pearson education, inc., longman © 2008 my cornell notes rules 1. write neatly 2. abbreviate when...
TRANSCRIPT
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
My Cornell Notes RulesMy Cornell Notes Rules 1. Write neatly 2. abbreviate when possible 3. write one question for each number in a section . (you must
number each question throughout the entire chapter notes. ex. 1-30)
4. Your summaries should have as many sentences as numbers with no less than 3.
5. I grade on your questions and summaries so a chapter may have 40 total questions and summaries. I expect all 40 completed at test time.
6. As long as everyone participates in class time note-taking I will post the power point on my website for those who missed or can’t keep up.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
The ConstitutionThe ConstitutionChapter 2
Government in America: People, Politics, and PolicyThirteenth AP* Edition
Edwards/Wattenberg/Lineberry
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 1Objective 1
Discuss the importance of the English philosophical heritage, the colonial experience, the Articles of Confederation, and the character of the Founding Fathers in shaping the agenda of the Constitution writers.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
A. ConstitutionA. Constitution
1. Definition– A constitution is a nation’s basic law. It creates
political institutions, assigns or divides powers in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens.
2. Sets the broad rules of the game3. The rules are not neutral; some participants and policy options have advantages over others.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
B.Origins of the ConstitutionB.Origins of the Constitution
1. The Road to Revolution– Colonists faced tax increases after the French
and Indian War.– Colonists lacked direct representation in
parliament.– Colonial leaders formed the Continental
Congress to address abuses of the English Crown.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. European Claims in North America (Figure 2.1)
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
3. Declaring Independence– In May and June 1776, the Continental
Congress debated resolutions for independence.– The Declaration of Independence, which listed
the colonists grievances against the British, is adopted on July 4, 1776.
– Politically, the Declaration was a polemic, announcing and justifying revolution.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
4. The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas– Natural rights: rights inherent in human beings,
not dependent on government– Consent of the governed: government derives its
authority by sanction of the people– Limited Government: certain restrictions should
be placed on government to protect natural rights of citizens
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
5. Locke and the Declaration of Independence
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
6. Winning Independence– In 1783, the American colonies prevailed in
their war against England.
7. The “Conservative” Revolution– Restored rights the colonists felt they had lost– Not a major change of lifestyles
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
C. The Government That C. The Government That FailedFailed
1. The Articles of Confederation– The first document to govern the United States,
it was adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781.– It established a confederation, a “league of
friendship and perpetual union” among 13 states and former colonies.
– Congress had few powers; there was no president or national court system.
– All government power rested in the states.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. Changes in the States– Liberalized voting laws increased political
participation and power among a new middle class.
– An expanding economic middle class of farmers and craft workers counterbalanced the power of the old elite of professionals and wealthy merchants.
– Ideas of equality spread and democracy took hold.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
3.3. Power Shift: Economic Status of State Legislators Power Shift: Economic Status of State Legislators Before and After the Revolutionary War Before and After the Revolutionary War
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
4. Economic Turmoil– Postwar depression left farmers unable to pay debts– State legislatures sympathetic to farmers and passed
laws that favored debtors over creditors 5. Shays’ Rebellion
– Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.
– Economic elite concerned about Articles’ inability to limit these violations of individual’s property rights
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
6. The Aborted Annapolis Meeting– An attempt to discuss changes to the Articles of
Confederation in September 1786– Attended by only 12 delegates from 5 states– Called for a meeting in May 1787 to further
discuss changes—the Constitutional Convention
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 1 SummaryObjective 1 Summary
In your Summary you should: Discuss the importance of the English
philosophical heritage, the colonial experience, the Articles of Confederation, and the character of the Founding Fathers in shaping the agenda of the Constitution writers.
Should have 16 Questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 2Objective 2
Identify the important principles and issues debated at the Constitutional Convention and describe how they were resolved.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
D. Making a Constitution:D. Making a Constitution:The Philadelphia ConventionThe Philadelphia Convention1. Gentlemen in Philadelphia
– 55 men from 12 of the 13 states– Mostly wealthy planters & merchants– Most were college graduates with some
political experience– Many were coastal residents from the larger
cities, not the rural areas
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. Philosophy into Action– Human Nature, which is self-interested– Political Conflict, which leads to factions– Objects of Government, including the
preservation of property– Nature of Government, which sets power
against power so that no one faction rises above and overwhelms another
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
E. The Agenda in PhiladelphiaE. The Agenda in Philadelphia
1. The Equality Issues– Equality and Representation of the States
New Jersey Plan—equal representation in states Virginia Plan—population-based representation Connecticut Compromise
– Slavery Three-fifths compromise
– Political Equality and voting left to states
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. How Three Issues of Equality Were Resolved: A Summary2. How Three Issues of Equality Were Resolved: A Summary
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
3. The Economic Issues– States had tariffs on products from other states– Paper money was basically worthless– Congress couldn’t raise money– Actions taken:
Powers of Congress to be strengthened Powers of states to be limited
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
4. Economics in The Constitution4. Economics in The Constitution
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
5. The Individual Rights Issues– Some were written into the Constitution:
Prohibits suspension of writ of habeas corpus No bills of attainder No ex post facto laws Religious qualifications for holding office prohibited Strict rules of evidence for conviction of treason Right to trial by jury in criminal cases
– Some were not specified Freedom of speech and expression Rights of the accused
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 2 SummaryObjective 2 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Identify the important principles and issues debated at the Constitutional Convention and describe how they were resolved.
You should now have 23 questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 3Objective 3
Objective 3: Explain the Madisonian model of limiting majority control, separating powers, and creating checks and balances.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
F. The Madisonian ModelF. The Madisonian Model
1. To prevent a tyranny of the majority, Madison proposed a government of:– Limiting Majority Control– Separating Powers– Creating Checks and Balances– Establishing a Federal System
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. The Constitution and the Electoral Process: The Original Plan
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
3. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances in the Constitution3. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances in the Constitution
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
4. The Constitutional Republic– Republic: A form of government in which the
people select representatives to govern them and make laws
– Favors the status quo – change is slow
5. The End of the Beginning– The document was approved, but not
unanimously. Now it had to be ratified.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 3 SummaryObjective 3 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Explain the Madisonian model of limiting majority control, separating powers, and creating checks and balances.
You should now have 28 questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 4Objective 4
Objective 4: Understand the conflict between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
G. Ratifying the ConstitutionG. Ratifying the Constitution1. Federalists and Anti Federalists Compared
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. Federalist Papers– A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander
Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name “Publius” to defend the Constitution
3. Bill of Rights– The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution,
drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalist concerns about the lack of basic liberties
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
4. The Bill of Rights (arranged by function)4. The Bill of Rights (arranged by function)
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
5. Ratification– Lacking majority support, the Federalists
specified that the Constitution be ratified by state conventions, not state legislatures.
– Delaware first ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787.
– New Hampshire’s approval (the ninth state to ratify) made the Constitution official six months later.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 4 SummaryObjective 4 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Objective 4: Understand the conflict between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution.
You should now have 33 questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 4 SummaryObjective 4 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Objective 4: Understand the conflict between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution.
You should now have 33 questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 5Objective 5
Describe the formal and informal processes by which the Constitution is changed in response to new items on the policy agenda.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
H. Constitutional ChangeH. Constitutional Change1. How the Constitution Can be Amended
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
2. The Informal Process of Constitutional Change– Judicial Interpretation
Marbury v. Madison (1803): judicial review
– Changing Political Practice– Technology– Increasing Demands on Policymakers
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 5 SummaryObjective 5 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Describe the formal and informal processes by which the Constitution is changed in response to new items on the policy agenda.
You should now have 35 questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 6Objective 6
Evaluate the Constitution in terms of democracy and its impact on policymaking.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
i. The Importance of i. The Importance of FlexibilityFlexibility
1. The Constitution is short, with fewer than 8,000 words.
2. It does not prescribe every detail.– There is no mention of congressional committees or
independent regulatory commissions.
3. The Constitution is not static, but flexible for future generations to determine their own needs.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
J. Understanding the J. Understanding the ConstitutionConstitution
1. The Constitution and Democracy– The Constitution is rarely described as democratic.– There has been a gradual democratization of the
Constitution.
2. The Constitution and the Scope of Government– Much of the Constitution reinforces individualism and
provides multiple access points for citizens.– It also encourages stalemate and limits government.
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Objective 6 SummaryObjective 6 Summary
In your Summary you should:
Evaluate the Constitution in terms of democracy and its impact on policymaking.
You should now have 40 questions
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
1. The Constitution was ratified to strengthen congressional economic powers, even with disagreements over issues of equality.
2. Protection of individual rights guaranteed through the Bill of Rights.
3. Formal and informal changes continue to shape our Madisonian system of government.