peanut - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/28/2019 Peanut - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/16

6/30/13 Peanut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut 1/16

Peanut

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Subfamily: Faboideae

Tribe: Aeschynomeneae

Genus: Arachis

Species: A. hypogaea

Binomial name

Arachis hypogaea

L.

PeanutFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The peanut, orgroundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is a species in the

legume or "bean" family (Fabaceae). The peanut was probably first

domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.[1] It is an

annual herbaceous plant growing 30 to 50 cm (1.0 to 1.6 ft) tall. Theleaves are opposite, pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no

terminal leaflet), each leaflet is 1 to 7 cm ( to 2 in) long and 1 to

3 cm ( to 1 inch) broad.

The flowers are a typical peaflower in shape, 2 to 4 cm (0.8 to 1.6 in)

( to 1 in) across, yellow with reddish veining.Hypogaea means

"under the earth"; after pollination, the flower stalk elongates causing it

to bend until the ovary touches the ground. Continued stalk growth

then pushes the ovary underground where the mature fruit develops

into a legume pod, the peanut a classical example of geocarpy. Podsare 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long, containing 1 to 4 seeds.[2]

Peanuts are known by many other local names such as earthnuts,

ground nuts, goober peas, monkey nuts, pygmy nuts and pig

nuts.[3] Despite its name and appearance, the peanut is not a nut, but

rather a legume.

Contents1 History

2 Cultivation

3 Cultivars in the United States

4 Uses

5 Nutritional value

6 Health concerns

7 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) program

8 Trade

9 See also

10 Footnotes

11 External links

History

The domesticated peanut is an amphidiploid or allotetraploid, meaning that it has two sets of chromosomes from

two different species, thought to beA. duranensis andA. ipaensis. These likely combined in the wild to formthe tetraploid speciesA. monticola, which gave rise to the domesticated peanut.[4] This domestication might

have taken place in Paraguay or Bolivia, where the wildest strains grow today. Many pre-Columbian cultures,

such as the Moche, depicted peanuts in their art.[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(culture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis_monticolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis_monticolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis_monticolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._duranensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._ipaensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphidiploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#U.S._Department_of_Agriculture_.28USDA.29_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Health_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Cultivars_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Cultivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(culture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis_monticolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._ipaensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._duranensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphidiploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Footnoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#U.S._Department_of_Agriculture_.28USDA.29_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Health_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Nutritional_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Cultivars_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Cultivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)#Botanical_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocarpyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschynomeneaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faboideaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpg


2/16



Peanut stalks just after the fall of the

flowers. What remains of the flower

is crimson-colored, and cone-shaped

to dig the ground better. The ovary is

whitish and already thicker than the

stalk.

Peanut pollinated fruit stalks. In the

center one grows towards the earth,

to its right an older stalk is already

buried.

Track-type peanut harvester.

Archeologists have dated the oldest specimens to about 7,600 years, found in Peru.[6] Cultivation spread as far

as Mesoamerica, where the Spanish conquistadors found the tlalcacahuatl(Nahuatl = "peanut", whence

Mexican Spanish, cacahuate and French, cacahute) being offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan

(Mexico City). The plant was later spread worldwide by European traders.

Although the peanut was mainly a garden crop for much of the colonial period of North America, it was mostly

used as animal feed stock until the 1930s.[7] In the United States, a US Department of Agriculture program (see

below) to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts was instituted in the late 19thand early 20th centuries. George Washington Carver is well known for his participation in that program in which

he developed hundreds of recipes for peanuts.

Cultivation

The orange-veined, yellow-

petaled, pea-like flower of

theArachis hypogaea is

borne in axillary clusters

above ground. Following

self-pollination, the flowers

fade and wither. The stalk

at the base of the ovary,

called the pedicel, elongates

rapidly, and turns

downward to bury the fruits

several inches in the

ground, where they

complete theirdevelopment. The entire

plant, including most of the

roots, is removed from the

soil during harvesting.[8]

The fruits have wrinkled

shells that are constricted

between pairs of the one to

four (usually two) seeds per

pod.

Peanuts grow best in light, sandy loam soil. They require five months

of warm weather, and an annual rainfall of 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to

39 in) or the equivalent in irrigation water.[9]

The pods ripen 120 to 150 days after the seeds are planted. If the

crop is harvested too early, the pods will be unripe. If they are harvested late, the pods will snap off at the stalk,

and will remain in the soil.[8] They need an acidic soil to grow preferably with 5.9-7 pH.

