peace processes compared: myanmar and mindanao

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PEACE PROCESSES COMPARED: Myanmar & Mindanao C. Similari@es and contrasts

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Excerpts from the presentation by Dr. Ashley South and Dr. Christopher Joll at the Institute for Autonomy & Governance, May 20, 2014

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Page 1: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

PEACE  PROCESSES  COMPARED:  Myanmar  &  Mindanao  

 

C.  Similari@es  and  contrasts  

Page 2: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Similarity  #  1  

•  IdenEty-­‐oriented  self-­‐determinaEon  struggles,  with  religious  orientaEon  (parEcularly  on  Mindanao),  vis-­‐à-­‐vis  centralising  state,  ruled  from  far  away  and  idenEfied  with  culturally  alien  majority  ‘other’  (state  assimilaEonist  agendas).  

•  Long-­‐standing  armed  conflicts  complicated  by  poliEcal  economies  (mixtures  of  ‘grievance’  and  ‘greed’  agendas  –  on  Mindanao?).  

Page 3: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Similarity  #  2  

•  Histories  of  previous,  largely  unsuccessful  ceasefires.  •  Self-­‐reliance  of  communiEes  and  armed  groups.  •  Elite-­‐driven  peace  process,  with  communiEes  and  civil  society  not  always  feeling  properly  consulted.    

•  Recent  posiEve  developments  led  by  newly-­‐elected  naEonal  Presidents  (Benigno  Aquino  III  &  U  Thein  Sein).  

•  Natural  resource  poliEcs;  land  issues.  

Page 4: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Similarity  #  3  

•  CommuniEes  experiencing  the  benefits  of  peace:  freedom  from  fear;  rehabilitaEon  of  communiEes;  freedom  of  travel;  expectaEons  of  the  peace  process.    

•  What  hasn’t  changed:  conEnued  economic  problems,  percepEons  of  discriminaEon  on  the  part  of  minority  communiEes;  prevalence  of  drugs  and  lawlessness,  land  issues  -­‐  community  concerns.  

•  Risks  associated  with  government,  naEonal  army,  majority  community  (Filipinos,  Burmans)  not  accepEng  and/or  not  implemenEng  peace  agreements.  

Page 5: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Similarity  #  4  

•  PosiEons  (idenEEes,  interests)  of  those  working  with  or  under  the  government  (c.f.  the  ‘other  Karen’).  

 •  Security  Sector  Reform/DDR  (‘normalisaEon’)  -­‐  what  are  the  roles  of  armed  elements  (parEcularly  young  men),  post-­‐ceasefire?  (Possible  scenario  from  other  ceasefires  in  the  Philippines:  armed  groups  become  local,  semi-­‐criminal  guns-­‐for-­‐hire.)  

Page 6: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Similarity  #  5  

•  Challenges  of  Armed  Groups  transforming  into  viable  local  governments/administraEons  (and  poliEcal  parEes?).  Risks  of  poor  governance  and  corrupEon  miEgated  somewhat  on  Mindanao  by  disciplined  nature  of  MILF.    

Page 7: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Contrast  #  1  

•  Bangsamoro’  shared  idenEty  of  all  non-­‐Filipino  groups  on  Mindanao  (?);  Myanmar’s  diverse  and  heterogeneous  ethnic  communiEes.  

•  Importance  of  GRP  recognising  the  Bangsamoro  in  principle,  as  a  legiEmate,  autonomous  poliEcal  enEty;  Myanmar  government  (and  Army)  has  been  reluctant  to  acknowledge  poliEcal  legiEmacy  of  ethnic  (parEcularly  armed)  actors,  or  to  grant  significant  autonomy.  

Page 8: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Contrast  #  2  

•  Historically  differing  poliEcal  cultures:  GRP  openness  to  internaEonal  engagement.  Myanmar  military  government  autarchy,  and  ‘xenophobia’  (including  towards  Muslims).  

•  Geographically,  where  as  Mindanao  is  an  island,  Myanmar’s  InternaEonal  borders  have  implicaEons  for  refugees  and  regional  poliEcs.  

•  The  two  countries  have  different  geo-­‐strategic  posiEons  and  interests  with  China,  USA,  ASEAN,  OIC  etc.  

•  InternaEonal  mediaEon  in  Mindanao  peace  talks  (InternaEonal  Contact  Group  -­‐  novel  model,  including  states  and  INGOs).  

Page 9: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Contrast  #  3  

•  InternaEonal  monitoring  on  Mindanaon  (InternaEonal  Monitoring  Group,  and  Civilian  ProtecEon  Component).  Limited  nature  of  internaEonal  support  to  Myanmar  peace  process.  

•  FormaEon  of  GRP-­‐MILF  Peace  Panel  and  TransiEonal  Arrangements  (Basic  Law,  plebiscite,  transiEon).  Limited  progress  in  Myanmar  peace  talks  -­‐  in  relaEon  to  autonomy  in  principle  (consEtuEonal  change?)  or  pracEce  (“transiEonal  arrangements”).  

•  Annex  on  Revenue  GeneraEon  and  Wealth-­‐sharing.  

Page 10: Peace Processes Compared: Myanmar and Mindanao

Contrast  #  4  

•  MILF  has  large  numbers  of  troops  staEoned  in  close  vicinity  to  the  areas  of  GRP  control,  and  Philippines  Army  bases;  LGUs  and  RP  military  posiEons  across  Bangsamoro,  interspersed  with  MILF  [?].  Myanmar  ‘liberated  zones’,  and  areas  of  ‘mixed  authority’.  

•  Impacts  of  foreign  aid  …