PEACE CORPS

OUTANDIN: Reticing Director Sargent Shiver and his successor, Jack Hood Vaughn.

Vaughn Takes the HelmJack Hood Vaughn has been ap-

pointed Director of the Peace Corps.He was named to the post by Presi-

dent Lyndon B. Johnson on January17. me appointment is su~ect toSenate confirmation.

Outgoing Director Sargent Shriverwill shift his full attention to the Officeof Economic Opportunity, which hehas directed for 11 months.

For Vaughn, the move represents ahomecoming. He was the first PeaceCorps Regional Director for LatinAmerica, and sewed in that capacityfrom October, 1961 to April, 1964.

He left to serve as U.S. Ambassadorto Panama and he later became As-sistant Secretary of State for lnter-American Affairs and U.S. coordinatorof the Alliance for Progress.

President Johnson said that Shriver,who helved organize the Peace Corps

ED~OR’S NO%~e newsof Jack Hwd Vaughn’s appoint-ment m Peace Cops Directorbroke jwi m we were going toprex. After some Imt-minutesbiftig of stori= and page layOU% we were able to pr=ent itin this i=ue. Unavoidably, ref-erences to Sqent Stiver eke-where in thfs edition lack thejOum*tic phwe, “retitig df-rector.” It’s just m weff. memo~er doesn’t fit the mm,anyay.

and has directed it ever since, “will beworking double time now, % he al-ways has, but on one rather than twojobs.”

Shriver had maintained the twoposts since he took the rei,ns of theantipoverty program on August 20,1964.

“Few men in the life of our nationhave ever held such broad responsi-bilities at the same time,,’ the Presi.dent said.

Mr. Johnson lauded the outgoingPeace Corps Director as a man of“rare energy and rare ability.”

“l am asking Mr. Shriver to givefull time to tbe war on poverty,” becontinued, “We are going to enlargethat war and prosecute it with alltbe vigor and determination at ourcomma rid.,,

For his DaR. Shriver said, “1 amextremely ~leasid that Jack Vaughnhas been selected.”

Vaughn was expected to take tbehelm soon.

The President said that in appoint-ing Vaughn he was asking him “to re-turn in fact to his first love: the Peacecorps.

Vaughn, 45, was recruited for thePeace Corps by his predecessor. Theyear was 1961 and the place was WestAfrica, where Vaughn was directingU.S. aid missions for Senegal, hfalia“d Mauritania, Shriver picked himto head up Peace Corps programs inLatin America.

2’

He joined the staff because “thePeace COTS idea had a great appealto me. And the people I knew whowere putting this idea into effect arpealed to me even more?

Vaughn said later that he left theU.S. aid pro~am “because the econo-mists had taken over. Economim areimportant, of course, but the non-=onomic tasks of trainine ueoole anddeveloping local institution; a;e evenmore so.”

Vaughn spurred Peace Corp in-volvement in community developmentprojects in Latin America. When hecame to the Peace Corps, there wereonly 78 Volunteers sewing in LatinAtnerica. By the time he left, 21Ayears later, there were 2,500, and mostof them were in rural and urban com-munity development.

In his subsequent roles at the De-partment of State he bas promoted aPeace Corps-style approach to diplo-macy and has encouraged more co-operation between the Foreign Serviceand The Agency for International De-velopment on the one hand and thePeace Corps on the other.

Vaughn bas said, “If I had my way,every young foreign sewice officerwho now spends his early careerstamping visas would be forced to putin two years with the Peace Corps ortwo years in private business as asalesman or an assistant assembly lineforeman—anything that would teachthem how to deal with people and getalong with them. ”

Vaughn’s career has demonstratedthis personal approach to diplomacy.

“f was bumming around Mexicoone summer when I ran out ofmoney: he recalls. “I decided Iwould take my boting and turn pro,but I didn’t know enough Spanish atthe time to tell whether the agent said

PEACE-CORPS

volunteerJANUARY 1S66

Volume IV Number 3Published monthly by the revisionof V.l””tee, S.ppon, Peace Corps,

Washln@o”,D. C, 20525.St.ati Awbrey,editoc Pat Brow. ands.,.. Murray, associate editon;Romn Schrage, editorial assistant;

Paul Reed,afi mrectocRichard Knox,atist.

ONTHEcOVER:The Ur”bambaVallOYa“d . ChijnaYaschool. All h.tO$.Of

fPer” Isee Pages 4.23)by Pa. ConkIl.,Peace corps DhotoraDher. volunteers

R~:~:$dpy: y:p:fl~ treated i. the

A

.

I would get 60 pesos for four roundsor four nesos for 60 rounds. You canguess w~ch figure wm correct.”

He paid his way with his fiss,through 26 featherweight bouts underthe name “Johnny Hood? He has toldLatin American audiences that thefirst words of Spanish he learned were“I?Iara al Eri?zgo” (kill the American),picked up from Mexican boting fans.

Vaughn returned to the Universityof Michigan, raumed use of his realname, and worked his way to a degreein Latin American studies with a jobas university boxing coach.

His academic career was interruptedby World War If. He entered theMarin= as a private, fought in theSouth Pacific, and was discharged asa captain.

Soon after, he took his bride, theformer Joanne Smith of New YorkCity, to Mexico for a two-week vaca-tion. They stayed ten months. Thenext several years were spent in teach-ing French hnd Spanish at the Univer-sity= of Michigan and Pennsylvania.

In 1949, Vaughn joined the U.S. In-formation Agency as director of theBi-National Center at La P=, Bolivia.His career in government has beeninterrupted only once since, when hetook a year out to teach at Johns Hop-kins University,

Vaughn moved on to Costa Ricawith tbe U. S.IA. and in 1952 hejoined .tbe International CooperationAdministration, a forerunner of A.I.D.He served as an 1.C.A. program of-ficer in Panama, Bolivia, and Wash-ington before moving to Dakar, wherehe eventually met Sargent Shriver.