Peanuts are particularly susceptible to contamination during growth and storage. Poor storage of peanuts can

lead to an infection by the mold fungusAspergillus flavus, releasing the toxic and highly carcinogenic substanceaflatoxin. The aflatoxin-producing molds exist throughout the peanut growing areas and may produce aflatoxin in

peanuts when conditions are favorable to fungal growth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_flavushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-PCA_Harvesting-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-PCA_Harvesting-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Carverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#U.S._Department_of_Agriculture_.28USDA.29_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut_harvester.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_006.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut_stalks.jpg


3/16


4/16



Peanut leaves and freshly dug pods

Top ten producers of peanuts in 2008/2009

Country

Production

(Million Metric Tons)

People's Republic of China 14.30

India 6.25

United States 2.34

Nigeria 1.55

Indonesia 1.25

Myanmar 1.00

Sudan 0.85

Senegal 0.71

Argentina 0.58Vietnam 0.50

World 34.43

Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service: Table 13 Peanut Area, Yield, and Production

(ht tp ://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdreport .aspx?

hidReportRetrievalName=BVS&hidReportRetrievalID=918&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=1#ancor)

Cultivars in the United States

Thousands of peanut cultivars are grown, with four major cultivar groups being the most popular: Spanish,

Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. There are also Tennessee red and white groups.[citation needed] Certain cultivar

groups are preferred for particular uses because of differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and disease

resistance. For many uses, the different cultivars are interchangeable. Most peanuts marketed in the shell are of

the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell.

Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and peanut butter. Most Runners are used tomake peanut butter.

The various types are distinguished by branching habit and branch

length. There are numerous varieties of each type of peanut. There are

two main growth forms, bunch and runner. Bunch types grow upright,

while runner types grow near the ground.

Each year, new cultivars of peanuts are bred and introduced.

Introducing a new cultivar may mean changes in the planting rate,

adjusting the planter, harvester, dryer, cleaner, sheller, and the

method of marketing.

Spanish group
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peanut_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdreport.aspx?hidReportRetrievalName=BVS&hidReportRetrievalID=918&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=1#ancorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut_9417.jpg


5/16



Roasted peanuts as snack food

The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa, and in the southwestern and southeastern US. Prior to

1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in Georgia, USA, were Spanish types, but the trend since then has been

larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more disease-resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than

other types of peanuts, and in the US are now primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Cultivars of the Spanish group include Dixie Spanish, Improved Spanish 2B, GFA Spanish, Argentine,

Spantex, Spanette, Shaffers Spanish, Natal Common (Spanish), "White Kernel Varieties, Starr,

Comet, Florispan, Spanhoma, Spancross, OLin, Tamspan 90, AT 989914, Spanco, Wilco I,

GG 2, GG 4, TMV 2, and Tamnut 06.

Runner group

Since 1940, the southeastern US region has seen a shift to production of Runner group peanuts. This shift is due

to good flavor, better roasting characteristics and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to

food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts. Georgia's production is now almost

100% Runner type.[citation needed]

Cultivars of Runners include Southeastern Runner 56-15, Dixie Runner, Early Runner, Virginia Bunch 67,Bradford Runner, Egyptian Giant (also known as Virginia Bunch and Giant), Rhodesian Spanish Bunch

(Valencia and Virginia Bunch), North Carolina Runner 56-15, Florunner, Virugard, Georgia Green,

Tamrun 96, Flavor Runner 458, Tamrun OL01, Tamrun OL02 AT-120, Andru-93, Southern

Runner, AT1-1, Georgia Brown, GK-7,and AT-108.

Virginia group

The large seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in the US states

of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularitydue to demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for

salting, confections, and roasting in the shells.

Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit.

The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of 45 to 55

cm (18 to 22 in), and a spread of 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in), with 80

to 90 cm (31 to 35 in) rows that seldom cover the ground. The pods

are borne within 5 to 10 cm of the base of the plant.

Cultivars of Virginia type peanuts include NC 7, NC 9, NC 10C, NC-V 11, VA 93B, NC 12C,VA-C 92R, Gregory, VA 98R, Perry, Wilson, Hull, AT VC-2 and Shulamit

Valencia group

Valencia group peanuts are coarse, and they have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In the United States,

large commercial production is primarily in the South Plains of West Texas and eastern New Mexico near and

south of Portales, New Mexico, but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored

and preferred type for boiled peanuts. They are comparatively tall, having a height of 125 cm (49 in) and a

spread of 75 cm (30 in). Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches. Most

of the pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia

types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval

and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for sale roasted

and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C'.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiled_peanutshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peanut_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peanutjar.jpg


6/16


7/16



Kabukim, crunchy coated peanuts

popular in Israel

Peanuts are used in many sauces for South American meat dishes, especially rabbit. Peanuts are common in

Peruvian cuisine, which marries native and European ingredients. For instance, roasted peanuts and hot peppers,

both native to South America, appear with roasted onions, garlic, and oilall of European originin a smooth

sauce poured over boiled potatoes, a dish well known in the city Arequipa and called papas con ocopa.

