”
What does the upgrade involve, and
how easy is it? Alstom’s Heinz says his firm’s
technology is designed for upgrading
existing plants. “We can implement it in the
existing environment [as it is] not very space-
consuming. Especially when the customer is
currently on the way to implementing retrofit
measures to improve the plant’s performance,
then he already has to consider the necessary
steps for reduced mercury emission so as not
to be in a position two years after a retrofit to
start the next steps.”
B&V’s Chang says: “When you implement
a compliance solution you have to take
into account other anticipated future rules.
We want to make sure our clients invest in a
solution which will remain part of the overall
compliance scheme in future.”
Future developments
Current technology can remove around
90 per cent of the mercury emitted during the
coal combustion process. Can this figure be
improved – and could it ever reach 100 per
cent?
MHPSE’s Volmer says that, from a
technology perspective, “I cannot say
100 per cent – I can say 99.999 per cent
(just joking). It’s a question between the
possible technology and investment in its
implementation,” he explains. “If [power plant
operators] have to comply [with standards],
they have to invest or close down the plant.
Reaching 99.99 per cent is possible, but it also
has to be economically feasible. The operator
may not want 99.99 per cent mercury removal
technology.”
Michael Wende, Process Engineering &
Design AQCS with MHPSE, adds: “With the
technologies required to cope with the
regulations coming into force in 2016–17, a
highly sophisticated standard for mercury
removal will already be reached. In addition,
the BREF revision in an eight-year cycle will
be the driving force for additional efforts to
improve mitigation technologies.”
Volmer says his firm is working on a
different composition of their product for
different coal applications, aiming to increase
the removal efficiency of mercury in the wet
FGD system. “Our goal is not to build new
equipment for modernization,” he notes.
“We want to improve existing equipment,
which is more cost-effective for the operator.
Our improved technology can reach up to
90 per cent. But this always depends on
the incoming mercury in coal, and on
the requested emissions values. The lower
emissions values are necessary – they are the
incentive for all technology improvement.”
Wende adds that high US and European
standards represent an impetus for continuous
improvement in emissions reduction
technology and optimized emissions
mitigation in these regions. “However,” he
adds, “from a global point of view, one of the
next required steps for emission reduction
is to focus on the implementation of the
applicable flue gas cleaning technologies
in countries and regions with less stringent
standards.” For this purpose, he says “a
huge portfolio of effective technologies is
available.”
* Alstom’s Energy sectors are in the process of
being acquired by GE as PEi goes to press
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
Emissions rules drive technology R&D
Credit: Babcock & Wilcox
1511PEI_8 8 10/26/15 3:45 PM
STICK TO THE
FACTS
The USB stick connectivity
of the SIPOS SEVEN valve
actuator means easier site
commissioning and main-
tenance
One small device for the valve manufacturer and
contractor, but a giant leap for the industry. The
USB interface is the key to several SIPOS SEVEN
innovations ñ enhancements which will simplify
power plant projects for both valve manufacturer
and contractor:
Process control set-up without mains supply via
laptop or USB battery
Non-intrusive commissioning
Easy upload/download of parameters for easy
commissioning or cloning
���������������������������� �������������
market leader in variable speed actuation.
Stay Ahead
With the new SIPOS SEVEN
[email protected], www.siposseven.com
STAY AHEAD. STAY SIPOS
P R O F I T RPPPP RP RP RP R O F I T RO F I T RO F I T RP R O F I T RO F I T RFO F I T RO F I T RO F I T RO F I T RO F I T RO F I T R OO F I T R O NPPP R O F I T RO F I T RO F I T RO F I T RO F I T RO F I T ROO F I T RF
For more information, enter 5 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_9 9 10/26/15 3:45 PM
10 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Nuclear focus
Which way for nuclear?
Some suggest that nuclear is an inflexible generation source being left behind in an energy world demanding flexibility, yet Kelvin Ross finds that there are calls for it to play a part as a long-term companion to renewables.
The nuclear industry is at a
crossroads. As Ann MacLachlan,
former European Bureau Chief of
Platts Nuclear Publications, said
at the World Nuclear Symposium
in London recently, it is “flourishing
in China, finished in Germany and floundering
elsewhere”.
In Europe, the future of nuclear hangs in the
balance. Germany is taking it out of its energy
mix and the two newbuild projects that are
underway – Flamanville and Olkiluoto – are
dogged by delays and cost over-runs, and
as such are a far cry from being an industry
showcase.
And yet in October EDF agreed a deal that
will see China General Nuclear China take a
33.5 per cent stake in Hinkley Point C plant in
the UK. With a final investment decision from
EDF now almost a formality, Britain is poised
to build its first nuclear power plant in a
generation, which will give a shot in the arm to
the industry globally.
There is certainly an appetitite for nuclear
among European power trade groups. The UK-
based Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) last
month published a report called ‘The role for
nuclear within a low carbon energy system’.
In it the ETI states that new nuclear plants
“can form a major part of an affordable low
carbon transition”, and in particular highlights
the potential of small modular reactors (SMRs).
It says the emergence of multiple
developing SMR designs with an electrical
generation capacity in units of 300 MW or
less “opens up the potential to deploy a wider
range of nuclear technologies within an
integrated energy system”.
Mike Middleton, strategy manager for
nuclear at the ETI and the report’s author, says
“new nuclear power, along with conventional
power stations with carbon capture and
storage and renewables, are likely to be
the key technologies delivering low carbon
electricity in the future in the UK”.
“Our latest analysis has created new
understanding of the potentially different
contributions from large baseload reactors
and SMRs in a future UK energy system.
“These two nuclear technologies can offer
potentially complementary roles in baseload
and flexible combined heat and power
generation, and also in terms of the location
of development sites.”
However, Middleton is keen to stress that
“future nuclear technologies will only be
deployed if there is a market need, and these
technologies need to provide the most cost-
effective solution”.
He said that “the next 10 years will be critical
in developing the deployment-readiness of
key technology options for the UK’s low carbon
transition to 2050. New nuclear plants can
form a major part of an affordable transition,
with both large nuclear and SMRs potentially
playing a significant role.”
Hot on the heels of the ETI report came
a survey from the Institution of Mechanical
1511PEI_10 10 10/26/15 3:45 PM
Move your energy business forward with reliable automation solutions
Over 1,000 power plants worldwide already rely on Valmet’s
process automation and information management solutions to
maximize their business profi tability and sustainability. By combining
our energy technology, process know-how, automation, and extensive
range of services, we can also help move your business forward.
Discover more at valmet.com/automation
For more information, enter 6 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_11 11 10/26/15 3:45 PM
12 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Nuclear focus
Engineers, which found that 56 per cent of
the UK public support Britain’s continuing to
use nuclear power – 19 per cent did not back
nuclear and 25 per cent were unsure. Of the
people who support nuclear power, 82 per
cent said that this is because it will “help keep
the lights on”, 56 per cent because it would
provide jobs and 54 per cent because it
would boost the economy.
The main concerns for people who
opposed nuclear were that it is “too
dangerous” (77 per cent) or too damaging
for the environment (76 per cent), while just
27 per cent said that it was because it was too
expensive.
In the UK there are currently 16 civil
nuclear reactors providing 18 per cent of
Britain’s electricity needs and supporting local
communities through employment, supply
chain and economic development.
Dr Jenifer Baxter, Head of Energy and
Environment at the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, says that the results of the survey
“show that most of the public realize the vital
role nuclear has to play in keeping the lights
on in the UK. But there is a lack of knowledge
about nuclear technology and the way
nuclear waste is managed.”
She added that there is a “critical need for
industry and government to raise awareness
about the economic and employment
benefits of nuclear power. There is also a need
to highlight the comprehensive range of
safety procedures in place to mitigate risk and
environmental damage, with both nuclear
power generation and the management of
nuclear waste.”
European electricity trade group Eurelectric
has also called for nuclear to play a key role
in the future energy mix. In a recent report,
it stated that nuclear energy “contributes
to the three major energy policy objectives
of the European Union: security of supply,
decarbonization of the electricity sector and
competitive power prices in Europe”.
However, it stresses that with new nuclear
plants currently under construction in France,
Finland and Slovakia and at the planning
stage in the UK, Hungary and Romania, the
sector faces a number of challenges.
The first of these is to improve the economic
operation of existing nuclear power plants. “In
several European countries distortive national
policy measures place economic burdens
on nuclear units which are leading to the
early shutdown of technically well-functioning
nuclear reactors,” says Eurelectric’s report
Nuclear Power Plants – Tackling the Investment
Dilemma.
Another challenge is to “enable new
market-based investment, which is not viable
under the existing energy policy and market
framework. To facilitate investment in nuclear
and other low-carbon technologies, an
improved regulatory framework is needed
and, in particular, ways must be found of
reducing investment risk.”
Eurelectric also wants to nuclear regulators
promote “greater harmonization and
standardization of components, which will
further improve cost-competitiveness”.
The trade group argues that with the
European power sector undergoing radical
change, decentralized and centralized large-
scale systems will depend on each other
and nuclear power “can play an important
role in solving the challenges of this new,
more diverse energy system, providing the
reliable baseload supply necessary to ensure
generation adequacy”.
Asia perspective
The nuclear picture in Asia could not be more
different from Europe. Despite being stalled in
Japan post-Fukushima, China is leading the
global market and Vietnam is on the way to
having its first nuclear power plant.
And a new study from research company
GlobalData predicts that India’s nuclear
capacity is expected to increase more than
six-fold, from 5.8 GW in 2014 to 35.2 GW by
2025, in a bid to reduce the country’s reliance
on coal.
GlobalData’s senior power analyst
Chiradeep Chatterjee says: “India’s nuclear
energy development strategy has been
divided into three stages due to its limited
reserves of uranium, which are already being
used in existing reactors. The potential for
generating power from uranium mined in
India has been estimated at 10 GW.
“However, the country has large reserves
of thorium, with the result that the transition to
breeder reactors that use thorium has been
proposed, through this three-stage strategy.”
The Ninh Thuan plant in Vietnam is being
built by Rosatom and I caught up with
the company’s regional vice-president for
Southeast Asia, Egor Simonov, at POWER-GEN
Asia in Bangkok.
He says that for the development of
nuclear in Southeast Asia, “it is all about
political decision-making. For Vietnam, that
decision is there – they are going to have a
nuclear power plant. For other countries in
this region it is either a power development
plan or statements of policy that say they are
considering nuclear power.”
I asked him what the effect – in Asia and
globally – would be if Japan brings its fleet
of reactors back online. After stating that he
personally believes “it is going to come back
online pretty much in its entirety”, he adds: “If
Japan’s reactors all came back online, that
would be a signal to the politicians. Industry
experts understand what has happened, why
it has happened and how severe it actually
was. It would be a sign to the politicians that
nuclear power is safe.”
He says the same effect will be had if
Callum Thomas: “The industry is dependent on men between the age of 40 and 60.”
Credit: World Nuclear Association
1511PEI_12 12 10/26/15 3:46 PM
Thanks to their compact and rugged design, their on-site
serviceability, and their inherent reliability, our industrial
and aero-derivative gas turbines are the ideal choice for
all industrial power generation applications. They also
combine very high efficiency with excellent low-emission
performance and are ideally suited for cogeneration.
siemens.com/gasturbines
Their high steam-raising capabilities help achieve overall
plant efficiency of 80 percent or higher. And operators
can rely on the fast start-up and peaking capability of our
aero-derivative gas turbines. Profit from our competence,
based on decades of experience.
Proven, reliable, and efficientGas turbines for industrial power generationT
H 5
66
-15
06
18
For more information, enter 7 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_13 13 10/26/15 3:46 PM
14 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Nuclear focus
Hinkley Point C goes ahead in the UK: “The
more countries that are building nuclear
power plants, then the better the public
understanding of nuclear power will be.
Having a reliable, cheap baseload that has
a zero-CO2 footprint is more beneficial than
having concerns that are not based on any
scientific or technical evidence.”
Simonov says that for the nuclear industry,
“the biggest challenge is public acceptance
and political will – and political will strongly
depends on public acceptance. Politicians
tend to follow that.”
And he adds that “what politicians should
be thinking is that when you build a nuclear
power plant you don’t just create a battery
that powers your homes – you create an
industry. You give a boost to social-economic
development. You create workplaces for the
people of a country.
“When we talk about selling a nuclear
power plant, we stress that what you are
buying is a kilowatt-hour of electricity at a very
low cost for 60 years, with very little influence
on the commodity price.”
Simonov later spoke at a conference
session at POWER-GEN Asia and told delegates:
“Such countries as Thailand, Indonesia,
Malaysia and Vietnam are among the world’s
leaders in industrial production growth, and
consequently in power consumption. Nuclear
power will allow these countries to not only
get the basic source of clean energy, but
also will allow them to reach a new level of
development in general.”
He reiterated his belief that if Japan
restarted its reactors it would be “a signal to
other Asian countries – first of all for ASEAN
countries – where, according to our estimates,
there can be built about 20 GW of nuclear
power capacity”.
“But that may happen only if these
countries will show an unambiguous political
commitment to the development of national
nuclear power programmes.”
Malcolm Grimston, senior research fellow
at Britain’s Imperial College, believes that a
new energy narrative is needed to overcome
the mixed messages from the nuclear industry
that have stymied public support.
Speaking at the recent World Nuclear
Symposium in London, he said that the
public can be left “deeply suspicious” when,
on the one hand, the industry says how safe
nuclear power is, yet on the other appears
over-cautious when dealing with radiation
protection. He added: “Although big
accidents occur, nuclear power has proved
to be one of the safest, if not the safest, large-
scale ways of generating electricity.”
He also criticized governments bent on
phasing out nuclear power, saying that “logic
and politics don’t necessarily go hand in
hand”, and added that science should be
pulled back into the debate.
“We entirely miss that most of the problems
come from a dysfunction between political,
public and scientific establishments which
had a more harmonious relationship 30 years
ago in the developed world, but might not last
in the countries where it still exists.”
