pediatric oncologic emergencies - pedhemeoncpmk.com emergency 2013.pdf · pediatric oncologic...
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![Page 1: Pediatric Oncologic Emergencies - pedhemeoncpmk.com emergency 2013.pdf · Pediatric Oncologic Emergencies Chalinee Monsereenusorn, M.D. Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040623/5d49cd4788c993285f8b912d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pediatric Oncologic Emergencies
Chalinee Monsereenusorn, M.D.
Division of Hematology-Oncology,Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao Hospital
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Outlines• Metabolic and endocrine emergencies
– Hyperleukocytosis – Tumor lysis syndrome
• Abdominal emergencies
– Esophagitis
– Gastric hemorrhage: especially in
patients on corticosteroid therapy.
– Typhlitis
– Perirectal abscess
– Hemorrhagic pancreatitis: L-asp
– Massive hepatic enlargement from
tumor: esp infants stage IVS
neuroblastoma
• Infectious emergencies – Febrile neutropenia
• Structural emergencies– Superior mediastinal syndrome(SMS)– Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome
• Neurologic emergencies– Spinal cord compression
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Hyperleukocytosis
• WBC > 100,000 / mm3
• AML > ALL
• When
– ALL : > 300,000 (T cell, infant)
– AML > 100,000-200,000
– CML > 600,000Hct
Buffy coat = WBC
Normal
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Adhesive reaction between abnormal endothelium and blast
• Interfere oxygenation of local tissue
• Production of cytokine tissue hypoxia
Hyperleukocytosis
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Increases blood viscosity thrombi in microcirculation
• Respiratory failure– Stasis in pulmonary vasculature
– Release of intracellular contents diffuse alveolar damage
• Hemorrhage– CNS, GI, pulmonary, pericardial
– Coagulopathy in M3, M4, M5
Hyperleukocytosis
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• AML : Hyperviscosity– Intracranial hemorrhage
– Pulmonary hemorrhage
• ALL : TLS
Hyperleukocytosis
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Management of Hyperleukocytosis
• Tumor lysis syndrome precaution
• Platelet transfusion, keep Plt > 20,000
• Avoid PRC transfusion
• Exchange transfusion or leukapheresis
• Diuretics : mannitol 0.5-1 gm/kg for oliguria
• Specific treatment : chemotherapy
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Leukapheresis
Complication : hypocalcemia
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
• Hyperuricemia
• Hyperkalemia
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Hypocalcemia
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Tumor Lysis SyndromeClinical features
• DefinitionMalignant cell degradation causing – Electrolytes abnormalities – Renal dysfunction
• OnsetBefore therapy or 1-5 days after CMT
High risk
BL, LL, T-ALL, B-ALL
Absolute blast ≥100,000/mm3 in ALL
Absolute blast ≥50,000/mm3 in AML
Massive tumor
SVC obstruction
Ascites, pleural effusion
Palpable kidneys
Elevated uric acid, LDH, serum Cr
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Acute leukemia esp. ALL (T>B cell)
Lymphoblastic lymphoma
Neuroblastoma
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Degradation of malignant cells
• Release of PO4, K, uric acid
– PO42- concentration is 4x in lymphoblasts
– Calcium phosphate crystal precipitate in
microvascular and renal tubules when PO4-2 x
Ca+2 > 60 mg/dL
– Secondary hypocalcemia occurs
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Symptomatic at uric acid level > 10 mg/dL Lethargy - Hematuria
uric acid calculi - Oliguria, anuria
seizure, paresthesia
nausea vomiting
Xanthine oxidase
Purine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid
Tumor nuclei
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Inadequate renal function
Oliguria Renal failure
HyperkalemiaHyperphosphatemia
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Electrolytes Na, K, Cl, HCO3 uric a, Ca+2, PO4-2
• BUN, creatinine q 4-6 hr
• EKG widen QRS, peaked T waves
• Urinalysis pH, sp.gr., I/O q 6-8 hr
• Central lines for hemodynamic monitoring
• U/S abdomen obstructive uropathy
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Preventive intervention• Monitoring : blood chemistry, I&O, BP, BW
• Hydration
– 2-3 x maintenance fluid with 5% D/N/2
– urine output > 3ml/kg/h (<9 yr) or 90 ml/m2/hr (older child), may need furosemide or mannitol
– avoid adding K in IV fluid
• Alkalinizations : avoid severe alkalosis
– Sodium bicarbonate 75-100 mEq/L to keep • Urine pH 6.5-7.5 prevent urate nephropathy
• Sp. gr < 1.010
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Management & intervention
Uric acid reduction
• Xanthine oxidase inhibitor : Allopurinol
• Urate oxidase : Rasburicase
Urate oxidaseAllantoin
↓
Xanthine oxidase
Purine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid
Tumor nuclei
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• HYPERURICEMIA (> 8 mg/dL)
– Allopurinol 300 mg/m2/day PO or 10 MKD bid-tid
– Rasburicase 0.15-0.2 mg/kg/d IV infusion in 30 min
– Alkalinization of urine pH from 6.5-7.5D5 1/4 NSS + 50-100 mEq/L NaHCO3 at 1.5-2 x maintenance to keep urine > 3ml/kg/hr
• HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA (> 6.5 mg/dL)
– Aluminum hydroxide 50-150 mg/kg/day q 4-6 hrs
– Calcium carbonate 45-65 MKD qid
– Keep Ca x PO4 < 60
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
HYPERKALEMIA (>5.0 mEq/L)
• No K added until tumor lysis is controlled
• Kayexalate 1 gm/kg PO q 6h with 50% sorbitol 50-150 ml
• Calcium gluconate 50 mg/kg IV for arrhythmia (don’t give in the same line of NaHCO3)
• NaHCO3 1-2 mEq/kg
• Glucose (0.5 gm/kg/hr) + Insulin (0.1 u/kg/hr)
Emergency situation 1 unit/kg of RI plus 25% glucose 2 ml/kg IV
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• HYPOCALCEMIA (ionized Ca < 1.5 mEq/L)
– 10% Ca gluconate 0.5-1 ml/kg slow IV infusion
– Indication
• Arrhythmia due to hyper K
• Hypocalcemia with symptoms of neuromuscular
irritability (Chvostek or Trousseau sign)
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Acute Renal Failure
Peritoneal dialysis/ Hemodialysis/ Hemofiltration
• Indication : when failed conservative treatment
– Hyperkalemia (>7 mg/dL)
– Volume overload
– Uremia
– Symptomatic hypocalcemia
– Hyperphosphatemia (>10 mg/dL)
– Hyperuricemia (>10 mg/dL)
ARF from•Urate•Hypoxanthine•CaPO4
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Hypercalcemia (>12 mg/dL)
• Osteolytic bone lesion
• Bone mineralization secondary to PTHrP
produced by tumor (paraneoplastic syndrome)
• Immobilization
• Defect in renal excretion
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Hypercalcemia (>12 mg/dL)
Treatment• Hydration induced diuresis : NSS 2-3 x M
• Furosemide 1-2 MKDose IV q 6 hrs induced Ca
excretion
• Decresed Ca mobilization from bone
– Bisphosphanate
– Prednisolone 1.5-2 MKD
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Structural emergencies
SVC syndromeSuperior vena cava
obstruction
Compression of SVC
SMS syndromeSuperior Mediastinal
Syndrome
Compression of trachea
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Intrinsic cause : Vascular thrombosis• Extrinsic cause : Malignant anterior
mediastinal mass
Structural emergencies
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Plethora or facial cyanosis
• Swelling at face, neck, arms and upper chest
• Superficial veins dilatation
• Orthopnea
• Headache, dizziness, fainting, stupor, coma, seizure
• Pulsus paradoxus >> cardiac failure
• Cough , stridor dyspnea, air way obstruction >> respiratory failure
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
3S which may precipitate Respiratory Arrest
• Supine position
• Stress
• Sedation
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Evaluation & Investigations
• History and physical examination• CBC & BM aspiration• Imaging study: CXR (PA, lat.), CT scan• Tumor markers• Thoracocenthesis and cytology
– Lymph node biopsy under local anesthesia– Fine needle biopsy : CT guide
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Tumor Markers
• LDH : Lymphoma
• NSE : neuroblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, PNET
• AFP, βHCG : germ cell tumors
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Tumor Markers
SymptomsTumor markers
LDH NSE βhCG AFP VMA
Mediastinal masses Abdominal mass RUQ Abdominal mass LUQ Pelvic mass Testicular mass CNS (Pineal) tumor
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Thoracic masses
Non-malignant Malignant
AnteriorThymusAngioma,lipomaThyroid mass
Lymphoma (HL, T cell NHL)ThymomaTeratoma, germ cell tumors
MiddleInfections: TBHernia, cardiac or Bronchogenic cysts
Lymphoma, metastatic tumor
Posterior Thoracic meningocele, Enterogenous cyst,
Neurogenic tumors: neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, neurilemmoma, EWS, Rhabdo, pheochromocytoma,
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Thoracenthesis and cytology
• Chemistry – protein, sugar, LDH
• Cytology – hematology, pathology
• Infectious – bacteriology, gram stain, AFB, culture etc.
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Steroid +/-RT Biopsy CMT
Emergency treatment of SVC Obstruction
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Treatment of SVC Syndrome
• Steroid
– Prednisolone 40 mg/m2/day divided q 6 hr
– Methylprednisolone
– Dexamethasone
• Radiation if emergency service available
• Biopsy ASAP
• Chemotherapy
– Lymphoma: Prednisolone +CTX, VCR, ADR
– Neuroblastoma: CDDP+CTX
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Therapeutic Approach to SVC Obstruction
Hx,PE,Labs
Diagnostic Non-diagnostic
Treat High Risk Low Risk
Clinical DxEmpirical Rx Biopsy
Steroid +/-chemotherapy
Irradiation
Biopsy ASAP
Specific Rx
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Febrile Neutropenia
• Temp > 38.5° C once or 38.3° C > 4 hrs.
• Neutrophil < 500 / cu mm
• ANC: absolute neutrophil count
= (%N +%band) x WBC
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Febrile Neutropenia : Evaluation
• History – Sign & symptoms, pain, diarrhea, skin rash, – Exposure to persons with infection– Date of last chemotherapy
• Physical Exam– Thoroughly– Oral, perianal– Skin & puncture sites :IV, LP, BM– Sinuses
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Febrile Neutropenia : Management
• Admit
• Complete PE
• Appropriate culture : Bacterial
• Lab evaluation : CBC, LFT, RFT,
• Radiographic evaluation, if pulmonary symptoms present
• Broad spectrum antibiotics
• Add on therapy
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Broad spectrum antibiotics
– Aminoglycoside + semisynthetic penicillin
– Ceftazidime + aminoglycosides
– Imipenem + Amikin
• Guideline for febrile neutropenia
Febrile Neutropenia
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Add on therapy
• skin infection : anti-staphylococcus
• Vancomycin : central line, fever with chill and peritonitis
• Metronidazole : GI, diarrhea, typhlitis, perianal abscess
• Oral ulcer : anti fungus, acyclovir, metronidazole
• Antifungal : if febrile persisted > 10 days on broad
spectrum antibiotics and still neutropenia
Febrile Neutropenia
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Abdominal Emergencies
• Esophagitis
• Gastric hemorrhage:especially in patients on corticosteroid
therapy.
• Typhlitis
• Perirectal abscess
• Hemorrhagic pancreatitis : L-asparaginase
• Massive hepatic enlargement from tumor.esp. infants stage
IVS neuroblastoma
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Typhlitis• Neutropenia, leukemia and in stem cell
transplant recipient• Bacterial or fungal invasion of the mucosa and
can quickly progress inflammation, infarction causes peritonitis perforation and septic shock
• Pseudomonas species, E.coli,other GNB, S. aureus, α-hemolytic Streptococcus, Clostridium, Aspergillus, and Candida.
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
TyphlitisDiagnosis
.• Clinically : RUQ pain, neutropenia• Serial abdominal• Pneumatosis intestinalis,free air bowel wall thickening• U/S: thickening of the bowel wall in the region of the
Cecum • CT : definite Dx : thickening Of the caecal wall• BE: mucosal irregularity,rigidity,loss of haustral
markings and occasional fistula formation
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Treatment
• NPO• Nasogastric tube suctioning• Broad-spectrum antibiotics (anaerobic and Gram-
negative coverage)• Intravenous fluid and electrolytes• Packed red cell and platelet transfusions, as indicated• Vasopressors, as needed (hypotension is associated
with a poor outcome)
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Indications for surgical intervention:
• Persistent GI bleeding despite resolution of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
• Evidence of free air in the abdomen on abdominal radiograph
• Uncontrolled sepsis from bowel infarction.
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
PNET
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Tumor with Spinal cord compression• Primary spinal cord tumors
• Paravertebral in origin– Neuroblastoma
– Ewing’s sarcoma family: PNET, Extraosseous EWS
• Drop Metastasis from CNS– Medulloblastoma
– CNS Germ cell tumors
– Retinoblastoma
• Bone (vertebral) metastasis– Lymphoma (may be primary at vertebra)
– Rhabdomyosarcoma or other soft tissue sarcomas
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Investigations
• Spine X-ray
• MRI spine
• Lumbar Puncture
• Others
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
Treatment
Emergency
Dexamethasone 1-2 mg/kg loading dose (max 10 mg)
and then 0.5 mg/kg/dose q 6 hr
Laminectomy and fixation for osteoporosis and
vertebral collapsed
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Phramongkutklao Hospital
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation
• Decompressive Laminectomy
– unknown Dx., acute, tumor resisted to chemotherapy
• Lymphoma, Leukemia,
neuroblastoma, Germ cell tumors
• After chemotherapy and surgery
Treatment
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