Another example is a fricassee combining a similar mixture with sauted seafood or boiled and shredded

chicken. These dishes are generally known as ajes, meaning "hot peppers", such as aj de pollo and aj de

mariscos. (Seafood ajes may omit peanuts.)

Likewise, during Colonial times, the Spanish in Peru used peanuts to replace nuts unavailable in Peru but used

extensively in Spanish cuisine, such as almonds, pine nuts, and other nuts, typically ground or as paste and mixed

with rice, meats, and vegetables for dishes such as rice pilaf.

Southwest Asia

See also: Israeli sweets and snack foods

Crunchy coated peanuts, called kabukim in Hebrew, are a popular

snack in Israel.Kabukim are commonly sold by weight at cornerstores where fresh nuts and seeds are sold, though they are also

available packaged. The coating typically consists of flour, salt, starch,

lecithin, and sometimes sesame seeds. The origin of the name is

obscure.(It may be derived from kabukwhich means nutshell or husk

in Turkish.) An additional variety of crunchy coated peanuts popular

in Israel is "American peanuts". The coating of this variety is thinner,

but harder to crack.

Another popular Israeli peanut snack, Bamba puffs, is similar in shape

to Cheez Doodles, but are made of corn and flavored with peanutbutter.

Southeast Asia

Peanuts are also widely used in Southeast Asian cuisine, particularly Indonesia, where they are typically made

into a spicy sauce. Peanuts originally came to Indonesia from the Philippines, where the legume came from

Mexico in times of Spanish colonization.

Common Indonesian peanut-based dishes includegado-gado,pecel, karedokand ketoprak, all vegetable

salads mixed with peanut sauce, and the peanut-based sauce for satay.

In the Indian subcontinent, peanuts are known as a light snack by themselves, usually roasted and salted

(sometimes with the addition of chilli powder), and often sold roasted in pod, or boiled with salt. They are also

made into little dessert or sweet snack pieces by processing with refined sugar and jaggery. Indian cuisine uses

roasted, crushed peanuts to give a crunchy body to salads; they are added whole (without pods) to leafy

vegetable stews for the same reason. Another use of peanut oil as cooking oil. Most Indians use mustard,

sunflower, and peanut oil for cooking. Peanuts are not native to India. They are thought to have come to India

from Philippines. Notably, the name of this nut in northern parts of Tamil Nadu is ' '-

slang - (Manila-k-kottai) means nut from Manila, the capital city of Philippines.

West Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karedokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_saucehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheez_Doodleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamba_(snack)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine#Confections.2C_sweets_and_snack_foodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricasseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum_baccatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kabukim.JPG


8/16


9/16



A pile of Planter's brand trail mix,

with peanuts, cashews, M&Ms,

raisins, and almonds

Peanut, valencia, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 2,385 kJ (570 kcal)

Carbohydrates 21 g

- Sugars 0.0 g

- Dietary fiber 9 g

Fat 48 g

- saturated 7 g

- monounsaturated 24 g

- polyunsaturated 16 g

Protein 25 g

- Tryptophan 0.2445 g

- Threonine 0.859 g

- Isoleucine 0.882 g

- Leucine 1.627 g

- Lysine 0.901 g

- Methionine 0.308 g

- Cystine 0.322 g

- Phenylalanine 1.300 g

- Tyrosine 1.020 g

- Valine 1.052 g

- Arginine 3.001 g

- Histidine 0.634 g

- Alanine 0.997 g

- Aspartic acid 3.060 g

- Glutamic acid 5.243 g

- Glycine 1.512 g

- Proline 1.107 g

- Serine 1.236 g

Water 4.26 g

Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.6 mg (52%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 12.9 mg (86%)

Pantothenic acid (B5) 1.8 mg (36%)

Vitamin B6 0.3 mg (23%)

Folate (vit. B9) 246 g (62%)Vitamin C 0.0 mg (0%)

Calcium 62 mg (6%)

Iron 2 mg (15%)

Peanuts are rich

in nutrients,

providing over

30 essential

nutrients and

phytonutrients.

Peanuts are a

good source ofniacin, folate,

fiber, vitamin E,

magnesium and

phosphorus.