To illustrate the point he referred to a recent
chemical explosion in China which left 200
people dead: “The Germans didn’t then go
out and close down their chemical industry.”
Grimston called for governments to “restore
the outcome of properly referred science to
its proper place in decision-making”, while
society should have a sensible debate about
how to manage scientific uncertainty.
“We have no concept of what power
outages are like – we are left with anodyne,
cuddly phrases such as ‘the lights go out’,
when the reality of a blackout is literally
unimaginably awful.”
Skills gap
The WNA Symposium also heard from Callum
Thomas, chief executive of Thomas Thor
Associates, a global nuclear consulting and
recruitment firm. He said that the number of
nuclear experts in Europe in 2011 was around
80,000 and added that by 2020 that figure will
have dropped to 63,000.
He said that “the industry right now is
dependent on men between the age of 40
and 60” and added that the sector now had a
“once in a generation opportunity” to address
its skills set.
Mark Rauckhorst, construction vice-
president at Southern Company, has clear
ideas about the skill sets – and mind sets – that
are needed to get a nuclear power plant built.
Rauckhorst spoke about the Vogtle 3 and
4 units, which are currently under construction.
Once operational, they will make the plant the
first four-unit nuclear power station in the US.
“You cannot attempt a nuclear power
project by committee – you must have a
single leader.” In the case of Vogtle, he said
this leader was Buzz Miller, president of nuclear
development at Southern: “He has lived it
since the project was signed and he’s there
today.”
He added that it was vital to believe in –
and love – the potential of nuclear energy: “If
you don’t have a passion for nuclear, then I
don’t know how you will weather all the storms
that you will face.”
Rauckhorst said that it was essential that
the nuclear industry kept evolving its skills set:
“The skill sets that are needed today will be
different from the skill sets of tomorrow.”
And he added that the perfect workforce
was a mix of “grey beards and young guns”.
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
Mark Rauckhorst at Vogtle nuclear plant in the US
Credit: Southern Company
1511PEI_14 14 10/26/15 3:46 PM
© 2014 by AMETEK Inc. All rights reserved.
The new WDG-V. Impressing even the worldís most demanding combustion managers.
./01�0�1���.��1./0���1�� �10�������01����������1������0�1��0��1�������� �0�����1���0��11��������1 ����1��1���1�����1��1�01�/��� �����1�0���!0�1���1"#$ %1����0�0�������1��1���0�� 1instrumented systems, the WDG-V provides a complete solution for combustion process control and safety.
&0�����01�0�0�����1��1��� ����������1���0�1���'��1/��/1()1��1�1!�0�1/0��0�1��1����0�1��1��������1��1����0�1�����0�0��1����0�10�0����0�0���1./01�� �1������0�1��������1/��*1�0�1+�01���1��1�������010�0��1���0�*1���0�1,)10��������*1���1������01��0������10-��0���1��1���0�1�0�0������1���1�0����/0�����1�0!�����1#�1���1����1�������1�0�/��01�0�0��1��1�����01safe burner startup and shutdown.
The all-new WDG-V. Combustion management and safety capabilities beyond expectations. $0���1���01��1www.ametekpi.com.
For more information, enter 8 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_15 15 10/26/15 3:46 PM
16 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Nuclear Focus
Power Engineering International November 2015
Work is finally poised to start on Hinkley Point C, the first new nuclear plant built in the UK for a generation. Kelvin Ross gets reaction to the pact between EDF and China General Nuclear and also finds out what the project will mean for the UK
The signing of a deal between EDF
and China General Nuclear Power
Corporation on Hinkley Point C is
almost the final piece of the new
nuclear jigsaw that the UK has
been trying to put together for a
decade.
It was Tony Blair who set the ball rolling in
2005 by announcing an energy review which
would consider the possibility of a new nuclear
plant. By 2007 the plan for a new reactor at the
existing Hinkley Point plant in Somerset was on
the table and EDF said that those of us living in
the UK would be cooking our 2017 Christmas
dinner on electricity from Hinkley.
Well, those hoping for some atomic
turkey for their festive lunch next year will be
disappointed, as Hinkley is now scheduled to
be online in 2025, but nonetheless, the deal
is (pretty much) done, and having been
told for the past 18 months that the project
was “shovel-ready”, those shovels should be
digging by the end of the year.
A final investment decision from EDF to go
ahead with the plant – which is expected to
provide 7 per cent of Britain’s electricity – is
now pretty much a formality following the
China pact, which sees EDF own 66.5 per cent
of the plant and CGN 33.5 per cent.
China General Nuclear Power Corporation
(CGN) will make its investment in the UK
through a new company called General
Nuclear International (GNI). EDF, without ever
reducing its initial stake below 50 per cent, still
intends to bring other investors into the project
at a later date.
UK Energy Secretary Amber Rudd said
on the day of the Chinese deal that “the UK
is open for business and this is a good deal
for everyone – Hinkley Point C will continue
to meet our robust safety regulations and
will power nearly six million households with
low-carbon energy”. CGN chairman He Yu
said that the deal was a “triple-win for the
existing nuclear energy partnership between
China, France and the UK”, while EDF Energy
chief executive Vincent de Rivaz said Hinkley
Point C and future nuclear projects in Britain
“will guarantee the UK the reliable, secure low
carbon electricity it needs in the future”.
“Nuclear power will save customers
money compared with other energy options
and provide a huge boost to British industrial
strength, jobs and skills both in Britain and
abroad,” de Rivaz said, adding that the go-
ahead for Hinkley was “good news in the fight
against climate change”.
The operators of Hinkley Point C have
negotiated a contract for difference with the
UK government for the electricity generated
by the plant. That price is £92.50 ($142)/MWh
for 35 years, roughly double the current market
price of power – or £89.50/MWh if a final
investment decision is taken on a subsequent
new EDF reactor at Sizewell nuclear plant.
This contract was approved by the
European Commission in October 2014
following a 12-month investigation. The
Commission has also recently approved the
UK’s waste transfer contract scheme, which will
apply to Hinkley Point C. This scheme means
that the full costs of decommissioning and
waste management associated with new
nuclear power stations are set aside during
generation and are included in the price of
the electricity.
Among the companies which have
signed final partnership deals for Hinkley
Point C are Areva for the steam supply system,
instrumentation and control; Alstom France for
the turbines and Alstom UK for services during
operations; Bouygues TP/Laing O’Rourke
for the main civil works and BAM Nuttal/Kier
Infrastructure for the earthworks.
The positive views
Prospect, the largest union for nuclear industry
employees, welcomed the signing of the deal.
Deputy general-secretary Garry Graham says
it is “a key milestone in paving the way to build
our low-carbon, secure energy future”.
“The building of the new Hinkley nuclear
plant will create 25,000 jobs in construction
and provide 1000 jobs in operation. These
will be high-quality skilled jobs that will create
a positive legacy for major infrastructure
projects for the future.”
World Nuclear Association director general
Agneta Rising is relieved to see the China
pact go ahead, and she says “we need to
see more countries learning from the UK’s
example to support nuclear energy among
a mix of generation technologies that are
fit for the future. Governments must act to
ensure that markets support new investment
in technologies such as nuclear. The UK is
showing one way this can be achieved.”
Tony Ward, Head of Power & Utilities at EY,
says the deal “is a vital injection of momentum
that can unlock billions of pounds worth of
investment in the UK’s energy infrastructure.
It also brings to an end a protracted period
of negotiation and uncertainty, and puts in
place the key remaining precursor to a final
investment decision.”
He adds that “with growing concerns in the
UK around the security of our electricity supply,
and a rapid retreat from some of the more
progressive renewable energy policies of
recent years, delivering low-carbon baseload
Hailing Hinkley
1511PEI_16 16 10/26/15 3:46 PM
GenerationHub’s experienced analysts provide original content that dives into the issues facing decision-makers in today’s rapidly changing regulatory and economic landscape.
Original analysis
Online
Timely
Accurate
Data
Mobile-Friendly
Paired with our searchable database of over 20,000 generating units and more than 10,000 source documents, GenerationHub presents a more transparent view of the power generation industry than you will find anywhere else.
BARRY CASSELLCoal
WAYNE BARBERNatural Gas & Nuclear
KENT KNUTSONData Management & Renewables
See what industry experts are calling: “ The Most Innovative Intelligence Service in the Energy Industry today.”
CONTACT:
Shaun JamesonSales Executive918.832.9291
HERE IS WHAT YOU GET:
• Original, deep-dive market intelligence content
• Daily and Weekly eNewsletters
• GenerationHub Morning Report and GenerationTrends
• Critical Details on more than 20,000 generating units; 6,000 power plants; and 3,000 generating companies
• Access to thousands of regulatory filings
• And much, much more!
Add Coal Insider and Fossil Fuel Tracker to your subscription and gain a more transparent view of the power generation industry than you will find anywhere else.
www.generationhub.com
Subscription plans available to meet your needs and budget.
For more information, enter 9 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_17 17 10/26/15 3:46 PM
18 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Nucleear Focus
capacity at scale is a key step in securing
the UK’s energy future, as well as embedding
thousands of highly skilled UK jobs, economic
activity and industrial and export potential.”
Dr Jenifer Baxter, Head of Energy and
Environment at the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, agrees. “Nuclear is currently one
of the least CO2-intensive ways to generate
baseload electricity. If we are to secure the UK’s
energy future, while at the same time meet a
challenging emissions target, nuclear must
play a part in the electricity mix, in addition
to gas generation and renewables.” But she
adds that “while it is important to look to secure
future energy supplies, the government also
needs to encourage significant investment in
the whole nuclear lifecycle”.
“We still need proper research and
development into methods for recycling and
maximizing the energy returns from nuclear
waste. We haven’t yet found a way of dealing
with the large stockpile of nuclear waste at
Sellafield, which is set to include an estimated
140 tonnes of plutonium by 2020. It is clear the
UK has been too slow to address this issue.
Long-term deep geological disposal offers a
potential solution; however, around 20 years of
testing is required in the UK for this approach
to be used with confidence and we are yet to
start this process.”
Environment group Greenpeace is,
unsurprisingly, not a fan of nuclear or the
Hinkley project. Its UK chief scientist Dr Doug
Parr said of the EDF-China pact: “With this
deal [UK chancellor] George Osborne is not
so much backing the wrong horse as betting
billions of consumers’ money on a nag
running backwards.
“There’s no end in sight for the nuclear
industry’s dependence on billion-pound
handouts whilst the renewable sector is on the
verge of going subsidy-free. Backing the former
and punishing the latter makes no economic
sense whatsoever. Our grandchildren will one
day wonder why their bills are propping up a
foreign-owned, outdated and costly nuclear
industry instead of supporting cutting-edge
UK firms producing cheap clean energy.”
...And the backlash
Pushing ahead with Hinkley sets the UK on a
nuclear newbuild path unlike any elsewhere
in the world. The government has identified a
further seven reactor sites it wants to develop,
including another by EDF at Sizewell, one at
Bradwell which could be built by the Chinese
using their own technology, and Moorside,
which would be the biggest nuclear plant in
Europe.
The government is debating closing all of
its 12 coal-fired power plants by 2023 at the
same time as it’s facing a squeeze on supplies.
EDF’s 1.2 GW Sizewell B plant is the only one of
the nation’s current 15 reactors scheduled to
generate beyond 2023.
The building of a fleet of new nuclear plants
was originally put on the table as a means of
addressing decarbonization, but since then
the European energy sector has changed
radically. The buzzword is flexibility and nuclear
– while highly reliable and not subject to
swings in fuel price – is pretty inflexible.
All of which would still make Hinkley Point
C a sensible plan if it and other future nuclear
plants are intended to be the long-term –
and don’t forget that with nuclear plants we
are talking very long-term – partner to an
expanding utilization of renewables. But the
www.vaisala.com/power
Outages Happen 24/7
— So Should Monitoring.
• Direct contact moisture in oil, hydrogen, and
temperature measurements - all in one probe
• No pumps, sampling systems, membranes or
other consumable parts
• No false alarms due to cross sensitivity to other gases
• Withstands both over-pressure and vacuum conditions
• Simple, intuitive installation by one person in
30 minutes or less
MHT410 Moisture, Hydrogen, and Temperature
Transmitter for Transformers
NEW
Vaisala has developed the only in-situ integrated moisture, hydrogen, and temperature probe on the market designed for direct installation through a ball valve into a transformer providing:
ed n ough
For more information, enter 10 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_18 18 10/26/15 3:46 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 19
Nuclear Focus
Power Engineering International November 2015
UK government is facing a backlash from some high-profile figures over
its recent policy decisions on renewables.
Since the General Election in May, the new Conservative government
has ended subsidies for onshore wind, because it believes there are
enough such wind farms already in Britain – Rudd has said that “we
could end up with more onshore wind projects than we can afford”.
In September the government also vetoed plans for the Navitus Bay
offshore wind farm – the first offshore project not to be granted consent.
Whitehall has also dropped support for new large-scale solar farms
and is consulting on plans to cut subsidies for smaller installations on
households, schools and community buildings.
The Solar Trade Association says around 27,000 jobs could be
at risk as the solar industry’s 3000 firms face the cuts. Trade body the
Renewable Energy Association (REA) says it has tracked 11 major policy
changes which it says is having – or will have – a negative impact on the
British renewable energy industry.
James Court, the REA’s head of policy, said the policies represent
“the UK turning away from renewables, which is surprising given the
extraordinary decline in costs and increases in technological efficiency
that have been achieved over the past five years. The government,
frustratingly, seems intent on tripping up the industry within sight of the
finishing line.”
Last month, the United Nations’ chief environment scientist slammed
the UK government for its cuts to renewables support. It is unusual for
the UN to single out a particular government for criticism, however Prof
Jacquie McGlade branded Britain’s actions as “perverse”.
She said that as more and more countries around the world were
adopting and spending money on renewable energy objectives, the
UK was going in the opposite direction. And she added that recent
reductions in wind and solar subsidies, coupled with tax breaks for
oil and gas, sent out the wrong message ahead of next month’s UN
climate summit in Paris.
