pecies pradesh, western himalaya - semantic scholar...pradesh, western himalaya dinesh kumar pal 1,...

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Journal of species lists and distribution

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Check List 10(5): 1083–1103, 2014© 2014 Check List and AuthorsISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br)

and reported 1326 species of flowering plants belonging to 113 families.

The exploration of floral resources holds importance; as otherwise unknown species may disappear without there ever having been knowledge of their existence (Singh and Minoo 2003). Subsequently, there is a vital need to identify our natural wealth, document it and raise awareness about its utility and the repercussions if it were to go to extinct. Therefore, it is essential to explore the currently little known microhabitats of Forest Divisions (FD), which represent the main unit in the hierarchy of forest departments for the management of forests in India. Hence, the present exploration for the inventory of plant species was conducted. The information can be used as a baseline by managers, conservationists and researchers for future studies.

Materials and MethodsStudy area

The Theog Forest Division, lies between 31°5′ N and 31°10′ N and 77°22.5′ E and 77°30′ E. The area is situated in the west of Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, located in Nnorthern India (Figure 1). The division is surrounded by Rohru Forest Division in the east, Shimla Forest Division in the west, Kotgarh Forest Division in the north, and Rajgarh and Chopal Forest Divisions in the south. The total geographical area of the division is 64,000 ha (ca. 512 km²), out of which 32,045 ha (50.07%) of the total geographical area is under tree cover.

The entire tract is mountainous with moderate to steep slopes, which are at places precipitous, particularly in the northern and eastern aspects, namely Shali-Dhar and Chambi-Dhar, respectively. Elevation ranges from 1000–3160 m. The Narkanda-Kufri is the main ridge

IntroductionThe Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) comprises five

bio-geographic zones including Trans, North-West, West, Central and East Himalaya (Rodgers and Panwar 1988), and supports more than 18,440 species of flowering plants – out of which 25 % are endemic to the region, covering an area of ca. 419,873 km2 (Singh and Hajra 1996; Samant et al. 1998). In particular, Himachal Pradesh has been regarded as a veritable emporium of plant resources, rich in medicinal and aromatic plants (Chauhan 1999, 2003). The State is mountainous with an elevational range from 460 to 6,600 m. It has a deeply dissected topography, complex geological structure, wide elevational range and climatic conditions. There are six major forest types in the state, which include Tropical Dry Deciduous, Sub-tropical Pine, Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen, Himalayan Moist Temperate, Himalayan Dry Temperate, and Sub-alpine and Alpine forest types (Ministry of Environment and Forests 2001). The state is a rich repository of plant wealth and has been extensively surveyed in terms of flora by a large number of workers (Chauhan 1999, 2003). The earliest attempt to collect plants from Himachal Pradesh was made by William Moorcroft (1765–1825) who collected plants from Kangra, Kullu, Lahaul and Spiti in 1821; with these collections sent to Wallich (Chowdhery and Wadhwa 1984). The floristics and the vegetation of the state are broadly known through a number of studies (Collett 1902; Champion and Seth 1968; Nair 1977; Chowdhery and Wadhwa 1984; Aswal and Mehrotra 1994; Chauhan 1999; Dhaliwal and Sharma 1999; Kaur and Sharma 2004). As a result, about 3500 species of higher plants have been identified in the state flora. Collett (1902) collected plants from Shimla and adjacent areas in 1885, covering an area of ca. 804 km2 with an elevational range of 600–3500 m

Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya

Dinesh Kumar Pal 1, Amit Kumar 2* and Bhupender Dutt 1

1 Department of Forest Products. College of Forestry. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry. Nauni-Solan. 173 230. Himachal Pradesh. India.

2 Department of Habitat Ecology, Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box #18, Chandrabani. Dehra Dun. 248001. Uttarakhand. India.* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: We provide a check list of the vascular plants of Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Himachal Pradesh has been extensively surveyed in terms of flora by a large number of workers, albeit highly confined to prioritized areas. The floristic inventorization resulted in a total of 442 vascular plant species belonging to 311 genera and 117 families from an area of 512 km2. Out of these, 408 species belonged to Angiosperms, 7 to Gymnosperms and 27 to Pteridophytes. The predominant families among Dicotyledons were Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae. Among the Monocotyledons, the most represented family was Poaceae, followed by Liliaceae and Cyperaceae. Pinaceae and Pteridaceae were found to be the most represented families among the Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes, respectively. Species richness was highest in shrubberies, which formed an ideal habitat for many herbaceous species within different habitat types. Strategic eradication of weed species, especially obnoxious species such as Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophorus is required for effective management in the area.

DOI: 10.15560/10.5.1083

mailto:amit_ndbr%40wii.gov.in?subject=http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.5.1083

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Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

which forms the watershed between the Sutlej in the north and Giri in the south. Another main ridge is Shali-Dhar dividing Shimla and Theog Forest Divisions. The only river flowing through the study area is Giri, which originates from Garaog, near Kharapathar in Rohru Forest Division. It flows through the southern part and crosses over to Rajgarh Forest Division and drains into the river Yamuna, one of the main tributaries of the river Ganges.

The lithology is dominated by limestone, shale and quartzite in large areas of Theog and Balson ranges. Shale, phyllite, limestone, schist, gneiss and amphibolite are well exposed at Mahasu and Chambi areas while shale, sand, quartzite, limestone and shale conglomerates occur in areas just south of Kotgarh Division, at Chhaila, Ghund and near Deha. The soil type is more or less clayey or clayey-loam throughout the tract, except at few places where it tends to be sandy-loam. The climate is mostly temperate at the higher elevations and sub-tropical at the lower ones. The minimum and maximum temperatures remain between 16–26°C, and rise up to 35°C (summer) in the lower areas along the river Giri, but it remains between 15–22°C in monsoon season and drops to 0–10°C in winters. The precipitation in the form of snow is received in January-February and sometimes in November-December at higher elevations, whereas lower elevations receive rains in June-August. The area on average receives an annual rainfall of about 1200 mm. The major forests are Deodar-Kail, Fir-Spruce, Chir and Oak. The forests, throughout the tract are both coniferous and broad-leaved, grouped as dry-tropical, montane sub-tropical and montane temperate types (Champion and Seth 1968).

Floristic surveyElevation is deemed most important among the various

factors which combine to create contrasts in habitat,

climate and flora (Polunin and Stainton 1984). Our field visits were scheduled and the areas to be covered selected taking this into account. Extensive field surveys of the entire study area were conducted in different growing seasons between 2009 and 2010, including low-lying areas like Satog, Balag, Naina, Maipul and Sainj in the Giri Valley, as well as up to the highest peak of the division at Jaobag on Hatu Dhar. Field visits to these areas were planned to collect the plant species either in flowering or fruiting stage to facilitate the process of correct identification. Voucher specimen numbers for each collection were assigned and important field characters were recorded. Identification of the plant specimens was done based on field characters noted during the collection and with the aid of available monographs, taxonomic revisions and floras (Hooker 1872–1897; Collett 1902; Chowdhery and Wadhwa 1984; Polunin and Stainton 1984; Stainton 1988; Chauhan 1999; Khullar 1994, 2000). The plant specimens were cross-checked with authentic specimens housed in the herbarium of University of Horticulture and Forestry (UHF), and were deposited here for future reference. Unidentified specimens were confirmed by comparison with specimens housed in the Dehradun herbarium (DD). Specimens were collected and preserved following Jain and Rao (1977). Based on modern phylogenetic studies, APG III classification (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009; Haston et al., 2009) was followed to classify the Angiosperm species. Similarly, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes were classified following Christenhusz et al. (2011a, b) respectively.

ResultsFloristic diversity

A total of 442 vascular plants belonging to 312 genera and 97 families, were collected and recorded (Tables 1 and

Figure 1. Map showing the location of Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India.