They also are

naturally free of

trans-fats and sodium, and contain about 25% protein (a

higher proportion than in any true nut).[18]

Niacin

Peanuts are a good source of niacin, and thus contribute

to brain health and blood flow.[19]

Antioxidants

Recent research on peanuts has found antioxidants and

other chemicals that may provide health benefits.[20] New

research shows peanuts rival the antioxidant content ofmany fruits. Roasted peanuts rival the antioxidant content

of blackberries and strawberries, and are far richer in

antioxidants than carrots or beets. Research published in

the journalFood Chemistry shows that peanuts contain

high concentrations of antioxidant polyphenols, primarily a

compound called p-coumaric acid, and that roasting can

increase peanuts' p-coumaric acid levels, boosting their

overall antioxidant content by as much as 22%.[21]

Resveratrol

Peanuts are a significant source of resveratrol, a chemical

associated with but not proven to cause a reduction in risk

of cardiovascular disease and cancer.[22]

The average amount of resveratrol in one ounce of

commonly eaten peanuts (15 whole peanut kernels) is 73

g.[23]

Coenzyme Q10

Peanuts are a source of coenzyme Q10, as are oily fish,

beef, soybeans and spinach.[24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oily_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-Sanders2000-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-coumaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol_antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytonutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methioninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threoninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planters-Trail-Mix.jpg


10/16



Magnesium 184 mg (52%)

Phosphorus 336 mg (48%)

Potassium 332 mg (7%)

Zinc 3.3 mg (35%)

Percentages are relative to

US recommendations for adults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database

(ht tp://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list)

Shelled Peanuts with skin

Health concerns

Allergies

Main article: Peanut allergy

Some people (12% of the United States population)

have mild to severe allergic reactions to peanut exposure;symptoms can range from watery eyes to anaphylactic

shock, which can be fatal if untreated. For these individuals, eating a

small amount of peanuts can cause a reaction. Because of their

widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, the avoidance of

peanuts is difficult. Some foods processed in facilities which also

handle peanuts may carry warnings on their labels indicating such.

A hypothesis of the development of peanut allergy has to do with the

way peanuts are processed in North America versus other countries,

such as Pakistan and China, where peanuts are widely eaten.

According to a 2003 study, roasting peanuts, as more commonly

done in North America, causes the major peanut allergen Ara h2 to

become a stronger inhibitor of the digestive enzyme trypsin, making it more resistant to digestion. Additionally,

this allergen has also been shown to protect Ara h1, another major peanut allergen, from digestion a

characteristic further enhanced by roasting.[25]

Another hypothesis, called the hygiene hypothesis, states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious

agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase of food allergies.[26]

Recent (2008) studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel appear to

show that delaying exposure to peanuts can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies.[27][28]

Results from some animal studies (and limited evidence from human subjects) suggest that the dose of peanuts is

an important mediator of peanut sensitisation and tolerance; low doses tend to lead to sensitisation and higher

doses tend to lead to tolerance.[29]

Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but

the evidence is not regarded as conclusive.[30] Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and

intake of soy products.[30]

Though the allergy can last a lifetime, another 2003 study indicates that 23.3% of children will outgrow a peanut

allergy.[31]

Some school districts in the United States have banned peanuts.[32][33][34] There are experimental techniques

which appear to have desensitized some allergic individuals.[35] The most popular technique, oral

immunotherapy, works to create desensitization in those allergic by feeding them small amounts of peanuts until

their body becomes desensitized. Some progress is possibly being made in the UK, where researchers at

Cambridge are studying the effectiveness of the desensitization technique.[36]

Research indicates that refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut

allergies.[37] However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils are strongly flavoured, and have been shown to contain

protein, which may cause allergic reactions.[38] In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 60 people with

proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors conclude,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-blindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-The_anaphylaxis_campaign-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-lack-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-lack-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ara_h1&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ara_h2&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peanuts_with_skin.jpghttp://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology


11/16



Peanut flower

Arachis hypogaea Flower

"Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be

avoided." They also state, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy."

However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose a risk to peanut-allergic individuals if oil that has

previously been used to cook foods containing peanuts is reused.[39]

Contamination with aflatoxin

Peanuts may be contaminated with the moldAspergillus flavus which produces a carcinogenic substance calledaflatoxin. Lower quality specimens, particularly where mold is evident, are more likely to be contaminated.[40]

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any

containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing

steps in place to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. [41] Peanuts are also processed at a high

temperature to ensure any microorganisms are killed.