In an interview with the BBC, Prof McGlade said: “What’s disappointing
is when we see countries such as the United Kingdom that have really
been in the lead in terms of getting their renewable energy up and
going – we see subsidies being withdrawn and the fossil fuel industry
being enhanced.” She said the UK was sending “a very serious signal – a
very perverse signal that we do not want to create”.
Last month John Cridland, head of the Confederation of British
Industry (CBI), also said investors would be put off Britain by its latest
policy decisions. He said that the “green economy is an emerging
market in its own right, brimming with opportunity” but added that “with
the roll-back of renewables policies and the mixed messages on energy
efficiency, the government risks sending a worrying signal to businesses”.
In September, the UK dropped out of the top ten countries for
renewable investment in an annual ranking compiled by analysts at EY.
Ben Warren, EY’s Energy Corporate Finance Leader, said that
investors are “trying to make sense of what seems to be policymaking in
a vacuum, lacking any rationale or clear intent. Worryingly, this trend of
inconsistent policy tinkering could also sour investor confidence in other
areas, such as new nuclear, carbon capture and storage and shale
gas, as well as offshore wind.”
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
HIGH PERFORMANCE
Electric actuators for the
power plant industry
Reliable, powerful, precise control. AUMA
offer a large portfolio of actuator and
gearbox type ranges.
■ Automating all types of
industrial valves
■ Standardised interface for
various site control systems
■ Plant Asset Management functions
■ Service
worldwide
Discover our
solutions for the
power plant industry
www.auma.com
For more information, enter 11 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_19 19 10/26/15 3:46 PM
20 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Since 1972, the Neurath RWE power
plant has produced electricity in
Grevenbroich-Neurath, Germany.
In 1976, the plant was expanded
to five block units – three of
300 MW and two of 600 MW.
These units are fueled by lignite from the
open pit mines at Garzweiler and Hambach.
In August 2012, after an investment of
€2.6 billion ($2.95 billion), RWE Power put
two additional power plant block units of
1100 MW each and improved systems
technology into operation.
So with its production of more than
4200 MW, the power plant covers more than
10 per cent of the installed output by RWE
Power AG-owned plants.
However, units F and G revealed a need
for improvement. The coal feeders to the
coal pulverizers did not work satisfactorily
and caused high costs for downtime
and maintenance. During an inspection
demanded by the customer, Aumund
engineers diagnosed that the pan conveyors
installed as coal feeders would fail completely
in the near future due to existing deficiencies
and foreseeable subsequent damage.
Such a breakdown would disrupt power
production in block units F and G, because
the lignite is discharged from the coal
bunkers onto the pan conveyors operating
as coal feeders. Two individual pan conveyors
transport the lignite to the coal pulverizers,
where the coal is ground to dust. There are four
pulverizers from where the ground lignite dust
is blown into each boiler. So, in total, the two
boilers of block units F and G are supplied with
fuel by eight pulverizers and 16 pan conveyors.
Construction-related wear
The coal feeders were designed as chain pan
conveyors with two chains each. Due to this
design there was an increased wear on the
chain links, causing a differential lengthening
of the two chains.
The pans of the conveyors got twisted and
rose from their assemblage. The protruding
pans acted like smoothing planes and
abraded the material being conveyed.
Besides, since the pans did not overlap, the
material was trickling in between them and
causing wedged pans.
Portions of the material trickled into the
casing and onto the feedback conveyor. The
wedged pans caused the material to bulge
over the sideboards of the coal feeder and to
trickle into the casing and onto the feedback
conveyor as well. The spillage conveyor was
actually designed to feed the spilt material
back into the material transport only. The
excessive material feeding caused heavy
wear. Occasionally the spillage or cleaning
Power Engineering International November 2015
Case study
The conveyor conversion challengeA complex project to convert coal conveyors was made more challenging by the need to carry out the work while the plant was fully operational, write Peter Müller and Erwin Last
Arched belt conveyor as coal feederCredit: Aumund
1511PEI_20 20 10/26/15 3:46 PM
We have been dedicated to R&D and
��������������energy saving and
������������������������� ����
over 30 years
POWER-GEN InternationalVisit us at Las Vegas, NVDecember 8-10, 2015Booth #9613
SHUANGLIANGECO-ENERGY SYSTEMS CO., LTD.www. s h u a n g l i a n g . c o mw w w. s l - e c o e n e r g y . c o m
Add: Shuangliang Industrial Park, Ligang, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, P.R.China P.C: 214444 Tel: +86-510-86632095,86638822 Fax: +86-510-86634678, 86631154 Email: [email protected]
ENERGY SAVING
FRESH WATER PRODUCING
FRESH WATER SAVING
�"%�%���#������$%�"����"���������
�"���#���%����"#"�%� �������������
�%����� �$������#�"�����"������"��
����%��������#�������#%�" �����
�"�%����"������
�##$%�"�$�����#����#$"������������ ��!�
�%�$ �����%���"�������"���"�"�
�������� ����������������
��������������������
�������������������
������������� ������������������������������������������������
For more information, enter 12 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_21 21 10/26/15 3:46 PM
22 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Case study
conveyor transported more material than the
main pan conveyor. In that way, continuous
heavy wear on all moving parts of the
machines evolved.
Due to the tight constructive situation and
the high costs for new machines, Aumund
Fördertechnik won the contract for conversion
of the conveyors. The company was tasked to
optimize the existing pan conveyors. The order
included design, construction and supervision
of installation as well as regular reviews and
maintenance after conversion.
First the existing conveyors had to be
retrofitted by Aumund’s conversion specialists
during a rotational plant downtime while
the furnace kept working. Thus a general
overhaul of the heavily worn conveyor during
an unscheduled boiler downtime, a medium-
term necessity under the circumstances,
could be avoided.
Conversion during operation
The most demanding phase of the project
was at its very beginning. After taking the
measurements of the installation and an
analysis of the problems, a pre-design was
drawn even before an offer was written. The
pre-design became part of the offer.
After receiving the order, the detailed
design was drawn and the project planning
set up. Already at this point, the planning of
the parts transport to the machines to be
converted and the installation sequence was
decisive for the execution of the project. Only
certain routes of transportation were usable,
since a number of routes were blocked by
Installation of new pan conveyors
Credit: Aumund
Customized special control valves
For the energy producing and consuming industry
WELLAND & TUXHORN AG
A R M A T U R E N - U N D M A S C H I N E N F A B R I K
Gütersloher Straße 257 | D-33649 Bielefeld | Tel. +49 (0)521 9418-0 | Fax. +49 (0)521 9418-170, -156 | www.welland-tuxhorn.de | [email protected]
• HP-, IP- and LP-
turbine–bypass–systems
• turbine emergency stop valves
• turbine control valves
• steam conditioning valves
• feedwater control valves
• minimum flow control valves
• cooling water injection valves
• boiler start up valves
• boiler blow down valves
• desuperheater valves
• hydraulic actuating systems
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY
OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
For more information, enter 13 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_22 22 10/26/15 3:46 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 23
Case study
Power Engineering International November 2015
maintenance and repairs of other parts of the power block unit. This
especially had to be taken in consideration for delivery of the new parts
to the coal feeders just in time.
Structurally, the casings of the original machines were preserved as
fa as possible, and reinforced. On the outside sections of the machines,
transmissions, engine and bearings were re-utilized.
On the inside, however, all components including the drive shafts
were replaced by Aumund machine parts of the BPB 250 line. The
spillage conveyor was redesigned and its tensioning and drive axes
were exchanged. Thus the drive shafts of the spillage and main
conveyors were positioned on the same side of the coal feeder in
the end – an advantage for accessibility and maintenance of these
decisive components.
One of the few changes to the casing was the installation of a
maintenance opening for better access to the drive shafts. As a
consequence of the change to the drive shafts, the tensioning stations
of both conveyors had to be adapted to the new design.
The feedback conveyor was stabilized by conversion from two-strand
to three-strand design. Originally it was built from two chains with a flat
steel bar in between for pushing the feedback material along. Due to
the increased material feeding because of the leaking main conveyor,
the chains lengthened here as well, and the flat steel bars started
bending. An additional third chain strand now acts as a stabilizer in a
cross direction.
Longitudinal stabilization was achieved by increasing the preload
through installation of additional axes. Due to their own weight, the
chains were sagging between the individual axes. However, between
the axes the chain is self-tensioning, so the distance between the axes
was too great. It was decreased by installation of additional axes.
Also, one of RWE Power AG’s specifications was to build the coal
feeder pressure tight up to one bar. This specification was not met by
the original machine. Aumund stress analysts calculated the installation
anew, and based on these calculations, pressure tightness according to
specification was achieved in the course of the conversion.
For the conversion, RWE focused on pan conveyors with an average
performance of 150 tonnes/hour. During peak times, the conveyors can
transport 200 tonnes/hour. One pan conveyor transports sufficient lignite
to produce about 1 MW. While arranging the new machines within the
existing casings, some constructive tricks became necessary to achieve
the conveying performance needed: Aumund converted the machines
Optimizing the conveyor
Credit: Aumund
Clean air is an important factor to consider when operating gas
turbines. Camfil Power Systems provide air filtration solutions
that are not only robust enough to ensure the day-to-day
reliability in hostile environments, but are also cost-efficient and
have minimal environmental impact over the entire life cycle.
Camfil have executed thousands of Gas Turbine
auxiliary equipment projects to all of the major
OEMs for machines from 3 to 300 MW.
Read more at camfil.com/ps
CLEAN AIR
P WERS THE WORLD
See us in Las Vegas, booth #1212
For more information, enter 14 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_23 23 10/26/15 3:46 PM
24 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Case study
with welded pan conveyors, which had to be
adapted very individually for the connection
to the hopper.
The pans of these pan conveyors overlap in
the same way as a long brick laying structure.
This prevents the material from trickling
between the pans and blocking them, or from
trickling trough between them.
While equipping the pan conveyors with
new chains, the designing engineers selected
Aumund’s AU6052 chain. With a significantly
higher chain safety than is normally chosen for
comparable uses, notably higher durabilities
can be achieved.
Limited space challenge
The Aumund conveyors with a standard width
of 200 to 300 mm had to be built into the
extremely cramped space. Simultaneously
with an adaption and a complete exchange
of the former material feed, the conveyors
were equipped with a new surface. Due to
the limited space available between material
feed, toe board and rollers on one side and
the outer edge of the casing – pressure tight
up to one bar – on the other side, a special
construction had to be realized. The conveying
speed was given.
Optimizing the conveying performance
was only possible through changes to the
cross section of the conveying elements. The
cross section results from the width of the
conveyor and the height of the toe board.
The height of the toe board was increased,
resulting in the need to lower the feedback
conveyor. In addition, a smaller sprocket
wheel was used. Literally every millimetre of
the available casing’s interior was used. In
some instances the usual minimum distance
between conveyor and casing wall was
undershot. Because of the negative pressure
loading of the coal pulverizers, special
attention was given to a better sealing of the
entire casing to avoid air leaks.
Special construction had to be realized
Credit: Aumund
ICCI 2016
22nd International Energy and Environment Fair and Conference
www.icci.com.tr
27-28-29 April 2016 Istanbul Expo Center Hall 9-10-11Istanbul ��Turkey
������������������ �
THIS FAIR IS ORGANIZED WITH THE INSPECTION OF THE UNION OF CHAMBERS AND COMMODITY EXCHANGES OF TURKEY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW NUMBER 5174.
Tel. +90 (212) 334 69 00 Faks +90 (212) 334 69 92 [email protected] www.sektorelfuarcilik.com
For more information, enter 15 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_24 24 10/26/15 3:46 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 25
The material loads underneath the
bunker chutes were brought under control by
installing a baffle beam. This beam deflects
the shearing forces caused by material being
fed onto the running pan conveyor into the
structural steel work. The use of new carriers
between the chain strands, the lowering of
the tensioning axis and the installation of a
new sprocket wheel made the conversion
perfect.
To complete installation and put the
equipment into operation within the planned
timeframe, Aumund developed an installation
schedule specifying in detail each step and
the manpower needed for each step. All work
was completed on time. The supervision of
the installation was undertaken by up to four
Aumund supervisors on site.
In two shifts, they supervised the expert
execution of the conversion by the client’s
installation company. At times, the installation
company worked on different parts of the
machine simultaneously. In these situations at
each site, a supervisor was present.
Besides supervising the installation, it is the
duty of the supervisor to be the contact person
for the foreman of the installation company
and for the client’s project leader. Certainly,
the special challenge of this project was the
co-ordination within the fixed time frame.
After 12 months of operation, the converted
coal feeders were inspected under Aumund’s
Preventive Maintenance Service (PREMAS)
without tracing any new unusual wear. That
proves the machines to be ready for long-term
use at present and in future.
With precise time targets and cramped
space conditions, the coal feeders were
optimized so that they met expectations
for the first time. The conversion by the
Aumund specialists proved to be much more
economical for the client than buying a new
machine.
Through professional and detailed project
planning it was possible to stay within schedule
and budget, despite the very complex task at
hand.
Peter Müller is Senior Sales Manager and
Erwin Last is Manager Field Service at Aumund
Fördertechnik GmbH, Rheinberg, Germany.
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
Case study
Power Engineering International November 2015
Every millimetre of available space was used
Credit: Aumund
How far away is the nearest service team
if your engines break down?
Let us help you be independent!Chris-Marine is the major international specialist in maintenance machines for diesel-
and gas driven power plants.
Our solutions are used in thousands of power plants worldwide helping them secure
reliable engine running at all times.
Learn more:
www.chris-marine.comFor more information, enter 16 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_25 25 10/26/15 3:46 PM
26 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Condition monitoring
Q&A
PEi: What is the difference between
condition monitoring technology in larger
power generation plants vs smaller or
on-site generation applications?
JE: The technology is very much similar from
a condition monitoring perspective. The
difference is primarily one of scale. A large
combined-cycle plant will have hundreds of
sensors and thousands of data tags: we’re
trying to do the same thing as in a small
on-site generation facility, which is to optimize
your maintenance and improve the reliability,
availability and performance of your asset.
