Pearl Harbor

What is happening in this picture?

What countries are involved?

What came after this event?

Internment Camps

Executive Order 9066

President Franklin D Roosevelt authorized the internment with Executive Order 9066, which allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones", from which "any or all persons may be excluded." This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast, including all of California and most of Oregon and Washington, except for those in internment camps.

Name State Opened Max. Pop'n

Manzanar California March 1942 10,046

Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789

Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814

Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348

Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318

Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767

Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397

Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130

Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475

Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497

WCCA=Western Civilian Control Administration

WRA=War Relocation Authority

Two Camps in Arizona

Poston was built on the Colorado River Indian Reservation, over the objections of the Tribal Council, who refused to be a part of doing to others what had been done to their tribe. However, officials of the Bureau of Indian Affairs overrode the Council, seeing the opportunity to bring in improvements and develop agricultural land, on the War Department budget and with thousands of "volunteers," which would remain after the war and aid the Reservation's permanent population.

Gila River War Relocation Center It was located about 80 km (50 miles) southeast of Phoeniz Arizona The relocation center was located on the Gila River Indian Reservation, near an irrigated agricultural center. It comprised two separate camps, named 'Canal' and 'Butte'. Construction began on May 1 1942, over the strong objections of the reservation's American Indian government. Canal Camp closed on September 28, 1945 Butte Camp was shut down on November 10, 1945. Some of the intended internees died enroute to Gila River or shortly after arrival in the harsh desert environment

Describe the political Cartoon, What is the first image your eyes sees, was the cartoon done by a American or

Japanese, What feelings do you get

from the cartoon, is the author mad, happy

angry?

Korematsu v. United States

Fred Korematsu was a U.S.-born Japanese American man who decided to stay in San Leandro California and knowingly violate Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army, because he refused to be separated from his non-Japanese, Italian-American girlfriend. He was arrested and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court

In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was not unconstitutional. The opinion, written by Supreme Court justice Hugo Black held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Fred Korematsu’s individual rights, and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent.

The decision in Korematsu v. United States has been very controversial. Indeed, Korematsu's conviction for evading internment was overturned on November 10, 1983.

Did the President and Congress go beyond their war powers by implementing exclusion and restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?