Cardiovascular disease

A 1974 study suggested that consuming large amounts of peanut oil can cause clogging of the arteries. RobertWissler of the University of Chicago reported that diets high in peanut oil, when combined with high dietary

cholesterol intake, clogged the arteries of Rhesus monkeys more than butterfat.[42] However, subsequent work

has cast serious doubt on those findings. In the Rhesus study, monkeys were being fed 20 times higher than

normal dietary quantities of cholesterol in addition to peanut oil. When a similar study was performed without

abnormal doses of cholesterol, no such effect was seen.[43] In fact, peanut oil has been found to lower LDL

cholesterol without reducing beneficial HDL cholesterol.[44]

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) program

George Washington Carver is often credited with inventing 300

different uses for peanuts[45] (which, contrary to popular belief, did

not include peanut butter but did include salted peanuts). Carver was

one of many USDA researchers[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] who

encouraged cotton farmers in the South to grow peanuts instead of, or

in addition to, cotton, because cotton had depleted so much nitrogen

from the soil, and one of the peanut's properties as a legume is to put

nitrogen back into the soil (a process known as nitrogen fixation).

Rising demand for peanuts in the early 20th century was due to a

shortage of plant oils during World War I and the growing popularityof peanut butter, roasted peanuts and peanut candies.[53] Peanut

products originating around the early 20th century include many

brands still sold today such as Cracker Jack (1893), Planters peanuts

(1906), Oh Henry! candy bar (1920), Baby Ruth candy bar (1920),

Butterfinger candy bar (1923), Mr. Goodbar candy bar (1925),

Reese's Peanut Butter Cup (1925), and Peter Pan (peanut butter)

(1928).

Peanuts were designated by the U.S. Congress to be one of

America's basic crops. To protect domestic industry by keepingprices artificially high, the United States Department of Agriculture

(USDA) aids peanut farmers through commodity

programs.[citation needed] In the 2008 Farm Bill, the marketing quota
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(peanut_butter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese%27s_Peanut_Butter_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Goodbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Henry!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_Jackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Carverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDL_cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin#Pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_flavushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachis_hypogaea_Flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D0676_peanut_flower.JPG


12/16



Peanut seller in Ouagadougou.

Peanut buying station in rural Wuhan.

for peanuts was eliminated and the Price Support Program was switched to a Direct and Counter-Cyclical

Payment Program. Direct and counter-cyclical payments provide benefits to producers with eligible historical

production of peanuts whenever the effective price is less than the targeted price.[citation needed]

Trade

Although India and China are the world's largest producers of

peanuts, they account for a small part of international trade becausemost of their production is consumed domestically as peanut oil.

Exports of peanuts from India and China are equivalent to less than

4% of world trade. The major producers/exporters of peanuts are the

United States, Argentina, Sudan, Senegal, and Brazil. These five

countries account for 71% of total world exports. In recent years, the

United States has been the leading exporter of peanuts.

The major peanut importers are the European Union (EU), Canada,

and Japan. These three areas account for 78% of the world's

imports.[citation needed] Most of Canada's peanut butter is processed

from Chinese peanuts.[citation needed] Two thirds of U.S. imports are

roasted, unshelled peanuts. The major suppliers are Taiwan,

Malaysia, Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Canada.[citation needed]

The principal suppliers of shelled peanut imports are Argentina and

Canada. Imports of peanut butter from Argentina are in the form of a

paste and must be further processed. Other minor suppliers of peanut

butter include Malawi, China, India, and Singapore.

The European Union is the largest consuming region in the world thatdoes not produce peanuts. All of its consumption is supplied by

imports. Consumption of peanuts in the EU is primarily as food,

mostly as roasted-in-shell peanuts and as shelled peanuts used in confectionery and bakery products.

The average annual U.S. imports of peanuts are less than 0.5% of U.S. consumption.

Georgia is the leading peanut producing state in the U.S., followed by Texas and Alabama, respectively.[54]

About half of all peanuts produced in the United States are grown within a 100 mi (160 km) radius of Dothan,

Alabama.[55] Dothan is home to the National Peanut Festival established in 1938 and held each fall to honor

peanut growers and celebrate the harvest.[56]

Ninety percent of India's production is processed into peanut oil. Only a nominal amount of hand-picked select-

grade peanuts are exported. India prohibits the importation of all oil seeds,[citation needed] including peanuts.

See also

African Groundnut Council

BBCH-scale (peanut)

Beer NutsList of edible seeds

Universal Nut Sheller
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Nut_Shellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_edible_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Nutshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale_(peanut)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Groundnut_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothan,_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vendeuse_d%27arachides.jpg


13/16



Footnotes

1. ^ "World Geography of the Peanut" (http://www.lanra.uga.edu/peanut/knowledgebase/). University of Georgia.

