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Jose Dario Martinez, MD, FAADProfessor of Internal Medicine & Dermatology
Chief, Internal Medicine Clinic
University Hospital “ JE Gonzalez”, UANL
Monterrey, Mexico
Pearls from Mexico
Jose Dario Martinez, MD, FAAD
F026 Pearls from Mexico
DISCLOSURES
I do not have any relevant relationships with industry.
DISCLOSURE OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY
Pearls from Mexico
Jose Dario Martinez, MD, FAADI am going to discuss some FDA approved drugs, and some thatare used off-label.
Number of US residents traveling to
Mexico in 2017: 35.05 millions
Travelers´ maladiesAm J Clin Dermatol 2016 Oct;17(5):451-462
Clinical cases #1
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Fast Facts
Neglected tropical disease
Occurs worldwide
CL: 0.7-1.2 million new cases/year
Travelers’ disease
DX: direct smear/biopsy/PCR
Vasievich MP, Martinez JD, Tomecki KJ.
Am J Clin Dermatol 2016 DOI 10.1007/s40257-016-0203-7
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
RX Pearls L. mexicana: no RX/local or systemic treatment
V. braziliensis, L. panamensis: systemic treatment only
Systemic RX:
Risk of developing MCL
Failure or prior local RX
Size, number and location of lesions
Lymphatic spread
Toxicity of systemic RX LeishMan Recommendations for Treatment of Cutaneous and Mucosal Leishmaniasis in Travelers, 2014
Johannes Blum MD1,2,3,*, Pierre Buffet MD4,5,6, Leo Visser MD3,7, Gundel Harms MD8, et al. Article first published online: 19 DEC 2013
DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12089© 2013 International Society of Travel Medicine
CL RX Pearl
Treatment for travelers Pentavalent antimonials: first line RX
Surgery in case of small lesiones
Itraconazole, 200 mg/PO/day/8 weeks
Amphotericin B, IV (liposomal)
Miltefosine, PO, FDA (2014),
2.5 mg/kg/day/1 month as
an alternative option ($$$$)Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 2015;7(1):52-62
Clinical cases #2
Myasis: Fast Facts Infestation of the skin by fly larvae
Dermatobia hominis & Cordylobia anthropophaga
Boil like lesions, #1-3, furuncular
Painful, movement inside
Travelers’ disease
DX: US, CT scan
RX: topical stuff, surgery, oral ivermectinSeminars in Pediatric Surgery 2012;21:142-150
Furuncular myasis in a traveler:
surgery
Myasis RX Pearl
Prevention & Treatment
Prevented with repelents (DEET)
Vaseline, pork fat, mineral oil, chimo ► top of the furuncle
Topical 1% ivermectin solution
Ivermectin PO: 200 µg/kg/once
Surgical extraction is a good treatment to clean the
wound properly
Vasievich MP, Martinez JD, Tomecki KJ.
Am J Clin Dermatol 2016 DOI 10.1007/s40257-016-0203-7
Myasis in venous ulcers: RX with water + tobacco
Tropical Dermatology
INFESTATIONS AND FUNGAL DISEASES
Tropical dermatology: cutaneous larva migrans, gnathostomiasis,
cutaneous amebiasis and trombiculiasis
José Darío Martínez, MD | Kenneth J Tomecki, MD | Kristian Eichelmann, MD
In today’s world, many people can travel easily and quickly around the globe.
Most travel travel-related illnesses include fever, diarrhea, and skin disease, which
are relatively uncommon in returning travelers. We review four of the most
common emerging infestations and skin infections in the Americas, which are
important to the clinical dermatologist, focusing on the clinical presentation and
treatment of cutaneous larva migrans, gnathostomiasis, cutaneous amebiasis,
and trombiculiasis.
Semin Cutan Med Surg 33:133-135 © 2014 Frontline Medical Communications
Clinical cases #3
Cutaneous larva migransFast facts
Etiology in Mexico: A. caninum
Within 2 weeks from a trip to a beach
More common in the Gulf of Mexico
Beaches with dogs (feces)
Walking barefoot, lying on the beach
Spring break & summer vacations
Creeping eruption, 1-2 cm/day, severe itchSemin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33:133-135
Cutaneous larva migransPearls
20-80 % of larvae die in 2-8 weeks
Diagnosis is clinical
CBC: eosinophilia
High IgE in serum
Dermoscopy can be a useful tool
Confocal microscopy is an expensive tool
RX: ivermectin/albendazol
Topical corticosteroids for inflammation & itchSemin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33;133-135
Cutaneous larva migrans
Dermoscopy
Eichelmann K, Tomecki K, Martinez JD.
Semin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33:133-135
Clinical cases #4
GnathostomiasisFast facts
Gnathostoma (4 species in Mexico)
In Mexico is an emerging disease (Nayarit, Yucatan)
G. binucleatum
Eating “ceviche” (raw fish with lemon)
Freshwater raw fish (tilapia, crapie)
Eating sushi
One month within the trip
Most common clinical form is subcutaneousSemin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33:133-135
Gnathostomiasis
DX & RX Pearls
Visceral: liver, eyes, CNS
Biopsy: eosinophilic panniculitis
DX: CBC (eosinophilia), ELISA
Immunoblot test specific L3 antigen 24 k-Da band
Best treatment: surgery
Semin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33:133-135
Gnathostomiasis
Treatment
First line: albendazole PO: 400-800 mg/BID/4 weeks
Second line: ivermectin PO: 200 µg/kg/2 days
Repeat treatment
Oral corticosteroids
Eichelmann K, Tomecki K, Martinez JD.
Semin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33:133-135
Gnathostomiasis after ivermectin
treatment + oral steroids
Clinical cases #5
Head Lice: Fast Facts
Infestation by Pediculus humanus capitis
Worldwide, 6-12 millions of cases annually
Most commonly in children 4-13 years old
Big economic burden in the U.S.