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3). Out of these, 408 species were Angiosperms (352 species of Dicotyledons and 56 species of Monocotyledons), 7 were Gymnosperms and 27 were Pteridophytes. The most represented families among Dicotyledons were Asteraceae (31 genera and 45 species), Rosaceae (13 genera and 29 species), Fabaceae (17 genera and 27 species), Lamiaceae (20 genera and 25 species), Ranunculaceae (6 genera and 12 species), Amaranthaceae (7 genera and 11 species), Euphorbiaceae (6 genera and 10 species), Brassicaceae (7 genera and 8 species), Apiaceae (6 genera and 8 species) and Acanthaceae (5 genera and 8 species). Thirty one families were represented by only a single genus per species (i.e., monospecific). Among the Monocotyledons, the most represented family was Poaceae (28 genera and 31 species), followed by Liliaceae (4 genera and 8 species), Cyperaceae (5 genera and 7 species) and Asparagaceae (3 genera and 4 species), whereas 5 families were monospecific. Pinaceae (4 genera and 5 species) and Pteridaceae (5 genera and 11 species) were found to be the most represented families among the Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes, respectively. The dominant families (in terms of total number of species) (Figure 2) included two monocot (Poaceae and Liliaceae) and one pteridophyte (Pteridaceae) family. As per the type of growth form, 13.8% were trees, 22.6% were shrubs, 52.5% were herbs, 5% were climbers and 6.1% were ferns (Table 2).

The number of families, genera and species and their respective percentage are accounted in Table 1. The enumerated plants were classified into their respective growth forms, including trees, shrubs (erect, under shrubs, epiphytic), herbs, climbers (woody and non-woody) and ferns (Table 2). Floristic details given in Table 3 include species and family, binomial and vernacular names, distribution and habitat specificity, flowering and fruiting times, elevational range and voucher specimen number.

Discussion Theog Forest Division revealed a total of 442 vascular

plants that represents about 33.3% and 12.6% of the Flora of Shimla and Himachal Pradesh respectively. High diversity of vascular plants in the region is mainly attributed to climatic, topographic and edaphic factors. Annual rainfall of the Theog Forest Division was recorded at ca. 1200 mm annually, which is similar to other floristically rich areas present in the Greater Himalayan Range (e.g., Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and Valley of Flowers National Park). figure 2. Ten dominant families with their respective genera and species

in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India.

NAME OF PLANT GROUP

FAMILIES GENERA SPECIESTOTAL

(% OF THE TOTAL)

TOTAL (% OF THE

TOTAL)

TOTAL (% OF THE

TOTAL)

Angiosperms 85 (87.6) 291 (93.3) 408 (92.3)

a) Dicotyledons 76 (78.4) 245 (78.5) 352 (79.6)

b) Monocotyledons 9 (9.3) 46 (14.7) 56 (12.7)

Gymnosperms 3 (3.1) 6 (1.9) 7 (1.6)

Pteridophytes 9 (9.3) 15 (4.8) 27 (6.1)

Total 97 (100) 312 (100) 442 (100)

Table 1. Number of families, genera and species documented in the study area.

HABIT-FORM NO. OF SPECIES % OF TOTALTrees 61 13.8Shrubs 100 22.6ErectUnder shrubsEpiphytic

752203

17.15.00.7

Herbs 232 52.5AnnualsPerennials

81151

18.534.4

Climbers 22 5.0WoodyNon-woody

0814

1.83.2

Ferns 27 6.1Total 442 100

Table 2. Analysis of habit-forms of the documented flora.

The elevational variation, irregular topography and intercepted valleys form various microhabitats, which in turn supports high floristic diversity. The dominant habitat types in the area were the forests (Chir Pine, Deodar–Kail, Ban Oak–Chir Pine mixed, Fir-Spruce and Kharsu Oak), shrubberies (Berberis spp., Cotoneaster spp., Rubus spp., Euphorbia royaleana), grassy and rocky open slopes (Apluda spp., Themeda spp., Chrysopogon spp., Eulaliopsis spp.) and cultivated/fallow areas. Species richness was higher in shrubberies (98 species), followed by cultivated/fallow areas (79 species), forests (62 species) and grassy and rocky open slopes (40 species). Shrubberies, the most frequent habitat in the region, transition to forests, grasslands and rocky open slopes and therefore were comparatively richer. These habitats also prevent livestock from grazing and therefore form ideal habitats for many herbaceous species. The high diversity in the cultivated/fallow areas in the region is due to the high representation of alien and opportunistic species. Subsequently, the grassy and rocky open slopes are mainly confined to southern aspects, which are devoid of woody elements and are therefore comparatively poorer in vegetation.

A total of 21 species were recorded as weed species. The most obnoxious and abundant species were Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) and Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae). Other common weed species confined to wastelands near habitations and along roadside were Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Alternanthera sessilis, Cynoglossum glochidiatum, Veronica persica, Bidens

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pilosa, Rumax nepalensis, Cannabis sativa, Circium verutum, Bidens pilosa, Malva verticillata and Trifolium repens. The major ornamental tree species planted in the area were Jacaranda mimosaefolia (Bignoniaceae), Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae), Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae) and Acacia mearnsii (Fabaceae). Widespread plant species near to cultivated areas included Medicago polymorpha, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Eleusine indica, Cannabis sativa, Oxalis corniculata, Euphorbia hirta, Ricinus communis, Malva verticillata, Polygonum nepalense, Rumex nepalensis, Solanum nigrum, Dicliptera bupleuroides, Bidens pilosa and Digitaria sanguinalis. A total 28 plants were recorded as cultivated species, of which 6 were tree species, namely; Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Juglans regia, Punica granatum and Sapindus mukorossi, which were planted in orchards and agricultural fields; 3 were shrubs (Dodonaea viscosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Nerium indicum and Jasminum mesneyi) and 12 were herb species (including Fagopyrum esculentum, Amaranthus paniculatus, Phytolacca acinosa, Solanum melongena, Ocimum basilicum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Tagetes patula, etc). Most of the Poaceae and Cyperaceae members are relished as fodder by livestock and mountain ungulates and act as good soil binders, such as Apluda mutica, Arthraxon lanceolatus, Bromus mollis, Chrysopogon fulvus, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda anathera, Phragmites communis, Carex sp. and Cyperus michelianus.

Threatened taxaAcer caesium Wall. ex Brandis (Sapindaceae), which is

listed as vulnerable in IUCN Red Data Book of Indian Plants, and Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Berberidaceae) which is Critically Endangered in Appendix II of CITES, were also recorded from the area. Both species are endemic to the Himalaya.

Acknowledgments: Authors are grateful to Dean, Y.S.P. University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP) for providing the necessary facilities and Himachal Forest Department for providing necessary permission and support. Thanks are also due to Dr. N.S. Chauhan, Dr. G. S. Rawat and Dr. Umesh Tiwari for their help in the correct identification of plants. We thank Ms Samhita Bose for help in preparing the map and GIS Cell; HPFD is also acknowledged for providing shape files of the map. We also thank to anonymous reviewers and Upma Manral for critical reviews and valuable suggestions. We aknowledge the help from Ms Akansha Saxena and Roopa Bhardwaj in preparing the ‘Taxalist’.

Literature citedAPG III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 105–121. (doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x).

Aswal, B.S. and B.N. Mehrotra. 1994. Flora of Lahaul-Spiti (A cold desert in North West Himalaya). Bisen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. 761 pp.

Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India Press, New Delhi. 404 pp.

Chauhan, N.S. 1999. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. 632 pp.

Chauhan, N.S. 2003. Important medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester 129(8): 979–998.