2004-01-02. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

2. ^ The peanut Alergy Answer Book (http://books.google.co.uk/books?

id=_1BvBCdaGA0C&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage&q&f=false) ,Michael C. Young, Fair Winds publishing,

2006, ISBN 1-59233-233-1

3. ^ "Dictionary.die.net" (http://dictionary.die.net/earthnut). Retrieved 2010-12-12.

4. ^ Seijo, Guillermo; Graciela I. Lavia, Aveliano Fernandez, Antonio Krapovickas, Daniel A. Ducasse, David J.

Bertioli, Eduardo A. Moscone (2007-12-01). "Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (Arachis

hypogaea, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH"

(http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/94/12/1963). Am. J. Bot.94 (12): 19631971.

doi:10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.94.12.1963). PMID 21636391

(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636391). Retrieved 2010-07-05.

5. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueolgico

Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.

6. ^ Dillehay, Tom D. "Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found"

(http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php). Retrieved 2007-06-29.7. ^ Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) Peanut (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html). University of

Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual.

8. ^ abc "How peanuts are Grown Harvesting PCA"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20080719165546/http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?

subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25&). Peanut Company of Australia.

Archived from the original (http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?

subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25&) on July 19, 2008. Retrieved 2011-

05-30.

9. ^ Jauron, Richard (1997-02-05). "Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden | Horticulture and Home Pest News"

(http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-2-1997/peanuts.html). Ipm.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2011-05-

30.10. ^ Yao, G (2004). Peanut Production and Utilization in the People's Republic of China

(http://www.lanra.uga.edu/peanut/download/china.pdf) (PDF). University of Georgia.

11. ^ Butterworth, J; Wu, X. (2004-01-03). China, Peoples Republic of Oilseeds and Products China's Peanut

Sector(http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200404/146106011.pdf) (PDF). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service

GAIN Report.

12. ^ "Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II)"

(http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformatio

n/ucm106187.htm). Fda.gov. Retrieved 2011-05-30.

13. ^ ab Ghanaian cuisine

14. ^ Raymond, Bret. "Rwaza Health Centre: Efficacy Study Results" (http://mananutrition.org/img/uploads/MANA-

Report-final.pdf). MANA Nutrition. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

15. ^ "Meds & Food For Kids :: Medika Mamba" (http://mfkhaiti.org/index.php/the_solution/medika_mamba/).

mfkhaiti.org. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

16. ^ "Rudolf Diesel" (http://www.hempcar.org/diesel.shtml). Hempcar.org. Retrieved 2011-05-30.

17. ^ "Peanut Biodiesel Promising But Costly Alternative Fuel | Renewable Energy News Article"

(http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2006/11/peanut-biodiesel-promising-but-costly-

alternative-fuel-46465). Renewableenergyworld.com. Retrieved 2011-05-30.

18. ^ "Nuts Heathly, Tasty & High in Protein" (http://www.weightlossforall.com/protein-nuts.htm).

Weightlossforall.com. Retrieved 2011-05-30.

19. ^ "Peanuts at the World's Healthiest Food" (http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?

tname=foodspice&dbid=101). Retrieved 2007-11-18.20. ^ "Health benefits of consuming peanuts" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4194275.stm). BBC News. 2005-

01-21. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

21. ^ "Peanuts: World's Healthiest Foods" (http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=101).

Whfoods.com. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

^ " "
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-Sanders2000_22-0http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-21http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4194275.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-20http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-19http://www.weightlossforall.com/protein-nuts.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-18http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2006/11/peanut-biodiesel-promising-but-costly-alternative-fuel-46465http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-17http://www.hempcar.org/diesel.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-16http://mfkhaiti.org/index.php/the_solution/medika_mamba/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-15http://mananutrition.org/img/uploads/MANA-Report-final.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-Ghanaian_cuisine_13-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-Ghanaian_cuisine_13-0http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm106187.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-12http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200404/146106011.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-11http://www.lanra.uga.edu/peanut/download/china.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-10http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-2-1997/peanuts.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-9http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25&http://web.archive.org/web/20080719165546/http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25&http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-PCA_Harvesting_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-PCA_Harvesting_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-PCA_Harvesting_8-0http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-7http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_and_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-5http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636391http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.94.12.1963http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/94/12/1963http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-4http://dictionary.die.net/earthnuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592332331http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_1BvBCdaGA0C&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage&q&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgiahttp://www.lanra.uga.edu/peanut/knowledgebase/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-1


14/16



. , , , . .

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry48 (4): 12436. doi:10.1021/jf990737b

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf990737b). PMID 10775379 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775379).