Much of the technology employed is the
same, but there tends to be more of it in
larger plants.
The difference would be, if I have a
reciprocating engine, part of an on-site power
generation plant, and compare it to a large
combined-cycle gas turbine, some sensors will
be different on those two pieces of equipment
because the size and scale is different.
You tend to have more sensors on a larger
machine. Whereas in a large combined-cycle
power plant you may be integrating 500+
sensors, in a small facility there may be 10
sensors.
A small facility may have traditionally
employed a walkaround data collection
programme, but the larger you get, the more
automated you get. Primarily the technology
varies in scale, and in the key performance
indicators.
In a district heating plant you will have a
boiler, which is consistent with a pure power
generation plant. Downstream of the boiler,
to optimize for a district heating application,
you’ll have different sensors.
PEi: What has been the biggest technology
change in condition monitoring systems
during your career?
JE: Automation and tremendous improvement
in computing technologies. That’s what’s
providing most of the opportunities today.
Even in the last five years, the cost of
computing technology has come down
tremendously and capability has gone up
tremendously, which allows us to deploy much
more automation.
Things that used to be manual calculations
done by an engineer in a plant are now
entirely automated, and this has really allowed
much more capability to advance in this area
of condition monitoring – what might have
been primarily focused on things like anomaly
or failure detection in the past has now moved
beyond that to maintenance optimization
and optimization outcomes such as reliability
or availability.
Failure detection is the standard at this
point, with much work focused in the area
of expert software, which is how you go from
detection to insights and actions.
GE has been making significant
investments in software and analytics across
our whole portfolio. We’ve invested over
$1 billion in software development in the last
few years.
The condition monitoring space is focused
on three areas. The first layer is an asset
performance management software set that
includes failure detection plus integration into
maintenance automation, so you can link the
two, from failure to maintenance actions.
The second layer is operational optimization
software. Once you have optimized around
the asset and its maintenance, now you
can start to optimize around how the plant
operates.
How does the customer run that plant,
and its key performance indicators – reliability,
performance, steam generation – whatever is
unique to that plant.
The third layer is business optimization: how
do you optimize the profitability of a power
plant? When you get to that level it requires
heavy involvement from the customer side,
so what GE has done is develop a software
framework that allows customers to input key
variables from their side and get feedback.
One of the significant things in the industry
is the move to the cloud, which allows us to
Condition monitoring is changing as computing technology evolves. We spoke with Justin Eggart of GE Power & Water about the future of the technology for power plant operators
Monitoring in the age of big data
1511PEI_26 26 10/26/15 3:46 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 27
Q&A
Power Engineering International November 2015
provide capabilities at a much lower-cost
model, a much more analytic-capable model:
cloud-based software as a service model, built
on the industrial platform Predix.
Inhibiting growth in the past, especially
with smaller applications, was getting the
customer to get ROI around the investment
model in condition monitoring technology.
With the move to the cloud, we are much
more capable at a lower cost.
As customers don’t have to invest in data
acquisition and computers and software for
each location or site, we can leverage that
across many customers so the cost model
comes down for each. And there’s been
a change in the model, so now the user,
instead of walking up to a piece of condition
monitoring equipment and looking at it, is
logging on to a web page.
Today we offer a cloud model (software
as service model) around monitoring and
diagnostics, improving capability, adding
more features and functionality as well as
analytics.
We’re releasing two to three analytics
per week around anomaly detection and
optimization of maintenance practices. It’s
easier to add capabilities and update with
the cloud model. Diagnostics are typically
focused on detecting an issue; analytics are
focused on also, in an automated fashion,
offering insight into what’s causing that issue
and what you should do about it.
From a customer perspective, traditional
OEMs have offered some level of condition
monitoring capability with their equipment,
or through third parties. Many customers
are asking today for an integrated condition
monitoring framework across the entire power
plant or backup generation system.
They want a full view, not just an individual
view from component. This is an area that GE
is working in now: how do we provide that level
of technology across all equipment, whether
GE or non-GE, so that the customer has a
view of the maintenance requirements and
condition of the equipment across the whole
enterprise.
Our customers, the operators of power
plants, have been asking not only GE but
everybody for this capability. We’re seeing
some of other OEMs looking to offer those
kinds of multi-vendor services – also control
system vendors.
Two things distinguish GE: experience
across a wide range of power generation
equipment, not only GE equipment but
interfacing with other vendors’ equipment;
and the tremendous amount of data
collected from this equipment, which helps us
when then combined with some investment
in software, analytics and automation. Some
smaller traditional condition monitoring
companies may not have that level of
expertise and investment.
PEi: What changes do you foresee in the
condition monitoring space over the next
five to 10 years?
JE: In the next five years there will continue to
be more sensor technology embedded into
equipment. As sensors become smaller and
lower-cost, more OEMs will embed more sensor
capability, which will generate more data to
Turbocharging
upgrades. The smart
move to higher
application efficiency.
An ABB turbocharging upgrade utilizes the latest technology to enhance your invest-
ment and your engine’s performance. Upgrading your turbocharger will increase your
application’s efficiency, thereby saving fuel consumption significantly and increasing
your productivity through an increase in your application’s speed margin. What’s more,
an upgrade increases your engine’s operational life, the time between overhauls, thus
reducing maintenance costs. Make the smart move to an upgrade.
www.abb.com/turbocharging
For more information, enter 17 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_27 27 10/26/15 3:46 PM
28 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
help do condition monitoring. The challenge
will be not drowning in that data. Smaller users
without large engineering staffs on-site may
struggle to use all the data available.
The next generation of condition
monitoring will use cloud-based capability. It
will stream data into the cloud and provide
software and analysis capability to those users
at a much more comprehensive level than in
the past.
The technology is changing tremendously;
there is so much capability and investment in
the whole space of software analytics and big
data today.
It’s likely that in the next 10 years we will
have extraordinary automation available. A
piece of power generation equipment on-
site will be tweeting messages to the world
Q&A
about its operation. Reliability and availability
will continue to move up, and performance
will be able to be optimized to the particular
requirements of an individual site.
PEi: Aren’t there increased cybersecurity
risks involved as more equipment comes
onto the Internet of Things?
JE: There have to continue to be significant
investments in cybersecurity – all customers
are concerned about the risks.
The good news is that, just as technology
is advancing on the software side, it is also
advancing quickly on the security side, driven
by a consumer market which is often ahead
of the industry market from a trying-new-things
perspective.
We will also see tremendous improvements
in cybersecurity capability that will have to be
embedded in all of these devices.
We do offer on-premise capability but,
while we offer that, we encourage customers
to take advantage of the cloud.
On-site condition monitoring involves
similar capabilities but tends to be more
expensive and slower to take advantage of
updates. We do it that way for two reasons:
many users traditionally used on-site condition
monitoring technology, and so it’s a paradigm
shift to move to the cloud so they’re more
comfortable with on-site. The other reason is
the risk around cybersecurity. Many customers
are not comfortable yet in how that risk is
managed. However, there are advances in
activity solutions: for example, we deploy both
internet-based connectivity as well as cellular
technology as backup. There will continue
to be a need for some level of capability at
site, but anything critical for the site will have
backup connectivity capabilities.
Justin Eggart is General Manager, Fleet
Management, Power Generation Services at
GE Power & Water. www.ge.com
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
1511PEI_28 28 10/26/15 3:46 PM
OWNED & PRODUCED BY:
SAVE THE DATE
PRESENTED BY: SUPPORTED BY: MEDIA SPONSOR:
RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD
December 13-16, 2016 | Orlando, Florida, USAOrange County Convention Center North / South Halls | REWW .com | #REWW
For more information, enter 18 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_29 29 10/26/15 3:46 PM
30 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
Flue gas desulfurization
Boosting SO2 removal efficiency
New SO2 emission regulations in the US and EU require some utility and power producers to retrofit new flue gas desulfurization units to existing
plants. Michael T Hoydick and Hans Jansson discuss cost-effective solutions to achieve these new emission standards
Acid gas removal efficiency
(mainly SO2) in a power
plant’s limestone-based wet
flue gas desulphurization
(WFGD) system absorber is
governed by two processes:
the absorption of SO2 via gas/liquid contact
and the rate at which the scrubbing liquor
neutralizes the liquid phase acids collected.
Improving either process generally enhances
SO2 capture.
The rate of SO2 absorption into the
absorber liquor is controlled by the mass
transfer coefficient, the surface area available
for mass transfer, and the difference between
the SO2 partial pressure in the flue gas and
the vapour pressure of SO2 at the gas/liquid
interface.
WFGD system designers can generally
influence only the contact surface area and
the dissolved alkalinity in the absorber slurry,
which, in turn, determines interface vapour
pressure. The surface area for mass transfer is
determined by the selected liquid-to-gas ratio
(L/G) in conjunction with the spray nozzle
droplet size distribution.
Improving SO2 removal performance for
existing open tower designs is generally limited
to increasing L/G ratio or creating smaller
droplet sizes via higher pressure drop nozzles,
either of which increase auxiliary pump power.
Additionally, smaller spray droplet sizes are
only marginally effective due to significant
droplet coalescence within the spray zone of
the tower.
Flue gas/slurry contact can be significantly
enhanced with the use of internal contacting
devices. In the past, packing material has been
used but has proven unreliable in limestone
WFGD systems and is not favoured by the
US utility industry. Further development has
produced the dual flow tray (DFT) technology
that has found
favour in US utility
applications for over
30 years for new and
retrofit applications.
In general, the DFT
consists of one or more levels of perforated
plates that span the entire absorber cross-
section. The DFT’s SO2 removal efficiency is
improved due to its increased and more
effective gas-to-liquid contact area compared
to a typical open tower design that relies only
on spray droplet surface area.
DFTs improve WFGD performance
by improving flue gas distribution at the
beginning of the gas-to-liquid contact zone,
which takes full advantage of the L/G provided
by the slurry sprays. Flue gas distribution in a
DFT absorber is markedly better than in open
spray tower WFGDs designed with side flue
gas entry, where momentum pushes the flue
gas to the far wall, thus delaying optimal flue
gas/absorber liquor contact. For open spray
tower designs, optimal flue gas distribution
doesn’t occur until the gas is well into the
absorption zone.
DFTs also provide very effective gas-to-liquid
contact. Flue gas flowing upward is intimately
mixed with the falling absorber slurry. The flue
gas velocity travelling through the tray holes
causes liquid resistance, thus forming a froth
layer on the tray. The froth layer, typically
150 mm-–300 mm deep, provides additional
Open Spray Tower DFT Tower
73% within 5% of average velocity 99% within 5% of average velocity
96% within 10% of average velocity 100% within 10% of average velocity
A Dual Flow Tray at its 24-month inspection
Credit: Amec Foster Wheeler
1511PEI_30 30 10/26/15 3:47 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 31Power Engineering International November 2015
Flue gas desulfurization
mass transfer surface area and contact
time in the absorption zone. Each tray level
provides an additional one to two seconds of
contact time in the absorption zone. Full scale
testing of absorber towers with and without
DFTs confirm comparable performance for
DFT absorbers at L/G ratios 15–30 per cent
below open tower designs.
Absorber slurry liquid phase chemistry
also plays a substantial role in the overall
performance of the wet FGD unit. The
absorber slurry needs sufficient liquid phase
alkalinity to quickly neutralize the absorbed
acid to maintain the driving force necessary
for SO2 capture.
In limestone-based systems, the alkalinity is
produced from dissolved calcium carbonate.
The operating pH is a general indicator of the
alkalinity of the absorber liquor. The higher the
pH, the more dissolved alkalinity is present.
As the absorber slurry falls through the
absorber tower, the pH of the solution falls as
the acid is absorbed. For an absorber with a
reaction tank pH of 5.7, the slurry pH falls to
~3.5–4.5 on the DFT. Since limestone dissolution
rate is proportional to the pH, the lower pH
on the DFT significantly increases limestone
dissolution rates and provides additional
dissolved alkalinity needed for further acid
neutralization.
Newbuilds and retrofits
A comparison between a typical open spray
tower design and an equivalent DFT design
No Dual Flow Tray, Heavy SprayDownstream of Dual Flow Tray Position
Downstream of Dual Flow Tray Position
With Dual Flow Tray, Heavy Spray
Velocity: Magnitude (ft/s) Velocity: Magnitude (ft/s)
0.00000 2.3000 4.6000 6.9000 9.2000 11.500 0.00000 2.3000 4.6000 6.9000 9.2000 11.500
A computational fluid dynamic flow model shows the improved gas flow distribution of an existing
Amec Foster Wheeler DFT installation over a comparable side entry wet FGD design. The flue gas
distribution is illustrated at 1.5 m above the inlet duct
Credit: Amec Foster Wheeler
Description Tower Design
Open Spray DFT
Absorber diameter, m 15.0 15.0
Recycle tank retention, min. 5.0 5.0
Recycle tank height, m 10.1 7.4
Number of recycle pumps (operating +spare)
3+1 2+1
Recycle pump flow, m3/hr 6,100 6,670
Number of trays 0 1
Overall tower height, m 30.3 26.1
Overall liquid recirculation rate, m3/h
18,340 13,340
Absorber auxiliary power, kW 1,800 1,310
Pressure drop, kPa 1.0 1.4
Table 1. Performance comparison between similar open tray and DFT towers in a wet FGD installed on a 500WM coal-fired unit. The fuel sulfur is 1.2% and the systems are designed for 98% SO2 removal. Source: Amec Foster Wheeler
For more than 25 years, Sealeze has helped design and manufacturing engineers design solutions.
Adaptive Brush Seal Solutions for
Air Preheaters
Sealeze’s patented brush-based sealing system delivers reliability and extended functional service life.
Replace seals less often
� Lasts 2-5 times longer than
standard seals
� Reduces drag, wear and
sudden failures
More effective than other seal
� Conforms to sealing surface
� Flexible filaments conform to
gaps and surface irregularities
for a continuous seal
� A high integrity seal is created
by tightly packed filaments that
compress even further under
pressure
High performance. Long life.
+1 804.743.0982e-mail: [email protected] 9001 Certified
Visit Us at
PowerGen Int’l
BOOTH
823
For more information, enter 19 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_31 31 10/26/15 3:47 PM
32 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Flue gas desulfurization
Power Engineering International November 2015
for a theoretical 500 MW unit illustrates the
performance and equipment size differences
between absorber types (see Table 1, p31).
Note that the DFT tower is smaller in size than a
comparable open tower because of the lower
L/G of the DFT absorber, as is the overall liquid
recirculation rate. Since limestone dissolution
and gypsum crystallization require a minimum
retention time in the recycle tank, a lower L/G
also allows for a smaller recycle tank. Because
a DFT tower requires a lower L/G, it is often
possible for a DFT tower to be designed with
one less operating spray level and recycle
pump.
In this comparison,
two operating spray
levels are required for
the DFT design while
three operating spray
levels are needed
for the open tower
design. Note that
one less spray level
reduces the overall
absorber height by
over one metre, which
may reduce absorber
shell thickness
and foundation
requirements, and
therefore overall
installation costs. The
reduced absorber
height will also
reduce piping and
electrical installation
costs. Finally, the DFT
can be used as a
maintenance platform
during construction,
and later as an
inspection platform
for the upper absorber
sections.
Performance upgrades
There are several techniques available to
improve the performance of an existing
wet FGD system. The easiest and most cost-
effective is to operate the system with a higher
pH.
The typical limestone-based system
operates at pH levels between 5.0 and 5.7.
A higher operating pH will improve SO2
removal efficiency up to a limit. Slower sulfite
to sulfate oxidation rates and high limestone
stoichiometry produce unacceptable
gypsum quality when pH levels exceed 6.0.
Poor oxidation may also produce gypsum
scaling, which is not acceptable for long-term
operation.
Physical equipment changes are
usually the upgrade path. Adding wall rings,
improving flue gas or liquid spray distribution,
smaller spray droplet spray nozzles, double
spray nozzles, more L/G, or the addition of one
or more DFTs, alone or in concert, are typical
open tower upgrade options.
Wall rings will marginally improve the
efficiency of a properly designed wet FGD
system. Higher-pressure spray or double
spray cone nozzles will produce smaller spray
droplets that should help efficiency, in theory.
However, droplet coalescence limits the
performance improvement.
The remaining option for significantly
improving the performance of an existing
open spray tower is adding L/G, in conjunction
with spray header modification. Unfortunately,
increasing L/G in an existing absorber is
normally a challenge.
Most sites do not have adequate floor
space for additional recycle pumps and not
enough tower height for additional spray
banks. Modifications to existing pumps are
possible, however, recycle pump efficiency will
likely be compromised and recycle pipe flow
velocities could exceed design limits. Recycle
tank retention times must also be considered
when adding additional L/G. These solutions,
although possible, generally require outages
of several months and have high construction
costs.
Normally the best physical upgrade option
is the addition of one or more DFTs below
the bottom spray bank. Many open towers
have adequate space between the lowest
spray bank and the inlet ductwork to allow
installation of a new DFT level. Approximately
3.0–3.5 metres of vertical height is generally
required. An added benefit of the DFT is that
The DFT can be used as a staging platform during construction
Credit: Amec Foster Wheeler
www.cd-adapco.com
COMBUSTORSGAS TURBINES
GENERATORSCOMPRESSORS
DISCOVER BETTER DESIGNS.
FASTER.MULTIDISCIPLINARY SIMULATION FOR CLEAN, EFFICIENT ENERGY AND
ECONOMICAL, RELIABLE POWER
VISIT US AT POWER-GEN INTERNATIONAL AT
BOOTH 6822
For more information, enter 20 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_32 32 10/26/15 3:47 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 33
Flue gas desulfurization
Power Engineering International November 2015
Open Spray Chamber Absorber
Dual Flow Tray Absorber
Liquid to Gas Ratio, gpm / 1000 acfm
80
82
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
84
100
90 100 110 120 130
The Elmer Smith Station in Kentucky, US upgraded an existing open spray chamber
absorber with one DFT, thereby increases the wet FGD’s SO2 removal efficiency from
93 per cent to 98 per cent
Credit: Amec Foster Wheeler
lower pressure drop nozzles can be used
(spray nozzle droplet size is less critical for
a DFT) to artificially increase L/G without
modification to the existing recycle pump and
recycle piping systems.
Case study
Amec Foster Wheeler’s predictive models
indicate that a DFT can improve mass transfer
by as much as 50 per cent (1.5 times) from
the current design of open tray spray towers.
In many instances, the addition of one or
more DFTs can achieve desired performance
objectives without other modifications.
For even higher levels of performance, a
DFT addition in conjunction with spray nozzle
modification and pH adjustment is an option.
The liquid holdup and low pH on the DFT
will allow higher operating pH levels without
affecting limestone stoichiometry or gypsum
quality.
A DFT retrofit of an existing open spray tower
was recently completed at the Elmer Smith
Station in the US state of Kentucky, owned by
Owensboro Municipal Utilities (OMU). Amec
Foster Wheeler supplied two open spray
chamber absorbers that began operation
in 1995. In 2008, the existing absorber towers
were operating at 93 per cent SO2 removal
efficiency at an operating pH level of 5.7 when
OMU decided to upgrade its system to reach
98 per cent efficiency.
The five-point efficiency increase
represented an increase in absorber mass
transfer from 2.7 NTU to 3.9 NTU, a 42 per cent
increase. Amec Foster Wheeler’s analysis found
that adding one DFT level would increased
the overall absorber NTU by around 50 per
cent, without any additional modifications to
the existing recycle pump or spray header
system.
Kevin Frizzel, Director of Power Production,
notes: “The addition of a Dual Flow Tray level
on our two scrubbers was a very cost-effective
method for OMU to maintain our commitment
to high environmental standards.”
Operational testing of the completed DFT
upgrade in 2009 confirmed the expected
performance increase was achieved without
changes to the operating pH or limestone
stoichiometry.
Michael T Hoydick is senior technology
manager, FGD Systems, Amec Foster Wheeler,
USA. Hans Jansson is Director, Marketing and
Business Development, Amec Foster Wheeler,
Europe.
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
ACT WITH AGILITY
Our DCS is a core platform and a key component of our comprehensive solutions that make it possible for power plants to operate more efficiently.
SEE CLEARLY
The TDLS analyser utilizes powerful and highly sensitive lasers and can detect and analyse combustion gases under a wide variety of conditions.
“ Is your plant ready for the future?”
KNOW IN ADVANCE
Advanced plant management solutions for performance based operation, event analysis, operation efficiency improvement and plant resource manager.
Visit us at www.yokogawa.com/eu/pge
For more information, enter 21 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_33 33 10/26/15 3:47 PM
34 www.PowerEngineeringInt.comPower Engineering International November 2015
POWER-GEN Middle East
Reflecting on an expanding energy mix
POWER-GEN Middle East in Abu Dhabi put in the spotlight the region’s plans to diversify its power generation portfolio, writes Kelvin Ross
The Middle East has some
unique energy challenges and
opportunities.
For the Gulf countries that are
abundant in oil and gas, there
is an understanding that those
riches are not limitless, and if they want to keep
them for export then they need to diversify their
domestic energy mix away from fossil fuels.
There is also a drive among some
governments – most notably the United Arab
Emirates – to embrace clean energy and
exploit the potential of their own renewable
resources, particularly solar.
At POWER-GEN Middle East in Abu Dhabi
last month (October), the evolving energy mix
of the region was debated in the conference
rooms and on the exhibition floor.
The event opened with a speech from
the UAE Minister of Energy, H.E. Eng. Suhail
Mohamed Al Mazrouei, who highlighted his
vision for how he plans to alter his nation’s
power mix from fossil fuels to “eco-energies”.
He said that the UAE could expect a 9 per
cent increase in electricity consumption.
Stressing that the UAE needed to minimize
its use of natural gas, he said: “We need to
change the stereotypes of consumption –
we need to change our behaviour in power
consumption.”
He said that this should be done “through
using modern technologies” and added: “We
need to raise awareness among our sons and
daughters and be an example.”
The minister highlighted the effect that the
nuclear newbuild plant Barakah would have
once complete. All four units of the plant are
currently being built by a consortium led
by Korea Electric Power Co (KEPCO) and
comprising Samsung, Hyundai, Doosan and
Westinghouse, with the first unit expected
online in 2017.
The minister said that, once complete, the
plant would provide 5.4 GW of electricity and
make up 25 per cent of the UAE’s energy mix.
He said that Barakah – combined with the
growth in the UAE of solar power technologies
– would “minimize our use of natural gas”.
However, he also stressed that new
technologies “cannot rely on subsidies. They
do not encourage energy efficiency and
sustainability.”
The call for the Middle East to be at the
forefront of power innovation was also stressed
by Jamila Yousef Matar, director of energy
management for the League of Arab States.
She told the audience: “Arab countries
need to be active participants in the
development of the latest technologies, not
just recipients.”
Such development of new technologies is
a cornerstone of the work being carried out
by UAE clean energy company Masdar, and
one such innovation is the development of a
carbon capture project in association with the
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC).
Details of the project were given to
conference delegates by Masdar Clean
Energy’s associate director Yousif Al Ali.
He said that the project is located at a
factory of Emirate Steel and commercial
operations are expected to begin next year.
The CO2 feed stream from the Emirates
Steel plant, containing 90 per cent CO2, will
be transferred to a common compression
and dehydration facility at the project site in
Mussafah. The feed stream will be compressed
into dense phase, delivering an expected CO2
stream of over 98 per cent purity, through
50 km of the pipeline network to be injected
in an onshore field, operated by Abu Dhabi
Company for Onshore Oil Operations.
Ultimately, Masdar hopes to build a
national network that captures carbon from
power generation and industry and utilizes
carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery
instead of reinjecting natural gas into oil fields
to trigger oil flow.
A key aspect of the conference sessions
was a focus on project financing and the scale
of investment in power generation projects
around the world was put into numbers – and
they were massive numbers.
Shaheen Chohan of Industrial Info
Resources told delegates that global financing
for power projects stands at $6.5 trillion.
He said that out of this figure, the Middle
East and Africa accounted for $236 billion,
comprised of 1066 projects.
“This part of the world is a very big market,”
said Chohan, IIR’s vice-president of global
analytics.
And he stressed that such investment was
desperately needed, as the MENA region was
seeing “unprecedented demand”. He said
that 300 GW of new capacity was needed
across the Middle East and North Africa by
2020 and the region was expected to witness
Traditional Arabic-style buildings reflected in the cutting edge facade of a building at Masdar City.
Photo: Kelvin Ross
1511PEI_34 34 10/26/15 3:47 PM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 35Power Engineering International November 2015
POWER-GEN Middle East
6.7 per cent demand growth per year for the
next decade.
He broke down the MENA countries seeing
the greatest spending over the next year or
two, and top of the list by far was Saudi Arabia,
with spending of $35 billion, followed by Egypt
with $26 billion. Iran was third, the UAE fourth
and Kuwait fifth.
However, he added that Saudi, which
was “once one of the most attractive
markets in renewables”, was now seeing a
“deprioritization” of renewables and a pushing
back of their targets, in favour of a desire to
“utilize existing feedstocks, especially natural
gas”.
The UAE, he said, had the greatest diversity
in its energy mix, of which “at the forefront”
were nuclear and solar power, while Egypt
could be a “hot-spot new market. Its current
infrastructure is aged, there is much debate
about how much existing capacity can meet
demand and it is blessed with a new gas
find.”
Chohan said that a “part of the market
to start paying attention to” was that of new
projects with a capacity of between 1 MW
and 100 MW, as there is much potential in
this sector, particularly for power islands that
provide energy for industrial facilities.
On the exhibition floor, Chromalloy unveiled
a new joint venture it has initiated to provide
the Middle East with life-cycle gas turbine
engine servicing solutions.
The US company has teamed up with
Arabian Qudra – a Saudi Arabia-based service
provider of electrical equipment in power
and industrial plants – to form Chromalloy
Arabia.
The new venture will provide component
repair, new parts, field services, system
upgrades and long term service agreements,
as well as monitoring and diagnostic systems.
Chromalloy President Carlo Luzzatto said:
“Chromalloy Arabia leverages the innovations
and advancements of two leading energy
industry service providers to meet the growing
demands of the Middle East, North Africa and
Turkey.”
He said that the new company “brings
together Chromalloy’s expertise in gas turbine
engine technologies with Arabian Qudra’s
advancements and outstanding energy
service legacy”.
Arabian Qudra’s chief operations officer
Ahmed Al Bedaie said Chromalloy Arabia “is
a strategic partnership delivering innovative
energy and industrial sector solutions in Saudi
Arabia and throughout the Middle East”.
Chromalloy Arabia will be headquartered
in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and will also have a
sales office in Dubai.
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
UAE Minister of Energy H.E. Eng Suhail Mohamed Al Mazrouei
Credit: POWER-GEN Middle East
Visitors discuss the latest technology on the exhibition floor
Credit: POWER-GEN Middle East
1511PEI_35 35 10/26/15 3:47 PM
Diary
ABB TURBO SYSTEMS LTD 27AKSA POWER GENERATION (CHINA) CO. LTD. C2AMETEK 15AUMA RIESTER GMBH & CO. KG 19CAMFIL FARR GROUP 23CD ADAPCO 32CHRIS MARINE 25DOOSAN SKODA POWER 7GENERATION HUB 17HANNOVER FAIRS TURKEY FUARCILIK A.S 24HX HOLDING GMBH 3MAN DIESEL & TURBO SE 5
POWER-GEN EUROPE 2016 C4POWER-GEN INTL 2016 C3REWNA 2016 29SEALEZE, A UNIT OF JASON, INC. 31SHAUNGLIANG ECO-ENERGY SYSTEMS CO LTD 21SIEMENS AG 13SIPOS AKTORIK GMBH 9VAISALA OYJ 18VALMET AUTOMATION 11WELLAND & TUXHORN AG 22YOKOGAWA EUROPE B.V 33
Ad Index
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com36 Power Engineering International November 2015
2016
12th International Energy Exhibition (KishENEX)11–14 January 2016Kish Island, Iran http://kishenex.ir
Myanmar Electric Power Convention13–15 January 2016Yangon, Myanmarwww.neoventurecorp.com/events/mepc
World Future Energy Summit 18–21 January 2016Abu Dhabi, UAEwww.worldfutureenergysummit.com
Nuclear Power Asia 20–21 January 2016Jakarta, Indonesiawww.nuclearpowerasia.com
Energy Storage 20163–4 February 2016Paris, Francewww.wplgroup.com
Solar Middle East1–3 March 2016Dubai, UAEwww.solarmiddleeast.ae
POWER-GEN Russia19–21 April 2016Moscow, Russian Federationwww.powergen-russia.com
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia19–21 May 2016New Delhi, Indiawww.power-genindia.com
POWER-GEN Europe21–23 June 2016Milan, Italywww.powergeneurope.com
POWER-GEN Africa19–21 July 2016Johannesburg, South Africawww.powergenafrica.com
POWER-GEN Asia20–22 September 2016Seoul, South Koreawww.asiapowerweek.com
December
Geopower & Heat Summit1–2 DecemberIstanbul, Turkeywww.greenpowerconferences.com
iPad Cameroon Energy and Infrastructure Forum1–2 DecemberYaounde, Cameroonwww.clarke-energy.com
4th District Energy Asia Summit2–3 DecemberBeijing, Chinawww.districtenergyasia.com
Power and Water Maintenance6–9 DecemberAbu Dhabi, UAEwww.powerwatermaintenance.com
POWER-GEN International8–10 DecemberLas Vegas, Nevada, USAwww.power-gen.com
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, United Kingdom.Phone: +44 1992 656 600 Fax: +44 1992 656 700 Web: www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Publisher Heather Johnstone [email protected] Chief Editor Kelvin Ross [email protected] Associate Editor Nigel Blackaby [email protected] Editor Richard Gibson Design Samantha Heasmer Production Daniel Greene Group Publisher Rich BakerAdvertisement Sales Manager Tom Marler [email protected]
Corporate Headquarters PennWell Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa , OK 74112 USA. Phone: +1 918 835 3161 Fax: +1 918 831 9834
Chairman Robert F. Biolchini Vice Chairman Frank T. Lauinger President and Chief Executive Officer Mark C. Wilmoth Executive Vice President, Corporate Development and Strategy Jayne A. Gilsinger Senior Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer Brian ConwaySr. VP Audience Development and Book Publishing June Griffin Magazine Audience Development Manager Jesse FlyerSubscriber Customer Service: PO Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264, USA. Customer Service Phone: 1-847-763-9540. Fax: 847-763-9607. E-mail: [email protected]
Power Engineering International, ISSN 1069-4994, is published eleven times a year by PennWell Global Energy Group, ©Copyright 2015 by PennWell Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112, USA. All rights reserved. Subscriptions/circulation and reader enquiry office: Power Engineering International, PO BOX 3264, Northbrook, IL. 60065-3264, U.S.A. Paid annual subscription rates: Worldwide $60 Digital Version. E.U. $173, No. America $214. United Kingdom $143. All other countries $214. Single or back copies: $26 for all regions.
Reprints: If you would like to have a recent article reprinted for a conference or for use as marketing tool, please contact Rae Lynn Cooper. Email: [email protected].
USA circulation only: Power Engineering International, “Periodicals POSTAGE PAID at Rahway NJ”. Subscription price is $210 Periodicals Postage Paid at Rahway NJ. Postmaster send address corrections to: Power Engineering International, C/O Mercury Airfreight International Ltd. 365 Blair Road, Avenel, NJ 07001. ® “Power Engineering International” is a registered trademark of PennWell Corporation. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Power Engineering International, PO BOX 3264, Northbrook, IL. 60065-3264. U.S.A. Member American Business Press • Business Publications Audit3 • Printed in the United Kingdom • GST No. 12681315
1511PEI_36 36 10/26/15 3:47 PM
POPOPWE
WE
WE
WER RRPLPLPLANANANTTT
OOOOPPPTTIIMMMIZIZIZAAATTTTAAAAAIIIONONONN
PPPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR
PPPPLLLLAAAANNNNTTTT OOOPPPPTTTTIIIMMMM
IIIIZZZZAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
TTTTUUUURRRRBBBB
IIIINNNNEEEE
UUUUPPPPGGGGRRRR
AAAADDDDEEEESSSS
GGGGAAAASSSS AAAANNNNDDDD SSSTTTTEEEEAAAAMMMM TTTTUUUURRRRBBBIIINNNNEEEE UUUUPPPPGGGGRRRRAAADDDDEEEESSSS
GGGASASASAS A A ANDNDNDND S S SSTETETETEAMAMAMAM TURTURTURT BINBINBINE UE UE UPGRPGRPGRPGRADEADEADEADESS
GGGAAAASSSS AAAANNNNDDDD SSSSTTTTTEEEEEAAAAAMMMM
TTTTUUURRRBBIIINNNNEEE UUUUPPPGGGRRRRAAAADDDDEEEESSSS
GASGASGASGAS AN AN AN AND SD SD SSTEATEATEAMMM TURTURTURBINBINBINEEE
GGGGAAAASSSS AAAANNNNDDDD SSSSTTTTEEEEAAAMMMM TTUUUURRRRBBBBIIIINNNNEEEE
SSSSTETETETAMAMAMATUTUTURBRBRBBINININI
EEEGGAS AAS AAS AAS ANNNNDD SSSTEAMTEAMTEAMTEAMTURBITURBITURBIR NE NE NE E UUUUPPPGRADGRADG EESS FLFLFLFLEXEXEXEXIIIIBBBLELELE
GEGEGEGENENENERRRAAATITITIONONONONAAAAA
FLEX
FLEXIIBBBLEELE
GENE
GENERRAATONTION
AAAA
FLEX
FLEX
FXIIBBBLEELEL
FFFLLLLEEEXXXIIIBBBLLLLEEEEGGEENNNNEEEERRRAAATTTIIOOOONNNAAAA
FLFLFLEXEXEXIIBBBLELELELEGENGENGENGENEEEERRRAAATIOTIOTIONNNAAA
FLEXFLEXFLEXIIIBBBBLELELEGENEGENEGENERRAATIONTIONTIONAAAA
COCOCOMMMBBBIIIINENENEDDDCCCYYYYCCCLLLLE E E E GGGAAASSSS
TTTTUUUURRRBBBIIINNNEEEETTTTEEECCCCHHHHNONONONOLLLLOOOOGGYYY
COMCOMO BBBIIIINNEDNEDCCYYYCCCLLLLE GE GE GAAAASSS
TUTUTURRRRBBBBIIINENENTTEECCCCHHNONOLLLOOOOGGGYYYY
COCOCOC MMMBBB III NENENENEDDDCCCCYYYYCCCCLLLLE E E GGGGAAASSSS
TTTTUUURRRRBBB IIII NNNEEEETTTEEEECCCHHHHNONONONOLLLLOOOOGGGYYY
CCCCOOOOMMMM
BBBBIIINNNN
EEEEDDDDCCCCYYY
CCCLLLEEE
GGGGAAAASSSS
TTTTUUUURRRRBBBB
IIINNNEEE
TTTEEECCCCHHHH
NNNOOOOLLLL
OOOOGGGYYY
TUTUTUTURRRBBB
IIIINE
NE
NE
N TTTT
EEECCCCHHH
NO
NOOLLL
OOOOGGGGYYY
GGGAAS S TURTURUTURBBIINENE TTTEECCCHHHNONOOOLLLOOGGYYY
COOMM
BBIINED
NEDE
CCCYYCCLLLEEGGG
AASSTURTURBBIN
EN
EETTEECCHH
NO
NOLLOOGGYY
CCCCLLLLEEEAAAANNNN WWWWAAAATTTTEEERRRR AAACCCTTTT33331116666((((BBBB)))) CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPLLLLIIIIAAAANNNNCCCCEEEE
CCCLLLLEEEEAAAANNNN WWWWAAAATTTTEEEERRR AAAACCCCTTTT3331116666((((BBBB))) CCCOOOOMMMMPPPPLLLLIIIIAAAANNNNCCCCEEEE
CLECLECLEAN AN WATWATWATER ER E ACTACTACTACT3163163163 ((BBB)) COMCOM COMCOMPLIAPLIAPLIAPLIANCENCENCENCE
CLEACLEACLEACLEAN WAN WAN WATER TER TER TER ACTACTACTACT316316316(((BBB))) COMPCOMPCOMPLIANCLIANCILIANCEE
CLECLECLECLEAN AN WWAAAWWW TTTTAAAAA ER ER ER AAAACCCCTTT 31313166((BBB)) COMCOMCOMPPPPLIALIANCENCE
EEEFFFFFFFLLLLUUUUEEEENNNNTTTTLLLLIIIIMMMMIIITTTTAAATTTTT TTTTIIIOOOONNNN GGGGUUUIIIIDDDDEEEELLLLIIINNNNEEESSS
EEEEFFFFFFFFLLLL
UUUUEEEENNNNTTTT
LLLIIIIMMMM
IIIITTTAAAATTTTTTTTIIII
OOOONNNNGGGGUUU
IIIIDDDDEEEELLLL
IIIINNNEEESSSS
EEFFFFFLL
UENT
UENTNT
ULLLIIMM
ITATIO
ITATIOO
NNNGU
IDEL
GUID
ELIDU
ININNEESSS
EEFFFFFLLLUENTUENT
LLIIIMMITATITATAION
IONGUIDGUID
UELINELINELI
EEESSS
EEEFFFFFFLLLLUUUEEENNNNTTT LLLIIIIMMMIIIITTTAAATTTTIIIOOOONNNN GGGGUUUUIIIDDDDEEEELLLLIIINNNNEEEESSSS
STOSTORRRRAGEAGEAGEAGE
EEEENNNNEEEERRRGGGYYYYSSSSTTTTOOOORRRAAAAGGGGEEEE
ENERENERENERRGYGYGYSSTTOORRAAGGEE
EEEENNNNEEEERRRRGGGGYYYYSSSSTTTTOOOORRRRAAAAGGGGEEEE
EEEENNNNEEERRRRGGGGYYYYSSSSTTTTOOOORRRRAAAGGGEEE
PPPPOOOWWWEERRRGGGEEENERNERRAAATTAAAA IIOOONN
PPOOOWWWWEEERR GGGEEEENENENEN RRAAATTAAAA IIIOOONNNN PPPOOWWWWEEERR GGEENERNERNERAAATTAAA IIOOONNN