Christenhusz M.J.M., J.L. Reveal, A. Farjon, M.F. Gardner, R.R. Mill and M.W. Chase. 2011a. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70. (http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdf).

Christenhusz M.J.M., X. ZHANG and H. Schneider. 2011b. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. (http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf).

Chowdhery, H. J. and B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh: An analysis. Vols. 1–3. Department of Environment, Government of India, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India. 860 pp.

Collett, H. 1902. Flora Simlensis. Thacker Spink and Co., London (Reprinted 1971). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India. 652 pp.

Dhaliwal, D. S. and M. Sharma. 1999. Flora of Kullu District (Himachal Pradesh). Bisen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun India. 744 pp.

Haston E., J. E. Richardson, P. F. Stevens, M. W. Chase and D. J.Harris. 2009. The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: A linear sequence of the families in APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 128–131. (doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x).

Hooker, J.D. 1872–1897. Flora of British India, vols. 1–7. L. Kent, England: Reeve & Co. (Reprint edition).

Jain, S. K. and R. R. Rao (eds.). 1977. Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods. New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers. 157 pp.

Kaur, H. and M. Sharma (2004). Flora of Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh). Dehradun: Bisen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 770 pp.

Khullar, S. P. 1994. Illustrated fern flora of the West Himalaya, Vol. 1. Dehradun: International Book Distributors. 506 pp.

Khullar, S. P. 2000. Illustrated fern flora of the West Himalaya, Vol. 2. Dehradun: International Book Distributors. 544 pp.

Kurian, A. and M. A. Sankar. 2007. Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. 356 pp.

Ministry of Environment and Forests. 2001. Sate of Forest Report 2001. Forest Survey of India. Dehradun: Ministry of Environment and Forests.

Nair, N. C. 1977. Flora of Bashahr Himalayas. International Biosciences Publishers, Hissar, Madras, India. 360 pp.

Polunin, O. and A. Stainton. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 580 pp.

Samant, S.S., U. Dhar, and L.M.S. Palni. 1998. Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalaya. Diversity Distribution Potential Values. Nainital: Gyanoghaya Prakashan. 163 pp.

Singh, D.K. and P.K. Hajra. 1996. Floristic diversity; pp. 25–38, in: Gujral, G. and V. Sharma (eds.), Changing Perspectives of Biodiversity Status in the Himalayas. New Delhi: British Council Division, British High Commission publication. 186 pp.

Singh, A. P. and P. Minoo. 2003. The floral diversity of Gujarat State: A review. Indian Forester 129(12): 1461–1469.

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Received: August 2013Accepted: August 2014Published online: October 2014Editorial responsibility: Paul A. Egan

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.xhttp://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdfhttp://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdfhttp://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdfhttp://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x

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ve-h

edge

Aug-

Oct

upto

220

012

754

Zing

iber

acea

e

Ro

scoe

a pu

rpur

ea J.

E. S

mith

var

. gig

ante

a W

all.

Shar

duli

PHDr

y op

en sl

opes

and

gra

ssla

nds

June

-Aug

1500

-300

012

186

Cype

race

ae

Ca

rex

brev

icul

mis

R. B

r.PH

Com

mon

on

rock

s and

cliff

s in

dam

p sh

ady

area

s M

ay-N

ov20

00-3

500

1279

3Ca

rex

card

iole

pis N

ees

PHM

oist

shad

y ar

eas a

nd n

ear r

avin

esTY

2000

-350

012

794

Care

x re

mot

a Li

nn. s

ubsp

. roc

hebr

unii

(Fra

nch.

& S

avat

.) Ku

k.PH

Dam

p sh

ady

area

s in

fore

sts

TY22

00-3

500

1218

2

Cype

rus m

iche

lianu

s (Li

nn.)

Link

AHIn

fiel

ds, n

ear v

illag

es, a

long

road

side

s and

in w

aste

land

s, es

peci

ally

in m

oist

shad

y ar

eas

June

-Nov

upto

150

012

659

Erio

phor

um co

mos

um (W

all.)

Wal

l. ex

Nee

sGo

r-ba

ggar

PHDr

y op

en sl

opes

and

gra

ssla

nds

Aug-

Nov

upto

350

011

298,

126

21Sc

irpu

s roy

lei (

Nee

s) P

arke

rPH

Nea

r lak

es, s

prin

gs a

nd p

onds

Apri

l-Nov

upto

350

012

792

1088


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

RSc

leri

a sp

. Ber

g.PH

TYup

to22

0012

845

Poac

eae

Aplu

da m

utic

a Li

nn.

Pona

iPH

In fo

rest

s, sh

rubb

erie

s, ri

ver b

anks

, alo

ng ro

adsi

des,

on p

oor s

oil,

in w

aste

gro

unds

TYup

to22

0012

658

Arth

raxo

n la

nceo

latu

s (Ro

xb.)

Hoc

hste

tter

Nag

riPH

Moi

st g

roun

d an

d ne

ar cu

ltiva

ted

area

sTY

upto

240

012

200

Arun

dine

lla b

enga

lens

is (S

pren

g.) D

ruce

PHAl

ong

road

side

s, in

ope

n pl

aces

, und

er p

ine

fore

sts

TYup

to 1

800

1294

8Ar

undi

nella

nep

alen

sis T

rini

usDu

ndi

PHIn

dry

woo

dlan

d an

d gr

assl

and,

moi

st a

reas

TY

upto

150

012

619

Aven

a fa

tua

Linn

.Jo

iAH

Com

mon

nea

r the

fiel

dsAp

ril-O

ct12

00-3

000

1216

9, 1

2181

Brom

us m

ollis

Lin

n.AH

Com

mon

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

and

alo

ng ro

adsi

des

TY20

00-3

500

1279

1Ca

pilli

pedi

um a

ssim

ile (S

teud

el) A

. Cam

usAH

Greg

ario

usly

in a

band

oned

pla

ces,

open

gra

ssy

plac

es a

nd

rive

rban

ksTY

upto

200

012

662

Chry

sopo

gon

fulv

us (S

pren

g.) C

hiov

.Go

ria,

Gur

la, D

holu

AHCo

mm

on in

gra

ssla

nds;

on

ston

y so

ils, a

long

road

side

s and

in d

ry

sand

y so

ilsTY

upto

180

012

949

Cym

bopo

gon

mar

tinii

(Rox

b.) J

. F. W

atso

nJh

injra

PHW

arm

er a

spec

ts in

gra

ssla

nds,

and

on w

ell-d

rain

ed fe

rtile

soils

TYup

to 1

801

1262

0Cy

nodo

n da

ctyl

on (L

inn.

) Per

s.Jo

ob, D

oob

PHW

idel

y di

stri

bute

d in

all

war

m p

lace

sTY

upto

250

012

198

Dend

roca

lam

us h

amilt

onii

Nee

s & A

rn. e

x M

unro

Kagh

zi b

ans

SA

com

mon

bam

boo

of E

aste

rn H

imal

aya

and

Assa

m; o

ften

culti

vate

d in

low

er h

ills o

f Wes

tern

Him

alay

aSp

orad

icup

to 1

200

1262

2

Dend

roca

lam

us st

rict

us (R

oxb.

) Nee

sLa

thi-b

ans,

Nar

-ban

s,S

Occu

rs th

roug

hout

Indi

a; o

n dr

y sl

opes

Sp

orad

icup

to 1

500

1266

4Di

chan

thiu

m a

nnul

atum

(For

ssk.

) Sta

pfPH

Alon

g ro

adsi

des,

in g

rass

land

s, w

aste

gro

und

and

open

fore

sts

TYup

to 2

000

1294

5, 1

2944

Digi

tari

a sa

ngui

nalis

(L.)