23. ^ Sanders, Timothy H.; Robert, W. McMichael Jr.; Hendrix, Keith W. (2000). "Occurrence of resveratrol in

edible peanuts". J Agric Food Chem48 (4): 12431246. doi:10.1021/jf990737b

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf990737b). PMID 10775379 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775379).

24. ^ "Coenzyme Q10" (http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Coenzyme_Q10.asp?

sitearea=ETO). American Cancer Society. 2007-07-20. Retrieved 2007-11-18.

25. ^ Maleki, SJ; Viquez, O; Jacks, T; Dodo, H; Champagne, ET; Chung, SY; Landry, SJ (2003). "The major

peanut allergen, Ara h 2, functions as a trypsin inhibitor, and roasting enhances this function". The Journal of

allergy and clinical immunology112 (1): 1905. PMID 12847498

(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12847498).

26. ^ "WebMD Peanut Allergy on the Rise: Why?" (http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-

allergies-in-kids-on-the-rise). 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2010-05-18.

27. ^ Food allergy advice may be peanuts

(http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/38370/title/Food_allergy_advice_may_be_peanuts), Science

News, December 6, 2008

28. ^ Hst, A; Halken, S; Muraro, A; Dreborg, S; Niggemann, B; Aalberse, R; Arshad, SH; Von Berg, A et al.

(2008). "Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children". Pediatric allergy and

immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology19 (1): 14.doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00680.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3038.2007.00680.x).

PMID 18199086 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199086).

29. ^ Thompson, Rachel L.; Miles, Lisa M.; Lunn, Joanne; Devereux, Graham; Dearman, Rebecca J.; Strid,

Jessica; Buttriss, Judith L. (2010). "Peanut sensitisation and allergy: influence of early life exposure to peanuts".

British Journal of Nutrition103 (9): 12781286. doi:10.1017/S000711450999376X

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS000711450999376X). PMID 20100372


30. ^ ab Lack G, Fox D, Northstone K, Golding J (2003). "Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut

Allergy in Childhood". New England Journal of Medicine348 (11): 97785. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013536

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa013536). PMID 12637607

(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637607).31. ^ Fleischer, DM; Conover-Walker, MK; Christie, L; Burks, AW; Wood, RA (2003). "The natural progression

of peanut allergy: Resolution and the possibility of recurrence". The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology

112 (1): 1839. PMID 12847497 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12847497).

32. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (1998-09-23). "Nothing's Safe: Some Schools Ban Peanut Butter as Allergy Threat"

(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9907E3D81E30F930A1575AC0A96E958260).

The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

33. ^ Nevius, C.W. (2003-09-09). "One 5-year-old's allergy leads to class peanut ban"

(http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/09/MN79933.DTL%0D). San

Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

34. ^ "School peanut ban in need of review" (http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?

AID=/20080914/OPINION01/309149938).Nashua Telegraph. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

35. ^ "Progress Against Peanut Allergies" (http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20070226/progress-against-

peanut-allergies). Webmd.com. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

36. ^ "BBC News Peanut allergies tackled in largest ever trial" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8527530.stm).

news.bbc.co.uk. 2010-02-22. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

37. ^ "The anaphylaxis campaign: peanut oil"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20080418090105/http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.html).

Anaphylaxis.org.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.html) on

April 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

38. ^ Hoffman DR, Collins-Williams C (1994). "Cold-pressed peanut oils may contain peanut allergen". The Journal

of allergy and clinical immunology93 (4): 8012. PMID 8163791(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8163791).

39. ^ Hourihane JO, Bedwani SJ, Dean TP, Warner JO (1997). "Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge

study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts"

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126478).BMJ314 (7087): 10848.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126478http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.314.7087.1084http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-39http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8163791http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-38http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080418090105/http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-The_anaphylaxis_campaign_37-0http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8527530.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-36http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20070226/progress-against-peanut-allergieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-35http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080914/OPINION01/309149938http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chroniclehttp://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/09/MN79933.DTL%0Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9907E3D81E30F930A1575AC0A96E958260http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-32http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12847497http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-31http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637607http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa013536http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-lack_30-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-lack_30-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100372http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS000711450999376Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199086http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3038.2007.00680.xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Newshttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/38370/title/Food_allergy_advice_may_be_peanutshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-27http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-allergies-in-kids-on-the-risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-26http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12847498http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Societyhttp://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Coenzyme_Q10.asp?sitearea=ETOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775379http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf990737bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-23http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775379http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf990737bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-Sanders2000_22-0


15/16



. . . . . . . . . . .