TTTEEECCCHNHNHNHNOOOOLLLOOOOGIGIGIG EEESSSMAMAMAMAINININTETETENANANANANCNCNCNCEEEE
TTEEECCCCHNOHNOHNON LLLOOOGIGIEEESSMAIMAIMAINTENTENTENANNANNANCECECE
TTEEECCCHNOHNOHNOHNOLLLLOOOGIGIIEEES S S MAINMAINMAINMAINTENATENANAANCENCEN
TTTTEEEECCCCHH
NNNNOOOOLLLOOO
GGGIIIEEEESSS
MMMMAAAAIII
NNNNTTTTEEEENNN
AAAANNNNCCCCEE
PPPPRRRROOOOCCCCEEEESSSSSSSS
PPPROCROCOEESSSSS
COCONFERECONFERENCE
NCEE CCCCOOOONNNNFFFFEEEERRRREEEENNNNCCCCEEEE
COCOCONFNFFERERERENENENECECECE
CCCOOONNNNFFFFEEEERRREEEENNNNCCCCEEEE
ON-S
ITE
ON-S
IE
ONT
POW
ERPO
WER
POW
RO
PPPPOOOWWWWEEEERRR
GGGGAAASSSONONONN-S-SS
ITITTTEE E
POPOPOPW
EW
EW
ERR
OOOONNNN--SSSSIIITTTEEEE
PPPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR
OOOONNNN---SSSSSIIITTTEE
PPPPOOOOWWWWEEERRR
ONONON-S-S-S- ITITITEE EE
PPPOOOWWWEEEERRRR
ON-SON-SITEITE
POWPOWPOWP ERER
ON-SION-SION-SION TETETE
POWEPOWEPOWEP RR
POWPOWPOWO ERERRER
POWPOWPOWPOWERERER
POPOPOP WEWEWERRRR
PPPOOOWWWWEEERRRR
POW
POW
POW
ERERER
ON-ON-ON-SITSITSITEEEE
POPOPOOWEWEWEWERR
OOOONNNN----SSSSIIIITTTTEEEE
PPPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR
ON-
ONN-SITSITSS
TEEE
POWPOWPOWO
ERERERR
GGGAAASS
OOONNNN--SSSS
IIIITTTTEEEE
PPPPOOOOWWWW
EEEERRRR
ONONON-S-S-S-SITITITE E
POPOPOWEWEWEWERRRR
PO
PO
PO
WE
WWERRR
ONSI
ON-S
ION
-TE
ETET
POW
EPO
WE
POW
EW
RR
ION
-SI
ONSI
TETEET
POW
EPO
WE
OWERRR
TRATRATRATRAINIINIININGNGNG
TRA
TRA
TAAI
NII
ININ
GN
GN
TRA
TRA
TRAAIN
IIN
IIN
NG
NG
NG
TTRA
IR
AI
RA
ININ
NIN
GGG
TRTRTRRA
IA
IA
INI
NI
NIN
GN
GN
GG
TRA
ININ
GTR
AN
INI
N
TRAIT
ATRAINING
NINGN
GN
N
TRAINITRAININGNGN
TRAITRAIT
NINGNING
TRAITRAI
RAIININGNINGN
IG
TRAINTRAINTRAINTRAININGINGING
TRATRAAINI
ININNGNGN
POWPOWPOWERER GENGENGENERAERAERATIOTIOTIONN
POWERPOWER GENERATIGENERATIONON
POWERPOWERPOWERO GENERGENERGENERGENERATIONATIONATIONTPOWERPOWER GENERATIGENERATIENGENERATIONON
GEN
ERAT
GEN
ERAT
ERG
IONN
ION
PPPOOOWWWWEEERRR
POPOPOOWE
WE
WE
WERRRR
GEGEGEGNE
NE
NNERARARARATITITTIONONONON
T UT UT UT R BR BR B I NI NI N EEE
PPPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR
PPPPLLLLAAAANNNNTTTTOOOOPPPPTTTTIIIIMMMM
IIIIZZZZAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
OOOOPPPPTTTIIIMMMMIIIIZZZZAAAATTTTIIIOOOONNN
POWER
POWE
POWER
PLANTPLANT
ANTOPTIMOOPTIMO
TIIZATIIZATI
ATONONN
POWPOWPOWOWERERER PLAPLAPLALANTNTN OPTOPTOPTOPTIMIIMIZATZATZATIONIONIONION
POWPOWPOW
ERERERPLAPLAPLAANTNTNTNT
OPTOPTO
TIMI
IMI
IMIZATZATTION
IONIO
POWE
POWE
OWE
WRRRR
PN
PLANPLANP
TT
CCCCLLLLEEEEAAAANNNN PPPOOOWWWWEEEERRRR
CLCLCLCLEAEAEAAN N N NPOPOPOWEWEWEW RRRR
PPPPLLLAAAANNNN
CLECLECLECLEAN AAN NPOWEPOWEPOWEPOWERRRR
PPPLLLAAANNN
CCCCLLLLEEEEAAAANNNN PPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR
CLCLCLCLEAEAEAANNN POPOPOPOWEWEWERRR
PPPPLLLLAAAANNNN
CLEACLEALCLEANN NPOWEPOWEPOWEPOWERRRR
PPPPLLAANNN
CLECLECLEAN AN AN POWPOWPOWER ER ER
PPPPLLLLAAANNN
CCCLLLEEEEAAAA
NNN
PPPPOOOOWWW
EEEERRR
PPPPLLLLAAAANNNN
CLCLCLEAEAEANNNNPOPOPOPOWEWEWEWERRR
PPPPLLLLAAAANNNN
CLCLCLEAEAEAA
NNPOPOOO
WE
WE
WWERRR
PPPPLLLAAANNN
CLECLECLEANANAN POWPOWPOWO ER ER
PPPLLAANNN
CLCLCLCEAEAEAEA
N
NNNPOPOPOP
WE
WE
WEERRRR
PPPLLAAAANNNN
CLEANCLEANNCLEAN
MMMMAAATTTTSSSS CCCOOOOMMMM
PPPPLLLLIIIIAAANNNNCCCCEEE
MA
MA
MAATSTSTSTS
CCCCOMOMMOMPLPLPLIAIAIAANCNCNCCEEEE
FFFFLLLLEEEEXXXX
IIIIBBBBLLLLEEEE
GGGGEEEENNNN
EEEERRRRAAAATTTT
IIIIOOOONNN
MAT
MAT
MAT
MSSS
COMCOMCOMO
PLIPLILIANC
ANCCCEEE
MATS
MATSS
COMCOMCOMCOMPLIPLIPLIANCANCANCEE
MATS
MATS
MA
COMPLIANCE
COMPLIANCE
COM
PLIACO
MPLIA
OL
ANCE
NNCEE
MA
TSM
ATST
CO
MP
LIANC
EC
MP
LN
M
COMPCOMPCOMPLIANLIANLIANLIANCECECE
COMPLIANCCOMPLIANCCOMPLIANCEE
MMMAAATTTSSS
FLEXIBLFLEXIBLXIBF EE GENERGENERERAATIONTIONNTION
EEEMMMISSISSISSIIOOONNN COCOCONTNTNTRRRROLOLOL SSSTTRRRAAATTTAAA EEEGGIIES ES S
EEEEMMMMIIIISSSSSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN
CCCCOOOONNNNTTTTRRRROOOOLLLL SSSSTTTTRRRRAAAATTTTAAAA EEEEGGGGIIIIEEESSSS TTEE
CCCHH
FFLLLLEEEXXXIIBBBLLLLEEE GENEGENEGENEGENERRRAAATIONTIONTION
FFFLLLLEEEXXXIIIBBLLLEEEGENEGENEGENERRAAATION
TIONI
AND
GAAN
DGA
AGA
S EN
GINGS
ENGI
ENNE
SNE
SN
POWPOWPOWERERER
DIEDIED
ESELSELSEL
DIES
DIESE
DELEL
DISEL
DDIESL
I
DIE
DIE
DE
DISE
LSE
LS
DIESDIESD
SI
ELELE
DIDIDIEESSSSEEELL
DDDIIIIEEEESSSSEEEELLLL
DDDIIIIEEEESSSS
EEEELLL
DDDDIIIIEEESSSEEELLLL
ENGI
ENGI
EG
NES
NESE
EDEDDUCUCUCUCAATATATIOIOOINNNN
EDEDEDEDUCUCUCATATATA IOIOIOONNNN
EDUEDUDUDUCAT
CATCATAIONON
IONO
E D UE D UE D U C A TC A T I O NI O NI O NI O N
EDUEDUEDDUCCCAATTAAAION
ION
GGGGAAAASSSS TTTTUUUURRRRBBBBIIIINNNNEEE OOOO&&&&MMMM
GGGAAASSSS TTTTUURRRRBBBIINNNEEE
PPPPOOOO LLLIICCCCYYYY
PPPROCROCROCEEEESSSSSPPPOOO LLLIIICYCYCYC
PPPPOOOOLLLIIICYCYCYY
PPPPOOOOLLLLII
CCCCYYYY
PPPP OO LLL II C Y C Y C Y C Y
PPPPOOOLLLLIIIICYCYYY
PPPOOOOLLIIICYCYCYY
PPOO LLLIICYCYCYCY
PPOOO LLLIIIICY CY CY Y
SSTTTEEAAA
MMM
PPOOLLI
CYCY
PPPRRRROOOOJJJEEECCCCTTTTSSSS
EMI
EMI
EIS
SISSISON
SON
SON
GAS
GASA
CLEAEA
CLEAL
NNN
CLEA
NCL
EAN
E
EMIS
SEM
ISS
EMSII
ONS
IONSEMEMEM
ISISISSISISISONONONOSSS
EEEEMMMMIIISSSSSSSSIIIIOOOONNSSSS
EMIS
EMISM
SION
SION
SSSS
EMIS
EMISS
SION
SION
SSS
EDUEDUUCAT
CATCATAION
ION
EDU
EDU
EDUDU
CCCAAAATIOTIOTIO
NNAAAAA
ON-S
ION
-SI
ONS
TE P
OTE
POPPW
ERRW
ERW
ON-ON-SITSITS E PE PE PE POWEOWEOWEOWERRRON-SITON-SITON-SITE POWEE POWEE RR
ON-S
ITON
SIT
SI-E P
OWE
EPOW
EE
WE
RR
ON-ON-NON-SITSITSITSITE PE PE POWEOWEOWERRRR
POWERPOWERPOWER
EFUENT LIM
EFFLUENTM
NITATION GU
DTATION
GUIDEES
ELINESLIN
EFFLUENT LIMEFFLUENT LIMEFFLUENT LIMEFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDITATION GUIDELINESELINESEL
COAL ACOAL AL ACOAL ASH MANSH MANSH MANSH MANAGEMENAGEMENAGEMENT AND T AND AT AND STORAGSTORAGSTORAGSTORAGEE
DDIIIEEEESSSSEEELLLL EEENNNNGGGGIIINNNNEEESSSS
EEEMMMIIISSSS
SSSSIIIIOOONNN
CCCCOOOONNNNTTTT
RRRROOOOLLLL SSSS
TTTTRRRRAAAATTT
EEEEGGGGIIIEEEE
SSSS
POW
EPO
WE
PERRR
PLANPLANPLAN CYCLCYCLCYCLC EEE
FFFFLLLLEEEXXXIIIBBBLLLEEE GGGEEENNNEEERRRAAATTTIIIOOONNNN
MANAG
MANAG
MA
GEMENT
EMENT
EMT
MANAMANAMANAAGEMEGEMEGEMEGEMENTNTNT
OAOAOAAL ALALASSSSHHM
AM
AMM
ANAGNANAGGEM
EEM
EEM
ENTNTNT
CCCCOOOAAAALLLL
AAAASSSSHHH
COALCOALC
AL
COAL ACOAL ACOAL AA SH MANSH MANSH MANM AGEMENAGEMENAGEMENT AND T AND T AND T AND STORAGSTORAGGSTORAGEEE
COAL ASCOAL ASSCOAL ASH MANAGH MANAGH MANAGH MANAGEMENT AEMENT AEMENT AND STORND STORND STORAGEAGE
CCCCOOOOAAAALLLL AAAASSSSHHHHMMMMAAAANNNAAAAGGGGEEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTTAAAANNNNDDDD SSSSTTTTOOORRRRAAAAGGGEEE
PPPPRRRROOOOCCCC
EEEESSSSSSSS
PRPRPPOCOCCESESESSSSSCYCYCYCYCLCCLL
EEE
PPRRROOOCCCESESESSSS
PPPRRROOCCESSESSE
S
PPPROC
ERO
CESSSSS
RRRREEEESSSSOOOOUUUURRRCCCEEEESSS
RRREESSOOOUUURRRRCCCCEEEESSS
RREESSOOOUUU RRCCEEESS
CCCOOOONNNNFFFFEEERRREEENNNCCCCEEEE
FFFLLLEEEXXXIIIIBLEBLEBLEL GENGENGENGENERERERE AAATIOTIOTIONNNAAAAA
COCOCOONFNFNFNFERERERERENENENENCECECECE
CONFCONFCONFERENEERENNCECECEE
GGGGAAASSSS TTTUUUURRRBBBIIINNNNEEEE OOO&&&MMMM
GGGGAAS S S TUTUTUURBRBRBR ININININEEE OOO&&&&MMM
GGGAAAASSS TTT
UUUURRRRBBBIII
NNNNEEE OOOO&&&
MMMM
GGGAAASSSS
GGAAASSS
GGGAAASSSSTUTUTUTURBRBRBININNEEE
GGGAAAASSSSTTTTURURURUBIBIBIBNENENEE
GGGGAAAASSSS TTTTUUUURRRRBBBBIIIINNNNEEEE OOO&&&&MMMM
O&M
O&MM
O
GGGASASASS T T TURURRURBIBIB NENENE
FLFLFEXEXEXIBIBIBBLELELELEGGGGENENENEREREERATATATIOIOONNN
FLEXIFFLEXIXBLE G
BLEGBLE
ENERAENERA
NATION
TIONT
N
GAGAGGASSS STUTUURBRBRBRBINININNEEEO&O&&O&MMMMMM
GASGASGASGAS TU TU TU TURBIRBIRBINE NE NE N O&MO&MMO&M
G A S G A S G A S A T U R BT U R BT U R BT U R B I N EI N EI N EI N E
GGAASSAAAATURBINETURBINETURBINE O&M
O&MS
GGGAASSS
GGAASSS TURBINE O&MTURBINE O&MO&
GGAAASSSTURBTURBTU
BRINEINENE
SS
O&MO
M&
O&M
O&M
OO&M
O&MO&MO&MM
O&O&O&MMM
OO&M&M&M
O&MO&MO
GGGAAAASSSS TTTTUUUURRRRBBBBIIINNNNEEEE OOOO&&&&MMMMCOCOCOONFNFNF
ERERERENENNN
ECECECECCCLLLEEEEAAAANNNN PPPOOOWWWWEEEERRRR PPPLLLLAAAANNNN
GGGAAS TS TTS URBURBURBRINE
INEINEOOO&&MM
GGGGAAS TUS TUS RBINRBINRBINRBINE E E E OO&&&MM
CLEA
CLEA
CLA
CLE
NNNPO
WEPO
WEPO
WPO
WRR
CLECLECLEL ANANAN POWPOWPOWPOWERERER
TTTTEEEECCCCHHHHNNNNOOOOLLLLOOOOGGGIIIIEEEESSSS MMMMAAAAIIIINNNNTTTTEEEENNNNAAANNNNCCCCEEEE
POWEPOWEPOWEPO
RRRGENEGENEGENEGE
RATIRATIRAT
ONONONN
EDUEDUEDUEDUCCCAAATIOTIOTIONNNNAAA
EDUCEDUC
DAAATON
TIONIO
AAA
MMMMAAATTTTSSSCOMPCOMPCOMPLIANLIANALIANCECE
MAMAMAMATSTSTSCOMPLICOMPLICOMPLICOMPLIANCEANCEA E
COCOCOMPMPMPPLILILIANANANANCECECE
MAMAMATSTSTSS EDUEDUEDUEDUCCCCAAAATIOTIOTIONNNAAAAA
EDEDEDEDUCUCUCUCAAAATITITITIONONONONAAAAA
EDUCEDUCEDUCEDUCAAATIONTIONTIONON
EEEEDDDUUUUCCCAATTTTAAAAIIIOOONNDDIIEESSELELL AAANND GD GD GAAAAS ES EENNGGIIINNEEESSS
AAANNND GD GD AAAAS ENS ENS ENGGGIINNNNEESS
COCOMBMBM
ININNEEDDD
CYCYCCLCLC
E EAGAGAGA
SSS
MMATSMATS
COMPLIAN
COMPLIANP
CECECE
PRPRPRPROJOJOJO
ECECECECTSTSTSS
EMEMEMISISISISSISISISIONONONONSSS
EMEMEMEMISISISI SISISISIONONONONS S S
TECHNOLTECHNOLTECHNOLOGY OGY OGY
TECHTECHHNOLONOLONOLONOLOGYGY
TECHNTECHN
CHOLOGYOLOGYOL
GY
PLANPLANPLAN
EEFFFFFFFLLLUENUENUENUENTTLLLIIIMMITAITAITAITATIOTIOTIOTIONNGUIGUIGUIGUIDEDELLLLINININEEEESSSS
EEEEFFFFFFFFLLLLUUUUEEEENNNNTTTTLLLLIIIMMMMIIITTTTAAAATTTIIIOOOONNNNGGGGUUUIIIIDDDEEELLLIIINNNEEESSS
EEE FFFF FFFF LLLL UUUU E NE NE NE TTTLLLLII MMMM ITITITTATATATATIIIONONONONGGGUUUU IIII DEDEDELLLLIII NNN EEESSSS
CONCOCONC
NTROTROTROL SLSLSTRA
TRATRATR
TEGTEGTEGIESIESIES
ENEENEENEENERGYRGYRGYRGY STOSTOSTORAGRAGRAGGEEEE
ENERENERENERGYGYGYGY STORSTORSTORAGEAGEAGE
DIESEDIESEDIESELLL
DIEDIED
SELSELLEL
NANANAD GDGDGASASAS
FFFFLLEEEXXXIIBBBLLLLEEE
EDUCEDUCE
UDCATIOATIOTNN
ETI
EDCATI
EDUCATONON
EDUCATIONEDUCATIONN
EDUCATIOEDUCATI
N
3163161
PPPOOOOLLLIICCCYYYY
STRA
TST
RAT
STRA
TEGI
ESGI
EEG
IES
EMIEMIMEMISSISSIS ONONONO
EEEEMMMMIIIISSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN
TUUTUTRRRBBBB
IIINNN
GGAAASSS
CLECLECLEANANAN
ENGENGENGN INEINEINEINESS
POW
ERPO
WRE
TETETETECHCHCHNONONONOLOLOLOGYGYGYGY
COACOAACOAL AL AL AL ASH SH SH SH MANMANMANAGEAGEAGEAGEMENMENMENT AT AT ND ND NND STOSTOSTOSTORAGRAGRAGRAGEEE
COMBCOMBCOMBINEDINEDINED CYC CYC CYCLE GLE GLE GAS TAS TAS TURBIURBIURBIURBINE TNE TECHNECHNECHNECHNOLOGOLOGOLOGOLOGYY
CLEANCLEANCLEAN W WWAAATTTAAAAA ER AER AER ACCCTTT 313166((BBB))) COMCOMCOMPPLIANCLIANCNCEE
PPROCROCEEESSSSSS
O&M
O&M
O&M
OOOO&M&M&MM
COCOCONFNFNFERERE ENENENCECECESISISISITETETETE P P POWOWOOWERERERER
GGGASASAS A A ANDND S S S STETETEAMAMAM TURTURTURBINBINBINNE UE UPGRPGRPGRADEADEADED SSON
-SON
-SO
-SNIT
EIT
E TEPO
WE
POW
EPO
WRRR
FLFLFLEXEXEXXIIBBBBLELELEGENGENGENEEERRAAAATIOTIOTIOTIONNNNAAAAAA
FLEX
FLEX
IIIBBBLELE
GENE
GENE
RRAATI
ONTI
ONAAA
CCCOALOA
LO
AS ASSAHH
MANA
GA
GMA
NAG
MEM
ENT
EMEN
TE
TAN
D SAN
DSA
DSTO
RAG
TORA
GOR
EEE
EEEEMMMMIIISSS
SSSSIIIOOONNNN
CCCOOOONNNNTTTT
RRRROOOOLLLL
MMMMAAAAIIINNNN
TTTTEEEENNNNAAAA
NNNCCCCEEEE
PRPRPRPROJOJOJOJECECECECTSTSTS
CLECLECLEAN AN AN POWEPOWEPOWERRR PPPLLLAAANNN
MMMAATTAAAA
SSSCO
MPL
IANC
EOM
PLIA
NCE
C
PPPOOLLLIIICYCYCY
GG AAAASSSSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESS
EEEENNNNEEEERRRRGGGGYYYY
PPOOWWEE
RRPPLL
AANNTT
OOPPTTII
MMIIZZ
AATTIIOO
NN
POPOWEWER R PLPLANANTTOOPPTTIIMMIZIZAATTAAA II ONON
GGAS AS
AND
ANDS
TSTEA
MA
TUR
TURB
INBNE
UEUPG
RRADEDE
S
GASGAS ANA D SD STEATEAMM TURTURBINBINE UE UPGRPGRADEADESS
GAGASS ANANDDSTSTEAEAMM
TUTURBBINNE EUPPGRGRADADESES
GGASAS ANNDD SSTETEAMAMTURTURBINBINE UUPGRAGRADEESS
GGASAS A ANNDD SSTETEAMATURTURBINBINEE UUPGRAGRADDEES
FFLLEEXXIIBBLLEEGEGENENERRAATITIONONAAA
FFLLEEXXIIBBLLEEGEGENENERRAATITIONONAA
FLEFLEXXIIBBLELEGENEGENERRAATIONTIONAAA
FFLEEX
IBBLLE
GEENEN
RRAATIO
NONAA
FLEFLEXIIBBLELEGENEGENERRAATIONTIONAAA
CCOOMMBBIINNEEDDCCYYCCLLEE GGAASSTTUURRBBIINNEETTEECHHNONOLLOGGYY
CCOOMMBBIINNEEDDCCYYCCLLEE GGAASSTTUURRBBIINNEETTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGYY
CCLLEEAANN WWAATTEERR AAACCTT331166((BB)) CCOOMMPPLLIIAANNCCE
CLCLEAEAN WAWATETER R ACACTT316((BB)) COCOMPLIANIANCE
EEFFFFLLUEUENTNT LLIIMMITITATATIOIONN GUGUIDIDELELININEESS
EEFFFLLUENENTTLLIMM
ITAITATIO
TONN
GUIG
DELD
LINNES
SSTTOORRAAGGEEENENEERGRGYYSSTTOORRAAGEE
EENNEERR
GGYYSTST
ORORAGAG
EE
PPOOWWEERRGGEENENERRAATTAA IIOONN
GGEENNEERRAATTAAAIIOONN
TTEECCHNHNOOLLOOGIGIEESSMMAAIINNTTEENNAANNCCEE
TTECCHNHNOOLLOOGIGIESSMAMAININTETENANANCNCEE
TTEECCHNHNOOLLOOGIGIEESSMAMAININTETENANANCNCEE
PPROROCCEESSSS
COCONFNFERERENENCECE
CONCONFERFERENCENCE
C O N FC O N F E R E NE R E N C EC E
OONN-SS
IITTEE
POPOWEWE
RR
ON-ON-SITSITE POWEOWERR
POWE
RO
ER
ONON-SIS TEEPOWPOWERER
ON-S
O-S
ITE
ITE
POPOW
EW
ERR
OONN-SSIITTEE PPOOWWEERR
ON-
ONSI
TSI
TE
POPOWEWE
RRON-SNSI
TEEPO
WOWERR
ONON-S-S
ITITEE
POPOWEWE
RR
ON-SNSI
TE
TPO
WPO
WERER
ONON-SS
ITIEE
PPOOWW
EERR
TRTRAIAININNGNG
TRAAININGGTRATRAININING
TRAITRA
NINGN
N
TRATRAINIININGNG
MAMATSTS COMOMPLPLIAIANCNCE
POW
PWE
RRPL
AANTT
OPT
OPTI
MI
MZA
TZA
TIONIO
N
POWE
RPO
WR
PLAN
TPL
AO
IMOP
TIM
ATIZ
ATIO
N
POWE
POW
RPLA
NPL
ANT
POWPOWER
PLAPLANTNT
OPTOPTIM
IM
IZATAIONN
POW
EPO
WER
O&MO&MO&M
PLAN
TP
ANT
OPT
IMI
PMI
ZATI
ONZ
ENNERER
GYGYSSTT
ORRAAGG
EE
CLEAN
CLEANEA
POWER
WR PPLLAN
CLEAN CLEAN POWER O PLLAANN
CCLLEEAANN POPOWEWERR PPLLAANN
CLECLEANANPOWEPOWERR PPLLAANN
CLECLEANANPOWEPOWERR
PLAANN
CLECLEANANPOWPOWER R PPLLAANN
MATMATSS
MMATSATS
MAMATSTSCOMPLICOMPLIANCEANCE
MAMATSTSCOMPLM IANCEC
MMAATT
SSCOCO
MP
MPL
ILANAN
CECE
MMATTAA SSTTTCOMPLCOMPLIANCENCE
MAATTAAAA SSTTCOMPCOMPLIANLIANCECE
FLFEXEX
IBIBLELE
GEGENENE
RRAATITI
ONON
EEMMISSISSIOONNCOCONTNTRROLOL SSTRAATTAAA EEGGIES
EENNEERRGGYY SSTTOORRAAGGEE
FFLLEEXXIIBBLLEE GGEENNEERRAATTIIOONN
DDIIEESSEELL AANNDD GGAASS EENNGGIINNEESS
ENERGY STORAS GEDIESEL AND GAS ENGD GAS ENGINESINES
DIES
ELI
L
DIDIEESSEL
AND
ANGAG
SS
EDEDUCUCATATIOONN
EDUCAED
CATION
PPOO LLIICYCYEEEE
PPOOLLIICCYY
PPOO LLIICYCY
PP OO LL II C Y C Y
EMIS
SE
SIO
NS
IO
EMIS
SIO
SSI
NS
EDEDUCUCATATIOIONN
EDU
EUCC
ATIOTIONN
AA
EDUC
ATIO
NAA
ONON-S-S
ITITE EP
OPOWEWE
R
POWEOW
ERR
OONN--SS
IITTEE PP
OWWEERR
ONON-S-SITITE E POPOWEWERR
ON-SON-SITE ITE POWEPOWERR
FFEFF
UELUENT TLIMITATATIOTON
GN GUID
UIDELIE
INESNES
POPOWEWER GEGENENERARATITIONON
CLEACLEAN PON POWERWER
COALCOA
ASH MANAGEM
GENT AND
ASTORAGEG
COAL COAL ASH MASH MANAGEANAGEMENTMENT
MANAMANAGEMEGEMENT ANT AND SND STORATORAGEGE
COAL
ASH
MANA
AGEM
ENG
MT A
ND
TN
STOR
AGS
RAE
PRPOCEESSSS
PRPROCOCESESS
RREESOURRCCEESS
RREESSOOUURRCCEES
GGAS TURS TURBINEBINE
GGAAS TUS TURBINRBINE
GGAAS T
UTRB
INRB
INEOO
&&M
GGASAS T TURURBIBINENE O O&M&M
O&MO&M
GGASA
GAS TURBINNE O&ME O&M
G ASS TURBITURBINE O&MNE O&M
O&MO
O&O&MM
TT
O&M
OM
ENE
O&O&MM
ATIONTON
AA
GAS
GS
TUTRB
IR
NE O
&MO&
CLCLEAEAN N POPOWEWER R PLPLANAN
CLEA
CLEA
NNPO
WEPO
WER EDUCEDUCAATIONN
EDUCEDUCAATIONTIONAA
EEDDUUCCAATIIOON
DDIIEESSELEL A ANND D GGAAS S ENENGGIINNEESS
DIESSELL
DDIIEESSELEL AANND D GGAAS S ENENGGIINNEESSMA
TSM
TSCO
MPC
MLIA
NI
CEC
PRPROJOECECTSTS
TETECHCHNONOLOOGYGY
PRODPRODUCTSUCTS
EMEMISSSISIONONS S
CLEA
NN
POWE
RW
PLAN
CLEAE
NN
POW
PWE
RERPL
APL
ANN
POWEPOWERR
CLLEAEANNPOPOWEWERR
PLPANAN
TECTECHNOHNOLOGLOGY Y
TECTECHNOHNOLOGLOGYY
POWE
RP
WGE
NERAR
TIONN
PLAPLANN
PLAP
NN
PLAPLANN
EEFFFFLLUUEENNTTLLIMMIITTAATTIIOONGGUIIDEELLIINNES
EMIEMISSISIONON
TTUURRBB
IINNEE
TURBBIINENE
GENEREN
RATIONA
IO
M AATTSS CCOO MMPPLIANIANCECE
DIESDIESEL A
ELAND GND
ASA
FFLEEXX
IBBLLE
GENGENERERAATIOTION
GENERATIONA
N
GENEGENERATIRATIONON
PPROCRO
CEESSSS
EDUCUCATIOT
N
EDUDUCATCATION
ION
COCONFNFERERENENCECEPRPROJOJECECTSTS
CONCONTROTROLLSTRSTRATEATEGIEGIES TT
T
CONCO
TROTROLL
STRATEST
EGIESG
EMISSIOONSNS
EMMISSIONISSIONSTECHNTECHNOLOGYOLOGY
ENGI
NENG
IESS
POWE
RW
RGE
NERA
GEER
TION
TO
CLEANLE
POW
RPOWERPLLAN
CLECLEAN AN
GENERAGENERATIONTION
GAS ANGAS AND STEAD STEAM TURBINTURBINE
MMAATS
COMPLIANCE
M
ONON--
PLPLAN
PLA
PLANN
RR
COO M BINEDNED CCYCLE
ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTION CENTER
NORTH / SOUTH HALLS | ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA
WWW.POWER-GEN.COM
DECEMBER
13 -15,
2016
SAVE THE DATE
Owned & produced by: Presented by:
Supported by:
Co-located with:
For more information, enter 22 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_C3 3 10/26/15 3:49 PM
www.powergeneurope.com
LAST CHANCE TO SECURE A PRIME POSITION
Owned and Produced by:
Presented by:
MICO - MILANO CONGRESSI MILAN, ITALY
21-23 JUNE 2016
CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
EUROPE
9753 11,000 65%40%attendees
worldwide 2015
attendees expected
in 2016
of exhibit space sold
Only 3,000 sqm left
of attendees are
power producers
Don’t let your competition steal your business. Book your prime spot now to avoid disappointment.
Contact: Leon Stone, PennWell booth 10531
T: +44 (0) 7983 473 774
EXHIBITION
SPACE IS
GOING FAST.
For more information, enter 23 at pei.hotims.com
1511PEI_C4 4 10/26/15 3:49 PM