Scop

.Ra

i, Sa

fed

Rai

AHCu

ltiva

ted

field

s, w

aste

pla

ces,

poor

soils

and

alo

ng ro

adsi

des

TYup

to 2

000

1219

6Ec

hino

chlo

a cr

us-g

alli

(Lin

n.) P

. Bea

uv.

Sam

ak, S

anw

akAH

Very

com

mon

nea

r wat

ery

plac

esTY

upto

200

012

657

Eleu

sine

indi

ca (L

inn.

) Gae

rtne

rM

andl

aAH

Com

mon

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

, was

tela

nds a

nd a

long

road

side

s, es

peci

ally

in d

amp

cond

ition

sTY

upto

180

012

655

Erag

rost

is ga

nget

ica

(Rox

b.) S

teud

.Dr

abh

AHFo

und

in o

pen

habi

tats

, gra

ssla

nds a

nd w

aste

pla

ces

TYup

to 1

500

1295

0, 1

2661

Eula

liops

is bi

nata

(Ret

z.) C

. E. H

ubba

rdM

unji

PHH

ot a

nd d

ry a

reas

Apri

l-Oct

upto

200

012

951,

126

18Fe

stuc

a ar

undi

nace

a Sc

hreb

erPH

Usua

lly fo

und

on b

oth

wet

and

dry

site

s, al

ong

road

side

s, in

fiel

ds

and

open

gro

unds

TYup

to 2

000

1216

8, 1

2176

Het

erop

ogon

cont

ortu

s (Li

nn.)

Beau

v. ex

Roe

m. &

Sch

ult.

Kam

rodh

iPH

On e

xpos

ed d

ry sl

opes

and

gra

zeri

esJu

ne-O

ctup

to 1

600

1227

8Im

pera

ta cy

lindr

ica

(Lin

n.) P

. Bea

uv.

Kush

aPH

Com

mon

on

dry

open

slop

esTY

upto

180

012

663

Koel

eria

crist

ata

(Lin

n.) P

ers.

Khad

arPH

Com

mon

on

dry

open

slop

es, e

spec

ially

on

the

sout

hern

asp

ects

TY17

00-4

000

1217

3, 1

2175

Ney

raud

ia a

rund

inac

ea (L

inn.

) Hen

r.Bi

chhr

u, N

altu

raPH

Thro

ugho

ut th

e pl

ains

TY

upto

180

012

946

Penn

isetu

m fl

acci

dum

Gri

seb.

Flac

cid

gras

sPH

Com

mon

alo

ngsi

de fi

elds

Ju

ne-O

ct15

00-3

800

1219

3Pe

nnise

tum

ori

enta

le L

. C. R

ich.

Khad

arPH

Rich

moi

st so

ils, n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

as a

nd a

long

stre

ams;

but

dr

ough

t res

ista

nt to

o an

d oc

curr

ing

on d

ry h

ill sl

opes

June

-Oct

500-

2200

1294

7

Phal

aris

para

doxa

Lin

n.Ch

iriy

a Ba

jraAH

In d

istu

rbed

pla

ces a

nd o

pen

habi

tats

, in

shal

low

dra

inag

e,

road

side

s, w

aste

gro

und

and

deep

loam

y so

ils.

Apr-

July

upto

160

012

174

Phra

gmite

s com

mun

is Tr

in.

Dar,

Nar

kul,

PHW

ides

prea

d in

tem

pera

te re

gion

sTY

upto

320

012

179

Poly

pogo

n fu

gax

Nee

s ex

Steu

del

Bear

d-gr

ass

AHCo

mm

on; g

row

ing

in d

amp

and

swam

py p

lace

s TY

abov

e 10

0012

656

Sacc

haru

m fi

lifol

ium

Ste

ud.

PHTh

roug

hout

the

nort

h-w

este

rn H

imal

aya

TY12

00-2

800

1261

7Th

amno

cala

mus

spat

hiflo

rus (

Trin

.) M

unro

Ring

al, P

arik

hS

Com

mon

as u

nder

grow

th in

mon

tane

coni

fer f

ores

ts, e

spec

ially

in

moi

st sh

ady

area

sgr

egar

ious

2300

-300

012

912,

129

13

1089


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

RTh

emed

a an

athe

ra (N

ees e

x St

eud.

) Hac

k.Dh

onlu

, Gha

tira,

PHAb

unda

nt o

n op

en d

ry sl

opes

TY12

00-2

500

1219

9Pa

pave

race

ae

Ar

gem

one

mex

ican

a Li

nn.

Bhar

band

AHRo

adsi

des a

nd in

fiel

dsM

ay-S

ept

upto

150

012

968

Cory

dalis

gov

ania

na W

all.

Bhut

jata

, Bhu

tkis

PHCo

mm

on o

n op

en sl

opes

and

shru

bber

ies,

in m

oist

sub-

alpi

ne

area

sAp

ril-A

ug26

00-4

000

1288

2, 1

2877

Fum

aria

indi

ca (H

auss

kn.)

Pugs

ley

Jhin

chra

, Pitp

apra

AHCo

mm

on in

fiel

ds a

s a w

eed

of cu

ltiva

tion

in th

e te

mpe

rate

regi

ons

Apri

l-Jun

eup

to 2

500

1271

9, 1

1267

Men

ispe

rmac

eae

Ciss

ampe

los p

arei

ra L

inn.

var

. hir

suta

(DC.

) For

man

Pate

ndu,

Pat

haC

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s, gr

assl

ands

and

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

Apri

l-Sep

tup

to 1

800

1225

9Be

rber

idac

eae

Berb

eris

arist

ata

DC. v

ar. a

rist

ata

Hoo

k. f.

Chot

ra, K

ashm

alS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s Ap

ril-J

une

2000

-350

011

240,

122

89Be

rber

is ly

cium

Roy

leKa

shm

alS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s on

dry

expo

sed

slop

esAp

ril-J

uly

1000

-300

011

258

*Pod

ophy

llum

hex

andr

um R

oyle

Bank

akri

PHOn

the

fore

st fl

oor i

n m

oist

shad

y ar

eas

May

-Sep

t26

00-4

200

1289

1Ra

nunc

ulac

eae

Anem

one

obtu

silob

a D.

Don

Ratt

anjo

g, P

adar

PHVe

ry co

mm

on in

ope

n pa

stur

es a

nd sh

rubb

erie

s Se

pt-O

ct21

00-3

500

1290

4, 1

2717

Anem

one

vitif

olia

Buc

h.- H

am. e

x DC

.PH

Occa

sion

ally

foun

d in

shru

bber

ies

July

-Oct

2000

-300

012

873

Aqui

legi

a fr

agra

ns B

enth

.PH

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

mea

dow

s of a

lpin

e an

d te

mpe

rate

w

este

rn H

imal

aya

May

-Sep

t27

00-4

000

1289

8, 1

2899

Clem

atis

barb

ella

ta E

dgew

.W

COc

casi

onal

ly fo

und

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

fore

sts o

f tem

pera

te

wes

tern

Him

alay

aM

ay-O

ct24

00-3

200

1289

5

Clem

atis

buch

anan

iana

DC.

WC

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

July

-Oct

1800

-300

012

706,

122

80Cl

emat

is go

uria

na R

oxb.

ex

DC.

Belk

angu

CCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies i

n lo

wer

Him

alay

aJu

ly-N

ov50

0-13

0012

603

Clem

atis

grat

a W

all.

Budl

u-ri

-loW

CCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies i

n su

b-tr

opic

al a

nd te

mpe

rate

Him

alay

aJu

ly-S

ept

800-

2600

1224

6, 1

2626

Clem

atis

mon

tana

Buc

h.-H

am. e

x DC

.Kh

ari b

elW

CQu

ite co

mm

on in

fore

sts,

shru

bber

ies a

nd o

pen

hills

ides

Apri

l- M

ay18

00- 4

000

1274

3, 1

1251

Delp

hini

um d

enud

atum

Wal

l. ex

Hoo

k. f.