(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126478). PMID 9133891


40. ^ Hirano, S; Shima, T; Shimada, T (August 2001). "[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its

concentration in imported peanut samples]". Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi42 (4): 23742.

doi:10.3358/shokueishi.42.237 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3358%2Fshokueishi.42.237). PMID 11817138


41. ^ 7 CFR 2011 Part 996a

42. ^ Atherosclerosis 20: 303, 1974

43. ^ Bonnie Liebman (JanFeb, 1988). "The peanut controversy peanut oil and risk of atherosclerosis"

(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0813/is_n1_v15/ai_6482491/). Nutrition Action Healthletter.

44. ^ B. Ramesh, et al. (2006). "Effect of Dietary Substitution of Groundnut Oil on Blood Glucose, Lipid Profile,

and Redox Status in Streptozotocin-diabetic Rats" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1942175).

The Yale journal of biology and medicine (Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine) 79 (1): 917. PMC 1942175

(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1942175). PMID 17876371


45. ^ List of By-Products From Peanuts By George Washington Carver (as compiled by the Carver Museum)

(http://web.archive.org/web/20040603060820/http://www.nps.gov/gwca/expanded/peanut.htm). nps.gov

46. ^ Handy, R.B. 1895. Peanuts: Culture and Uses. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 25.

47. ^ Newman, C.L. 1904. Peanuts. Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.48. ^ Beattie, W.R. 1909. Peanuts. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 356.

49. ^ Ferris, E.B. 1909. Peanuts. Agricultural College, Mississippi: Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station.

50. ^ Beattie, W.R. 1911. The Peanut. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 431.

51. ^ Rich, J.P. (1915). Uses of the Peanut on the Home Table. Farmer's Bulletin 13. University of Texas, Austin.

52. ^ Carver, G.W. (1925). How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption

(http://web.archive.org/web/20070305005521/http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/recipes/peanutrecipes.html).

Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31.

53. ^ Smith, C. Wayne (1995) "Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology", John Wiley & Sons, pp.

412413 ISBN 0-471-07972-3

54. ^ "Peanut Production in Alabama" (http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2016). The

Encyclopedia of Alabama. 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2011-11-15.55. ^ "ALFA Farmers Federation Alabama Peanut Producers"

(http://www.alfafarmers.org/commodities/peanuts.phtml). Alfafarmers.org. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2011-05-30.

56. ^ "Peanut Facts"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20041101070021/http://alpeanuts.com/consumer_interest/articles.phtml?

articleID=102). Alabama Peanut Producers Association. Archived from the original

(http://alpeanuts.com/consumer_interest/articles.phtml?articleID=102) on November 1, 2004. Retrieved 2011-

05-30.

External linksGroundnut (peanut) (http://www.icrisat.org/GroundNut/GroundNut.htm) from the International Crops

Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Peanut Program (http://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=policy_Peanut_Subsidies) from

Citizens Against Government Waste

World Geography of the Peanut (http://lanra.anthro.uga.edu/peanut) (2006) from the University of

Georgia

Peanut (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html) (Alternative Field Crops Manual, 1991)

by D.H. Putnam & E.S. Oplinger, from the Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products, University

of Minnesota

New World Foods, Old World Diet

(http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199203/new.world.foods.old.world.diet.htm) (1992) by Paul

Lunde, from Saudi Aramco World
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_Worldhttp://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199203/new.world.foods.old.world.diet.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesotahttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgiahttp://lanra.anthro.uga.edu/peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Wastehttp://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=policy_Peanut_Subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropicshttp://www.icrisat.org/GroundNut/GroundNut.htmhttp://alpeanuts.com/consumer_interest/articles.phtml?articleID=102http://web.archive.org/web/20041101070021/http://alpeanuts.com/consumer_interest/articles.phtml?articleID=102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-56http://www.alfafarmers.org/commodities/peanuts.phtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-55http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2016http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471079723http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-53http://web.archive.org/web/20070305005521/http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/recipes/peanutrecipes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-46http://web.archive.org/web/20040603060820/http://www.nps.gov/gwca/expanded/peanut.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-45http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876371http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1942175http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1942175http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-44http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0813/is_n1_v15/ai_6482491/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-41http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817138http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3358%2Fshokueishi.42.237http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#cite_ref-40http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9133891http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.314.7087.1084http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier


16/16


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peanut&oldid=559633256"

Categories: Peanuts Crops originating from the Americas Arachis Edible legumes Nitrogen-fixing crops

Plants described in 1753 Plants with indehiscent fruit

This page was last modified on 12 June 2013 at 21:57.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may

apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peanut&oldid=559633256http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plants_with_indehiscent_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plants_described_in_1753http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nitrogen-fixing_cropshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Edible_legumeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arachishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Peanuts

peanut - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents