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  • tions€¦ · pects as a commercial timber tree under sus-tainable exploitation management. However, stands of large trees are probably too scarce and inaccessible. An inventory Is
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stem bark: skimmianine, Y-fagarine, dictam- nine, N-benzoyltyramine-methylether and 4- methoxy-I-methyl-2-quinolinone. The quino- line alkaloid Y-fagarine exhibited the strongest in-vitro antiplasmodial activity. Decarine, an alkaloid isolated from two other Zorithoxylum species of Madagascar, i. e. Zorithoxylum mado- gascoriense Baker and Zorithoxylum thouueno- tit H. Perrier, showed molluscicidal activity against Biomphulorio platfferi, which is an intermediate hostfor bilharzia parasites Botany Deciduous medium-sized tree up to 30 in tall; bole usually straight and cylindrical, up to 100 cm in diameter, with woody, prickle- bearing protuberances up to 2 cm long but old trees sometimes lacking these, often with large and thick, yellowish, corky flakes at base; bark thick, outer bark greyish white to pale brown; twigs thick, armed with conical prickles Leaves alternate, clustered at ends of branches, imparipinnately compound with 19- 33 leaflets, up to 80 cm long; stipules absent; rachis glabrous, sometimes with smallprickles; leaflets nearly opposite, almost sessile, oblong- ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-20 cm x 2.5-7 cm, rounded and asymmetrical at base, long- acuminate at apex, margin slightly toothed with rounded teeth, glabrous, with scattered minute glandular dots, pinnately veined with c 12 pairs of lateral veins. Inflorescence a panicle up to 15 cm long, clustered at ends of twigs, short-hairy, many-flowered with flowers in clusters. Flowers unisexual, regular, 4-merous, small; pedice1 0.5-2 mm long; sepals nearly free, c. I mm long; petals ovate, c. 2.5 min long, greenish; male flowers with 4 stamens, disk thick, irregularly toothed, ovary rudimentary; female flowers with superior, g}obose ovary and short style. Fruit a globose fontcle c. 8 min in diameter, glandular pitted, dehiscent, I- seeded. Seed globose, c. 5 min in diameter, black and shiny Zorithoxylttm tsihonimposo Is deciduous and bears leaves from November to May. It flowers near the end of the dry season, from September to November, shortly before new leaves de- velop. Fruits are ripe in December. Zorithoxylttm is pantropical and comprises about 200 species, with tropical America being richest in species. Mainland Africa harbours about 35 species, whereas about 5 species are endemic to Madagascar The wood of Zorithoxylum thouuenotii H. Perrier from eastern Madagascar is used for the same purposes as that of Zoritho, cylum tsihunimposo The leaves are used in the treatment of ina- Iana. Zoritho, cy!urn thouuenotiiis also used in traditional medicine as an antitussive, but it is unclear which part of the plant Ecology Zanthoxylum tsihonimposo occurs in dry deciduous forest, up to 400 in altitude. Genetic resources and breeding Although much of the natural forest in the area of distri- bution of Zanthoxylum tsihonimposo has dis- appeared or is heavily degraded, the species Is apparently still common locally, at least trees of sinaUer sizes. There does not seem to be jin- mediate danger of genetic erosion, also because Zorithoxy!urn tsihonimposo has a fairly wide distribution area Prospects There is too little information on Zorithoxylum tsihonimposo to judge its pros- pects as a commercial timber tree under sus- tainable exploitation management. However, stands of large trees are probably too scarce and inaccessible. An inventory Is needed to establish the status of the remaining popula- tions Major references Gu6neau, Bedel & Thiel, 1970-1975; Parant, Chichignoud & Rakotovao, 1985; Perrier de in Bathie, 1950; Randriana- rivelojosia at a1. , 2003; Sallenave, 1971. Other references Bolteau, Bolteau & A1- 10rge-Boiteau, 1999; Debray, Jacquemin & Razafindramba0, 1971; Neuwinger, 2000; Ra- soanaiv0, 2006; Rasoanaivo at a1. , 1999; Schatz, 2001; Takahashi, 1978 Authors R. H. M. J. Lemmens ZANTHOXYLUM 601

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  • stem bark: skimmianine, Y-fagarine, dictam-nine, N-benzoyltyramine-methylether and 4-methoxy-I-methyl-2-quinolinone. The quino-line alkaloid Y-fagarine exhibited the strongestin-vitro antiplasmodial activity. Decarine, analkaloid isolated from two other Zorithoxylumspecies of Madagascar, i. e. Zorithoxylum mado-gascoriense Baker and Zorithoxylum thouueno-tit H. Perrier, showed molluscicidal activityagainst Biomphulorio platfferi, which is anintermediate hostfor bilharzia parasites

    Botany Deciduous medium-sized tree up to30 in tall; bole usually straight and cylindrical,up to 100 cm in diameter, with woody, prickle-bearing protuberances up to 2 cm long but oldtrees sometimes lacking these, often with largeand thick, yellowish, corky flakes at base; barkthick, outer bark greyish white to pale brown;twigs thick, armed with conical pricklesLeaves alternate, clustered at ends ofbranches, imparipinnately compound with 19-33 leaflets, up to 80 cm long; stipules absent;rachis glabrous, sometimes with smallprickles;leaflets nearly opposite, almost sessile, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-20 cm x 2.5-7 cm,rounded and asymmetrical at base, long-acuminate at apex, margin slightly toothedwith rounded teeth, glabrous, with scatteredminute glandular dots, pinnately veined with c12 pairs of lateral veins. Inflorescence a panicleup to 15 cm long, clustered at ends of twigs,short-hairy, many-flowered with flowers inclusters. Flowers unisexual, regular, 4-merous,small; pedice1 0.5-2 mm long; sepals nearlyfree, c. I mm long; petals ovate, c. 2.5 min long,greenish; male flowers with 4 stamens, diskthick, irregularly toothed, ovary rudimentary;female flowers with superior, g}obose ovary andshort style. Fruit a globose fontcle c. 8 min indiameter, glandular pitted, dehiscent, I-seeded. Seed globose, c. 5 min in diameter,black and shinyZorithoxylttm tsihonimposo Is deciduous andbears leaves from November to May. It flowersnear the end of the dry season, from Septemberto November, shortly before new leaves de-velop. Fruits are ripe in December.Zorithoxylttm is pantropical and comprisesabout 200 species, with tropical America beingrichest in species. Mainland Africa harboursabout 35 species, whereas about 5 species areendemic to MadagascarThe wood of Zorithoxylum thouuenotii H. Perrierfrom eastern Madagascar is used for the samepurposes as that of Zoritho, cylum tsihunimposoThe leaves are used in the treatment of ina-

    Iana. Zoritho, cy!urn thouuenotiiis also used intraditional medicine as an antitussive, but it isunclear which part of the plant

    Ecology Zanthoxylum tsihonimposo occursin dry deciduous forest, up to 400 in altitude.

    Genetic resources and breeding Althoughmuch of the natural forest in the area of distri-bution of Zanthoxylum tsihonimposo has dis-appeared or is heavily degraded, the species Isapparently still common locally, at least treesof sinaUer sizes. There does not seem to be jin-mediate danger of genetic erosion, also becauseZorithoxy!urn tsihonimposo has a fairly widedistribution area

    Prospects There is too little information onZorithoxylum tsihonimposo to judge its pros-pects as a commercial timber tree under sus-tainable exploitation management. However,stands of large trees are probably too scarceand inaccessible. An inventory Is needed toestablish the status of the remaining popula-tions

    Major references Gu6neau, Bedel & Thiel,1970-1975; Parant, Chichignoud & Rakotovao,1985; Perrier de in Bathie, 1950; Randriana-rivelojosia at a1. , 2003; Sallenave, 1971.

    Other references Bolteau, Bolteau & A1-10rge-Boiteau, 1999; Debray, Jacquemin &Razafindramba0, 1971; Neuwinger, 2000; Ra-soanaiv0, 2006; Rasoanaivo at a1. , 1999; Schatz,2001; Takahashi, 1978

    Authors R. H. M. J. Lemmens

    ZANTHOXYLUM 601

  • 602 TIMBERSl

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