& T

hom

s.N

irbi

si, J

adw

arAH

Occa

sion

ally

foun

d in

shru

bber

ies a

nd g

rass

y pl

aces

of t

empe

rate

w

este

rn H

imal

aya

Apri

l-Sep

t18

00-2

800

1286

1

Ranu

ncul

us h

irte

llus R

oyle

ex

D. D

onAH

Freq

uent

ly fo

und

at d

amp

plac

es in

fore

sts a

nd a

lpin

e pa

stur

esAp

ril-A

ug22

00-3

500

1291

9Ra

nunc

ulus

laet

us W

all.

ex D

. Don

Bada

iltu

PHCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies a

nd n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

as, i

n da

mp

cond

ition

sAp

r-Se

pt15

00-2

800

1286

2, 1

1241

Thal

ictr

um fo

liolo

sum

DC.

Pili-

jari

, Mam

iri

PHFa

irly

com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

fore

sts

Jun-

Oct

1200

-300

012

668,

128

05Pr

otea

ceae

Grev

illea

robu

sta

Cunn

. ex

R. B

r.T

Ofte

n pl

ante

d as

an

aven

ue tr

ee a

long

the

road

sAp

ril-M

ayup

to 1

500

1299

9Bu

xace

ae

Sa

rcoc

occa

salig

na (D

. Don

) Mue

ll.-A

rg.

SCo

mm

on in

moi

st a

reas

in te

mpe

rate

fore

sts

May

-Oct

1500

-280

012

812

Gros

sula

riac

eae

Ribe

s em

oden

se R

ehd.

SIn

fore

sted

are

asM

ay-S

ept

2500

-350

012

892

Saxi

frag

acea

e

As

tilbe

rivu

lari

s Buc

h.-H

am. e

x D.

Don

PHCo

mm

on o

n th

e fo

rest

floo

r, on

shad

y as

pect

sJu

n-Oc

t20

00-3

000

1288

6, 1

2782

Berg

enia

cilia

ta (H

aw.)

Ster

nb.

Pash

anbh

edPH

Com

mon

on

rock

s in

shad

y pl

aces

of t

he fo

rest

sAp

ril-J

une

1500

-300

012

139,

121

38Be

rgen

ia st

rach

eyi (

Hoo

k. f.

& T

hom

s.) E

ngl.

Pash

anbh

edPH

On ro

cks i

n da

mp

fore

sts

May

-Aug

2500

-450

012

920

Cras

sula

ceae

Kala

ncho

e in

tegr

a (M

edik

.) Ku

ntze

Hai

za, T

atar

aPH

On o

pen

slop

es a

nd g

raze

ries

Sept

-Nov

400-

1600

1219

4

1090


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

RRo

sula

ria

rosu

lata

(Edg

e.) O

hba

Mus

he R

e Ka

nPH

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s on

dam

p ro

cks a

nd w

alls

Ap

ril-J

une

1800

-300

012

742,

112

37Vi

tace

ae

Am

pelo

ciss

us la

tifol

ia (R

oxb.

) Pla

ncho

nPa

nibe

lC

Occa

sion

ally

enc

ount

ered

on

shad

y as

pect

s in

graz

erie

s and

sh

rubb

erie

sJu

ne-S

ept

upto

180

012

247

Part

heno

ciss

us h

imal

ayan

a (R

oyle

) Pla

ncho

nBa

n-lo

, Phl

anka

rW

CCo

mm

on in

coni

fero

us fo

rest

s Ap

ril-M

ay18

00-3

000

1126

1, 1

2808

Faba

ceae

Acac

ia ca

tech

u W

illd.

Khai

rT

Hot

val

leys

May

-Nov

upto

130

012

675,

129

82Ac

acia

mea

rnsii

de

Wild

TAs

an

aven

ue tr

ee in

hot

val

leys

Apr-

Aug

upto

150

012

977

Acac

ia n

ilotic

a (L

inn.

) Will

d. e

x De

lile

subs

p. in

dica

(B

enth

.) Br

enan

Babu

l, Ki

kar

TOn

ly a

few

shru

bby

indi

vidu

als w

ere

enco

unte

red,

per

haps

pl

ante

d; co

smop

olita

n in

dis

trib

utio

nJu

ly-O

ctup

to 1

300

m12

958

Albi

zia

chin

ensis

(Osb

eck)

Mer

r.Si

ran

TOc

curs

thro

ugho

ut In

dia

May

-June

upto

130

012

975

Albi

zia

julib

riss

in D

uraz

z.T

Ofte

n pl

ante

d al

ong

road

side

s or g

row

ing

alon

g ri

vers

ides

; occ

urs

thro

ugho

ut O

uter

Him

alay

aM

ay-S

ept

upto

240

012

838

Argy

rolo

bium

flac

cidu

m (R

oyle

) Jau

b. e

t Spa

chS

Fair

ly co

mm

on in

gra

ssla

nds

May

-Oct

upto

250

012

606

Atyl

osia

scar

abae

oide

s (Li

nn.)

Bent

h.PH

Com

mon

in g

rass

land

sup

to 1

800

1218

4Ba

uhin

ia v

arie

gata

Lin

n.Ka

rail

TCo

mm

only

pla

nted

in v

illag

es o

r wild

in fo

rest

sM

ar-A

prup

to 1

300

1253

2Ca

ssia

flor

ibun

da C

av.

Bank

ola,

She

rshu

AHCo

mm

on in

was

tela

nds a

nd n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

asJu

ly-O

ctup

to 1

800

1221

0, 1

2647

Cass

ia m

imos

oide

s Lin

n.PH

On g

rass

y sl

opes

May

-Sep

tup

to 1

800

1225

0Da

lber

gia

sisso

o Ro

xb.

Shis

ham

TCo

mm

only

pla

nted

in v

illag

es o

r wild

in w

oods

Mar

-May

upto

130

012

997

Desm

odiu

m co

ncin

num

DC.

Bara

chi

SCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies a

nd fo

rest

sAu

g-Se

pt40

0-20

0012

601

Desm

odiu

m e

lega

ns D

C.M

ooti

SCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies a

nd fo

rest

sAp

r-Oc

t50

0-28

0012

254,

127

90Fl

emin

gia

mac

roph

ylla

(Will

d.) O

. Kun

tze

ex M

erri

llBa

ra-s

alpa

nS

Fair

ly co

mm

on o

n op

en g

rass

y sl

opes

Aug-

Oct

upto

160

012

208

Indi

gofe

ra a

trop

urpu

rea

Buch

.-Ham

ex

Hor

n.Ka

thi

SCo

mm

on in

gra

zeri

es a

nd sh

rubb

erie

s ; te

mpe

rate

Him

alay

aJu

ne-N

ov12

00-2

800

1227

6In

digo

fera

dos

ua B

uch.

- Ham

. ex

D. D

onKa

thi

SCo

mm

on in

gra

zeri

es a

nd sh

rubb

erie

s ; te

mpe

rate

Him

alay

aM

ay-O

ct15

00-2

500

1227

3, 1

2274

Indi

gofe

ra h

eter

anth

a W

allic

h ex

Bra

ndis

Kath

iS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

ope

n fo

rest

s; th

roug

hout

tem

pera

te

Him

alay

aM

ay-O

ct15

00-2

500

1285

5, 1

2856

Lesp

edez

a ge

rard

iana

Gra

ham

ex

Max

im.

SCo

mm

on o

n op

en g

rass

y sl

opes

; thr

ough

out H

imal

aya

Aug-

Oct

1200

-300

012

665

Lesp

edez

a ju

ncea

(L. f

.) Pe

rs.

SFa

irly

com

mon

in g

raze

ries

of t

he te

mpe

rate

regi

ons o

f Him

alay

aAu

g-Oc

tup

to 2

500

1278

8Le

sped

eza

sten

ocar

pa M

axim

.M

ahor

iS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

gra

ssla

nds;

thro

ugho

ut N

orth

ern

Indi

aJu

ly-D

ecup

to 2

200

1278

1

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

k.) d

e W

itSu

babu

lT

Intr

oduc

ed a

nd w

idel

y cu

ltiva

ted

TYup

to 1

500

1295

5Lo

tus c

orni

cula

tus L

inn.

PHCo

mm

on in

gra

ssla

nds,

near

culti

vate

d ar

eas a

nd o

n th

e fo

rest

flo

or; t

empe

rate

Him

alay

aM

ay-O

ct15

00-3

500

1281

1, 1

1253

Med

icag

o po

lym

orph

a Li

nn.

AHCo

mm

on in

was

tela

nd, r

oads

ides

and

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

Apr-

Aug

upto

150

012

616

Rhyn

chos

ia h

imal

ensis

Ben

th. e

x Ba

ker

PHFa

irly

com

mon

in g

rass

land

s; th

roug

hout

Wes

tern

Him

alay

aAu

g-Oc

t50

0-18

0012

234

Robi

nia

pseu

doac

acia

Lin

n.T

culti

vate

d as

an

orna

men

tal p

lant

and

as a

n av

enue

tree

Apr-

Oct

upto

230

012

765

Trifo

lium

pra

tens

e Li

nn.

PHFa

irly

com

mon

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

Apr-

Aug

1200

-250

011

263

Trifo

lium

repe

ns L

inn.

PHCo

mm

on a

t moi

st sh

ady

plac

es n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

as a

nd in

the

fore

sts

Apr-

Sept

1200

-250

012

772,

112

42

Poly

gala

ceae

Poly

gala

aby

ssin

ica

R. B

r. ex

Fre

sen.

PHCo

mm

on o

n op

en g

rass

land

sAu

g-Oc

t10

00-2

500

1266

7

1091


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

RRo

sace

ae

Ag

rim

onia

pilo

sa L

edeb

. var

. nep

alen

sis (D

. Don

) Nak

aiPH

Com

mon

on

fore

st fl

oor i

n sh

ady

area

sM

ay-A

ug12

00-3

000

1277

8Co

tone

aste

r bac

illar

is W

allic

h ex

Lin

dley

Rheu

nsh

SCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies a

nd o

pen

slop

es

Apri

l-Jun

e18

00-2

800

1271

3Co

tone

aste

r mic

roph

ylla

Wal

lich

ex L

indl

eyJh

war

wa

SCo

mm

on o

n op

en d

ry sl

opes

, roc

ks a

nd g

raze

ries

; tem

pera

te

Him

alay

aAp

ril-J

une

1800

-400

012

115

Duch

esne

a in

dica

(And

r.) F

ocke

Phop

hle

PHCo

mm

on o

n fo

rest

floo

r, op

en sl

opes

and

fiel

d bu

nds

Apri

l-May

upto

250

012

148,

128

47Fr

agar

ia n

ubic

ola

Lind

ley

ex L

acai

taBh

umke

PHVe

ry co

mm

on in

fore

sts,

shru

bber

ies,

road

side

s and

shad

y sl

opes

Ap

ril-J

une

1800

-350

011

249,

129

14Po

tent

illa

argy

roph

ylla

Wal

lich

ex L

ehm

.PH

Com

mon

ly o

ccur

ring

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

ope

n sl

opes

, abu

ndan

t in

alpi

ne p

astu

res

Jun-

Oct

2000

-320

012

926

Pote

ntill

a at

rosa

ngui

nea

Lodd

.PH

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

ope

n sl

opes

; abu

ndan

t on

alpi

ne

graz

ing

grou

nds

Jun-

Oct

2000

-320

012

925

Pote

ntill

a fr

agar

ioid

es L

inn.

Bana

kru

PHCo

mm

only

occ

urri

ng in

gra

zeri

es a

nd o

pen

slop

es

Apr-

Aug

1800

-250

012

741,

121

35Po

tent

illa

lesc

hena

ultia

na S

er.

Bana

kru

PHCo

mm

on o

n op

en sl

opes

and

gra

zeri

es

Apr-

Aug

2000

-300

012

795,

127

96Po

tent

illa

nepa

lens

is H

ook.

Ratt

anjo

t, La

ljari

PHSp

orad

ic in

dis

trib

utio

n; te

mpe

rate

Wes

tern

Him

alay

aM

ay-O

ct18

00-3

000

1290

1, 1

2242

Prin

sepi

a ut

ilis R

oyle

Bekh

al, B

ekhl

iS

Com

mon

on

dry

slop

es, f

ores

ts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

sAp

r-N

ov10

00-2

800

1211

2, 1

2766

Prun

us a

rmen

iaca

Lin

n.Kh

urm

ani,

Chul

iT

Culti

vate

d in

or n

ear v

illag

esM

ar-A

pr10

00-2

500

1276

8, 1

1284

Prun

us ce

raso

ides

D. D

onPa

zaT

Ofte

n cu

ltiva

ted

and

wild

Nov

-May

1000

-200

011

291

Prun

us co

rnut

a (W

all.

ex R

oyle

) Ste

ud.

Chop

ruT

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s; th

roug

hout

tem

pera

te H

imal

aya

Apr-

Aug

1800

-300

011

232

Prun

us p

ersic

a (L

inn.

) Bat

sch

Gath

eru

TCo

mm

only

culti

vate

dFe

b-Ju

lyup

to 3

000

1284

4, 1

1286

Pyru

s com

mun

is Li

nn.

Nak

h, N

ashp

ati

TCo

mm

only

culti

vate

dAp

r-Au

g80

0-26

0012

868

Pyru

s pas

hia

Buch

.-Ham

. ex

D. D

onKa

inth

TCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies a

nd n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

asAp

r-N

ov80

0-28

0011

292,

121

01Ro

sa b

runo

nii L

indl

eyKu

ja, K

hajin

WC

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

Apri

l-Jun

e12

00-2

500

1125

7, 1

2849

Rosa

mac

roph

ylla

Lin

dl.

Peep

liS

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

May

-Sep

t20

00-3

500

1285

4, 1

2807

Rosa

seri

cea

Lind

l.Ja

ngli

Gula

bS

Fair

ly co

mm

on in

fore

sts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

sM

ay-S

ept

2700

-400

012

887

Rubu

s bifl

orus

Buc

h.-H

am. e

x Sm

ithBh

asm

-dho

ruS

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s, sh

rubb

erie

s and

ope

n sl

opes

Ap

r-M

ay22

00-3

000

1212

6, 1

2204

Rubu

s elli

ptic

us S

m.

Hei

nra,

Hei

nser

SCo

mm

on in

fore

sts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

sM

arch

-May

1000

-210

011

262

Rubu

s fol

iolo

sus D

. Don

Klai

nchh

aS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

sAp

ril-J

une

2000

-300

012

128,

128

67Ru

bus h

ypar

gyru

s Edg

ew.

SCo

mm

on in

pre

fera

bly

shad

y ar

eas i

n fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

May

-July

2000

-320

012

180,

121

56Ru

bus m

acile

ntus

Cam

b.S

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

fore

sts,

espe

cial

ly o

n sh

ady

aspe

cts

Apr-

Sept

2000

-260

012

753,

128

10Si

bbal

dia

cune

ata

Kunt

zePH

Abun

dant

on

alpi

ne g

razi

ng g

roun

ds a

nd o

pen

slop

es

July

-Oct

2700

-450

012

924

Sorb

aria

tom

ento

sa (L

indl

.) Re

hder

SCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies

Mar

ch-S

ept

2000

-300

012

122

Spir

aea

bella

Sim

sS

Com

mon

in w

oods

and

shru

bber

ies

May

-Aug

2500

-350

012

879

Spir

aea

cane

scen

s D. D

on.

Taku

, Cha

kuS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

aro

und

culti

vate

d fie

lds

May

-June

2000

-300

012

799,

122

36El

aeag

nace

ae

El

aeag

nus p

arvi

folia

Wal

l. ex

Roy

leGh

ain

SCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies,

fore

sts a

nd n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

asJu

n-Oc

t80

0-30

0012

804

Rham

nace

ae

Rh

amnu

s tri

quet

er (W

allic

h ex

Rox

b.) L

awso

nGa

rdha

n, G

aunt

TDi

stri

bute

d in

fore

sts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

s of l

ow-ly

ing

war

mer

par

tsJu

n-Oc

t80

0-18

0012

953

Rham

nus v

irga

tus R

oxb.

Thal

tS

Fair

ly co

mm

on in

fore

sts,

shru

bber

ies a

nd n

ear v

illag

esAp

r-Au

g12

00-3

000

1280

3, 1

2764

Sage

retia

thea

(Osb

eck)

M. C

. Joh

nsto

nPa

tair

oS

Foun

d in

fore

sts,

shru

bber

ies a

nd n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

asJu

ly-O

ct80

0-25

0012

609

1092


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

RZi

zyph

us m

auri

tiana

Lam

k.Ba

er, B

erT

Wild

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies;

als

o cu

ltiva

ted

and

self-

sow

n ne

ar

villa

ges

July

-Jan

upto

150

012

961

Zizy

phus

oxy

phyl

la E

dgew

.Ch

irlu

, Kai

rS

Fair

ly co

mm

on; w

ild in

fore

sts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

sJu

ly-D

ec50

0-20

0012

226

Ulm

acea

e

Ce

ltis a

ustr

alis

Linn

.Kh

arki

TGe

nera

lly p

lant

ed n

ear v

illag

esAp

r-Oc

t50

0-24

0011

268

Cann

abac

eae

Cann

abis

sativ

a Li

nn.

Bhan

gAH

Very

com

mon

; nea

r hou

ses a

nd cu

ltiva

ted

field

s, an

d on

w

aste

land

sJu

ne-S

ept

upto

280

012

769

Mor

acea

e

Fi

cus a

uric

ulat

a Lo

ur.

Tram

ble

TCo

mm

on n

ear v

illag

es; O

uter

Him

alay

aAp

r-Au

gup

to 1

500

1297

3Fi

cus n

erifo

lia J.

E. S

mith

var

. nem

oral

is (W

all.

ex M

iq.)

Corn

erT

Not

ver

y co

mm

onM

ay-O

ct50

0-20

0012

255

Ficu

s pal

mat

a Fo

rssk

.Ph

egra

TCo

mm

on n

ear c

ultiv

ated

are

asM

ay-S

ept

upto

200

011

265

Ficu

s rel

igio

sa L

inn.

Pipa

lT

Occu

rs w

ild in

the

sub-

Him

alay

an tr

act a

nd C

entr

al In

dia;

pla

nted

th

roug

hout

Indi

a M

ar-Ju

neup

to 1

500

1297

1

Ficu

s sar

men

tosa

Buc

h.-H

am. e

x J.

E. S

mith

Kam

edu

SCl

imbi

ng a

nd cr

eepi

ng o

n st

eep

bank

sAp

ril-J

uly

800-

2200

1125

9M

orus

aus

tral

is Po

ir.Ki

mu

TOf

ten

culti

vate

d as

a fo

dder

tree

; thr

ough

out I

ndia

and

sub-

trop

ical

as w

ell a

s tem

pera

te H

imal

aya

Feb-

May

upto

200

012

941

Mor

us se

rrat

a Ro

xb.

Kim

uT

Ofte

n pl

ante

d ne

ar v

illag

esAp

r-Ju

ne12

00-2

800

1286

9, 1

1294

Urtic

acea

e

Bo

ehm

eria

pla

typh

ylla

D. D

onS

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

sAp

r-Au

gup

to 1

800

1261

2De

breg

easia

salic

ifolia

(D. D

on) R

endl

eSi

aru,

San

saru

SCo

mm

on in

fore

sts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

sAp

r-Au

gup

to 2

400

1128

7, 1

2104

Gira

rdin

ia d

iver

sifol

ia (L

ink)

Fri

esBh

abha

rPH

Com

mon

in w

aste

land

s, sh

rubb

erie

s, fo

rest

s and

nea

r cul

tivat

ed

area

sM

ay-O

ct12

00-3

000

1229

1, 1

2292

Urtic

a ar

dens

Lin

k.Bi

chhu

-but

iPH

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s, sh

rubb

erie

s and

was

tela

nds

May

-Oct

1500

-350

012

201

Urtic

a di

oica

Lin

n.Bi

chhu

-but

iPH

Wid

e-sp

read

in sh

rubb

erie

s, w

aste

land

s and

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

May

-Oct

1200

-300

012

290

Faga

ceae

Quer

cus f

lori

bund

a Li

ndle

y ex

A. C

amus

Moh

ruT

Ofte

n fo

und

mix

ed w

ith o

ther

oak

s in

moi

st-s

hady

fore

sts

Apri

l-May

2000

-280

012

107,

121

29Qu

ercu

s leu

cotr

icho

phor

a A.

Cam

usBa

nT

Com

mon

; ofte

n gr

egar

ious

ly in

moi

st h

ill-fo

rest

sAp

r-Oc

t12

00-2

500

1129

6Qu

ercu

s sem

ecar

pifo

lia S

mith

Banc

har,

Khar

shu

TCo

mm

on; g

ener

ally

gre

gari

ousl

y in

hig

h al

titud

e m

ixed

fore

sts o

r m

ore

ofte

n fo

rmin

g pu

re st

ands

May

-June

2500

-380

012

922

Jugl

anda

ceae

Jugl

ans r

egia

Lin

n.Kh

rot,

Akhr

otT

Wild

in th

e fo

rest

s as w

ell a

s wid

ely

culti

vate

d Ap

r-Au

g13

00-3

000

1128

5Be

tula

ceae

Alnu

s niti

da (S

pach

) End

l.Ka

unis

h, K

unis

hT

Com

mon

alo

ng ri

vers

ides

Aug-

Nov

1000

-280

011

281

Cori

aria

ceae

Cori

aria

nep

alen

sis W

allic

hAi

raS

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

Mar

-May

1000

-250

012

871

Cucu

rbita

ceae

Sole

na a

mpl

exic

aulis

(Lam

k.) G

andh

iM

okhr

iPH

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

s and

gra

ssla

nds

May

-Oct

upto

240

012

110

Tric

hosa

nthe

s bra

ctea

ta (L

am.)

Voig

t.La

l-ind

raya

nC

Com

mon

in sh

rubb

erie

sM

ay-O

ctup

to 2

050

1223

2Ox

alid

acea

e

1093


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

ROx

alis

corn

icul

ata

Linn

.Kh

at-m

arol

iAH

Com

mon

wee

d, a

bund

ant i

n cu

ltiva

ted

plac

es a

nd w

aste

land

sAp

r-Oc

tup

to 2

500

1286

6, 1

2853

Euph

orbi

acea

e

An

drac

hne

cord

ifolia

(Dec

ne.)

Mue

ll.-A

rg.