DX: clinical, nape itch
RX: topical lotions/physical removalJ Med Entomology 2017;54(1):167-172
Lice topical RX: poor efficacy,
toxicity and relapses
Lice RX Pearl: Phase 3, ovicidal
against eggs (not FDA approved)
Lice Pearl: RX & prevention
Clinical cases #6
Kerion: Fast Facts
Is an inflammatory reaction to tinea capitis
Occurs almost exclusively in children
Worldwide, antropophilic/zoophilic infection
T tonsurans (multiple) / M canis (one)
One/multiple tender alopecic nodules/areas
DX: KOH
RX: griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazoleFrias MG, Porras C, Martinez JD, et al. Dermatol Rev Mex 2017;61(5):371-378
Kerion
Kerion RX Pearl
T tonsurans: terbinafine (4-5 mg/kg/day/4 weeks)
M canis: fluconazole (5-6 mg/kg/day/4-6 weeks)
Itraconazole everyday/pulse (5 mg/kg/day/2-6
weeks)
Oral steroids can be used to reduce
scaling/itching/pain
Pediatric Dermatology 2011;28(6):655-657
Clinical cases #7
Red scrotum syndrome: idiopathic neurovascular phenomenon or steroid addiction?Tarun Narang, Muthu Sendhil Kumaran, Sunil Dogra, Uma Nahar Saikia, Bhushan Kumar
Sexual Health 2013;10(5):452-5BACKGROUND: Red scrotum syndrome (RSS) is not infrequent but is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and seldom
reported. The exact etiopathogeneis is still unknown but it almost always follows the prolonged application of topical
corticosteroids and is characterised by persistent erythema of the scrotum, associated with severe itching, hyperalgesia and a
burning sensation.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinicoepidemiological profile and assess the efficacy of various treatment modalities in addition to corticosteroid abstinence in the treatment of RSS.METHODS: Twelve patients with RSS, who presented to us during 2010 and 2011, were identified, and various aspects of their illness and treatment were studied. Patch testing was performed in all patients. A skin biopsy was done in seven patients.RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 45.83 years (26-62 years). The average duration of illness or the duration of topical steroid use was 27.41 months (6-56 months). Psychiatric comorbidities were seen in 9 (75%) out of 12 patients. Histopathology revealed features resembling erythematotelengiectatic rosacea in four of the biopsied patients. Patch test results were negative. All patients reported improvement of their symptoms within 4 weeks of starting doxycycline with amitriptyline or pregabalin; the treatment had to be continued for 3-4 months.CONCLUSIONS: RSS appears to be a manifestation of corticosteroid misuse rather than a primary disease. We suggest that RSS is a rosacea-like dermatosis or steroid-induced rebound vasodilation based on clinical and histopathological features. Our patients responded to cessation of steroids and doxycycline in combination with amitryptaline or pregabalin.
Red scrotum syndrome: Fast Facts
Under-recognized entity
Prolonged topical corticosteroid therapy (auto-
medication)
Exact pathogenesis is unknown
Intense itching, burning, and pain
Persistent erythema of the scrotum
DX: clinical, skin biopsy is non-specificSexual Health 2013;10:452-455
RSS: RX Pearl
Cessation of topical steroids
Doxycycline + Amitriptyline or pregabalin
Gabapentine
Topical calcineurin inhibitors
Beta blockers: carvedilol*
Ivermectin: 12 mg PO/once a week/4 weeks (personal
observation)Sexual Health 2013;10:452-455
JAAD Case Reports 2017;464-466*
RSS: after 2 months of RX
Clinical cases #8
Erythema dyschromicum perstans: Fast Facts
Rare acquired and chronic dermatosis
Cause unknown
Asymptomatic and progressive disease
Ashy-gray macules, confluent
Upper back & chest, neck, face, limbs
DX: biopsy
RX: clofazimine, dapsoneJAMA Dermatology Letter 2016
Ashy dermatosis RX Pearl
Traditional RX have minimal success
Isotretinoin: anti-inflammatory and
immunomodulatory effects
Dose: start 20 mg/day ► tapered to 10 mg/day
Long-term RX because recurrence occur when
RX is stoppedJAMA Dermatology Letter 2016
Ashy dermatosis: Before isotretinoin
Ashy dermatosis: After 14/4 months of isotretinoin
Clinical cases #9
Leprosy: Fast Facts M leprae / M lepromatosis (DLL in Mexico)
Chronic and progressive disease (LL)
Most common: LL (35%), BL (31%), BT(24%)
Clinical: nodules, plaques, patches (no sensation)
Zoonosis: armadillos as pets in U.S., Mexico
DX: ZN stain, biopsy (FF), Lepromin test, PCR
RX: WHO recommendationsMartinez JD, Cardenas JA. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 2017
DOI: 10.1007/s40506-017-0127-7
Leprosy DX Pearl
Neglected disease
M lepromatosis causes DLL / LL
In Mexico it´s the leading cause of leprosy
DLL carries higher mortality than LL
PCR (16S rRNA) is the best way to make DX
Int J Dermatol 2012;51(8):952-959
Pearls from MexicoSummary
CL: surgery in small lesions, itraconazole
CLM: ivermectin/albendazol
Gnathostomiasis: albendazol
Myasis: chimo (tobacco)
Lice: Xeglyze®, Cetaphil® skin cleanser & shampoo
Kerion: oral terbinafine
RSS: doxycycline + Amitriptyline or pregabalin, ivermectin
Ashy dermatosis: low dose chronic isotretinoin
Leprosy: is a zoonosis, M lepromatosis (PCR)
Pearls from Mexico…Thank you! Email: [email protected]