Gurg

uli

SOc

casi

onal

ly fo

und

in sh

rubb

erie

s M

ay-O

ct18

00-2

500

1228

6Eu

phor

bia

hete

roph

ylla

Lin

n.AH

Culti

vate

d in

gar

dens

and

als

o as

an

esca

pe in

the

wild

May

-Sep

tup

to 1

500

1264

9Eu

phor

bia

hirt

a Li

nn.

Bari

dud

hiAH

Com

mon

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

and

alo

ng ro

adsi

des;

thro

ugho

ut

the

hott

er p

arts

of I

ndia

Apr-

Oct

upto

150

012

636

Euph

orbi

a m

adde

ni B

oiss

.AH

A w

eed

in cu

ltiva

ted

area

sM

ay-S

ept

1500

-280

012

689

Euph

orbi

a ro

ylea

na B

oiss

.Sr

u, S

aru,

Sur

aiS

Com

mon

on

dry

expo

sed

hill-

slop

esJu

ne-Ju

lyup

to 1

800

1295

9Eu

phor

bia

thym

ifolia

Lin

n.Ch

hoti

dudh

iAH

Com

mon

on

road

side

s and

nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

May

-Sep

tup

to 1

500

1265

2Gl

ochi

dion

vel

utin

um W

ight

Pade

ura,

Sam

aT

Nea

r cul

tivat

ed a

reas

and

in sh

rubb

erie

sAp

r-Au

gup

to 1

500

1264

4M

allo

tus p

hilip

pens

is (L

am.)

Mue

ll.-A

rg.

Kaim

bal,

Kam

alT

Thro

ugho

ut In

dia

Oct-

Feb

upto

150

012

261

Rici

nus c

omm

unis

Linn

.Ar

and,

Era

ndi

SCu

ltiva

ted

thro

ugho

ut In

dia

May

-Aug

upto

200

012

972

Sapi

um in

signe

(Roy

le) B

enth

. ex

Hoo

k. f.

Balo

za, B

iloza

TCo

mm

on in

fore

sts o

f low

-lyin

g ho

t val

leys

June

-Aug

upto

150

012

650

Salic

acea

e

Fl

acou

rtia

indi

ca (B

urm

. f.)

Mer

rill

Kang

u, B

ilang

raS

Occu

rs th

roug

hout

Indi

a, w

ild o

r som

etim

es cu

ltiva

ted;

in su

b-H

imal

ayan

trac

t and

Out

er H

imal

ayas

Mar

-Apr

upto

130

012

608

Popu

lus c

iliat

a W

all.

ex R

oyle

Chal

un, C

hala

nT

Tem

pera

te fo

rest

sAp

ril-J

uly

2000

-350

012

124,

127

98Sa

lix b

abyl

onic

a Li

nn.

Maj

nuT

Intr

oduc

ed a

nd o

ften

plan

ted

in g

arde

ns a

nd n

ear w

ater

-cha

nnel

sFe

b-M

ayup

to 2

000

1277

3Sa

lix d

entic

ulat

a An

ders

son

Bahi

laS

Very

com

mon

in fo

rest

s, sh

rubb

erie

s and

ope

n sl

opes

Mar

-June

1800

-350

012

736,

129

00Sa

lix te

tras

perm

a Ro

xb.

Besu

, Lai

laT

Com

mon

alo

ng th

e ri

vule

ts o

r pla

nted

nea

r vill

ages

Mar

-Apr

upto

200

012

872

Viol

acea

e

Vi

ola

cane

scen

s Wal

lich

Bana

ksha

PHCo

mm

on o

n fo

rest

floo

r, sh

rubb

erie

s and

mea

dow

sAp

r-N

ov15

00-2

600

1280

9, 1

2851

Hyp

eric

acea

e

H

yper

icum

dye

ri R

ehde

rS

Occa

sion

ally

foun

d in

fore

sts a

nd sh

rubb

erie

sAp

r-Se

pt15

00-2

500

1287

6H

yper

icum

obl

ongi

foliu

m C

hois

yPi

naS

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

Apr-

Oct

800-

2400

1281

7, 1

2177

Gera

niac

eae

Gera

nium

luci

dum

Lin

n.AH

Com

mon

in m

oist

-dam

p pl

aces

in th

e fo

rest

s, ge

nera

lly

greg

ario

usly

Apri

l-May

1800

-280

012

161

Gera

nium

mas

cate

nse

Bois

s. va

r. hi

mal

aicu

m B

abu

AHFa

irly

com

mon

in sh

ady

area

s nea

r fie

lds a

nd o

n ro

adsi

de w

alls

; te

mpe

rate

and

subt

ropi

cal H

imal

aya

Apr-

Oct

500-

1800

1262

4

Gera

nium

nep

alen

se S

wee

tBh

anda

PHCo

mm

on o

n op

en sl

opes

, gre

gari

ousl

y in

orc

hard

s and

fiel

dsAp

r-Se

pt15

00-2

800

1273

5, 1

2850

Gera

nium

wal

lichi

anum

D. D

on e

x Sw

eet

Laljh

ari

PHCo

mm

only

occ

urri

ng o

n op

en-s

lope

s and

nea

r fie

lds a

nd o

rcha

rds

Jun-

Oct

2200

-350

012

213,

127

34Ly

thra

ceae

Puni

ca g

rana

tum

Lin

n.Da

ruS

Com

mon

ly cu

ltiva

ted

thro

ugho

ut In

dia,

als

o w

ild in

out

er W

este

rn

Him

alay

aM

ay-S

ept

500-

2000

1263

3

Woo

dfor

dia

frut

icos

a (L

inn.

) Kur

zDh

avsh

a, D

hai

SCo

mm

on in

shru

bber

ies,

espe

cial

ly o

n dr

ier a

spec

tsFe

b-Ap

ril

upto

150

013

000,

129

57On

agra

ceae

Oeno

ther

a ro

sea

L’Her

itier

ex

Aito

nPh

ulni

aPH

Com

mon

ly o

ccur

ring

on

open

-slo

pes a

nd n

ear f

ield

sAp

ril-J

une

upto

250

012

241,

128

02M

yrta

ceae

Calli

stem

on ci

trin

us (C

urtis

) Sta

pfT

Ofte

n pl

ante

d as

an

orna

men

tal t

ree

alon

g ro

adsi

des

Mar

-Apr

upto

150

012

534

Euca

lypt

us u

mbe

llata

Dom

inSa

feda

TSu

cces

sful

ly in

trod

uced

bot

h in

the

plai

ns a

nd h

ills

Aug-

Nov

upto

180

012

535

1094


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d.

FAM

ILY

& S

PECI

ESVE

RNAC

ULA

R/

COM

MO

N N

AME

HAB

ITD

ISTR

IBU

TIO

N &

HAB

ITAT

FLO

WER

ING

&

FRU

ITIN

GEL

EVAT

IONA

L RA

NGE

VOU

CHER

SP

ECIM

EN

NU

MBE

RAn

acar

diac

eae

Cotin

us co

ggyg

ria

Scop

.Tu

ng, T

hum

baS

Com

mon

in fo

rest

s and

shru

bber

ies

Mar

-June

800-

1500

1261

1, 1

1297

Lann

ea co

rom

ande

lica

(Hou

tt.)

Mer

rill

Pech

ka, J

hing

anT

Com

mon

in lo

wer

hot

and

ari

d va

lleys

Mar

-June

upto

150

012

672

Pist

acia

chin

ensis

Bun

ge su

bsp.

inte

gerr

ima

(Ste

war

t)

Rech

. f.

Kaka

rsin

ghi

TCo

mm

on in

inha

bite

d ar

eas

Mar

-May

500-

2400

1253

3

Sapi

ndac

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