At the Peace Corps, Vaughn even-tually came to supervise the Iarg=tnumber of Volunteers in the largestnumber of projecb in the mostcollntriu, and played a key role inthe formation of Peace Corps policiesover a 21A year period.

He was tapped for the sensitivePanamanian mission by PresidentJohnson. He endeared himself toPanmania” leaders a“d laid thegroundwork for the new Panama Ca-nal treaty, Within 1I months he be.came the top U.S. official concernedprimarily with Latin America policy.He has directed the Department ofState’s largest bureau, with 600 em-ployees in Washington and more than2,000 abroad. Vaughn has traveledwidely in Latin America promotingthe Alliance for Progress, which hehas called “democratic and progressiveand modern and daring and difficultand Christian and power ful.”

Taking the Long Way Home

If the man on the left in the above picture looks like a Peace Corps Volun-teer, guess again, He is none other than actor Steve McQueen, and hisbearded companion is John Weinberg, a former Volunteer. Weinbe%’simage is likely to beat him home from sewice abroad. His face will bepopping up on first run movie house xreens somewhere alongside Mc-Queen. Weinbew went to Taiwan after completing sewice in Sierra Leoneand, after learning Mandarin, he took up where he left off: teaching English,in a soti of one man Peace Corps opemtion. Robe* Mse, producer-directorof Twentieth Centuw Fox’s forthcoming “Sand Pebbles;’ heard of Wein-berg’s rapport with the Chinese and hired him to translate for the filmcompany, including McQueen. Weinberg proved so capable that he wasinvited to play a pati as a Shanghai Sikh policeman and two other minorpans, Weinberg taught for two years at Freetown, Sierm Leon< beforetrekking east, He reports that his teaching pay there is about the same asit was with the Peace Corps,

While Weinberg traveled East, Matiha Cooper headed West, by motor bike.After completing sewice as an English teacher in Thaitand, she rode thebike 16,000 miles through Asia and Europe. ‘It took her five months andcost $500. Her traveling companion for most of the trip was a Canadianmachinist who was taking the long route home from the Tokyo Olympics,“1 wish I could ‘do it all over again,” exults Martha. “It was a rematiablysmooth ttip~’ Matiha, shown below in Afghanistan, returned home to Balti-more, Md., before tating off again—this time to study ethnology at OxfordUniversity.

Report measures PCV tmpactThe Cornell Pem Report is the sto~

of 50 Peace Corps Volunteem andwhat they accomplished—and didn’taccomplish—in the Andes.

It is also a story of 15 villages andwhat happened to them because of thePeace Corps,

The r=earchers, who were well ac-quainted with community life in theAndes long before the Peace Corpsarrived, carefully measured every as-pect of Volunteer life over a periodof two years, 1962-64.

The Volunteem were under a socialscience microscope from tbe time theyentered training for Peru 111 in thesummer of 1962 to the time they com-pleted sewice, and the communitieswhere they labored were assessed be-fore, during, and after their tours.

The result is a detailed and scholarly329-page work titled “Measurement ofPeace Corps Program Impact in thePeruvian Andes. ”

A major conclusion of the report

is that Peace Corps communitiesdeveloped at a rate almost threetire= s f~t as communities withoutVolunteem,

The revert finti that “the PeaceCorps pr;gram in tbe Peruvian Andesdid achieve a memurable impact uponi~ target communities the Volun-teers fulfilled one of tbe three missionsdefined for the Peace CoIps by tbeCongress in establishing tbe organiza-tion, by contributing to the develop-ment of a critical country in the SouthAmerican re~on that is one key to thefuture course of world history.”

The research project was contractedby the Peace Corps to the Departmentof Anthropology at Cornell Univer-sity. The anthropologists had longbeen familiar with many of the Indianvillages in the Peruvian Andes throughtheir Corne!l Peru Proiect which beganI4 years ago. ‘

Dr. AlIan R. Holmberg, chairmanof the Department and one of tbe

three authors of the repofl, w% thearchitect of the community develop-ment proflam in VicOs, Pem (seePage 10), which became famousthroughout btin America.

The contract representatives wereinvolved from the be~nting of thePeace Corps project not only as o~sewers but as staff advisers and con-sultant to the Peace Corps countrystaff and to Volunteers themselves.

Their “participant obsewation” in-volved detailed research through inter-viewing, personal obsewation, use ofquestionnaires, and photography.Holmberg and four other members ofthe faculty and staff at Cornell wereassisted hy a large staff of Peruvians,including many anthropology students,who did extensive field investigation.

Frank Mantiewicz, Latin AmericaRegional Director, calls the reporta “landmark in community develop-ment research.

“The 50 Volunteers were among the

In the Andean village of Pisac, Molly Heit teaches children to embroider tapestries, using their own ideas for design.

fint Peace COTS community devel-opment workem,” says Manklewicz.“They operated almost without prece-dent or textbook in a difficult cultureamong people to whom even Spanishwas an acquired lan~age. That theydid so well is remarkable, and we havebeen able to benefit even from tbemistakes, ”

Mankiewicz says the research find.in~ “prompted changs in Volunteerselection, training, and field operation.These include better language training,more emphasis on selecting Volunteerswith a university education or techni-cal training, and improving relationsbetween Volunteers and host countryinstitutions.

Initially, the research applied onlyto 44 Volunteers who trained with thePeru 111 group at Cornell. During thestudy, the work of six other Volunteersbecame entwined with the other 44,boosting the Volunteer sample to 50.

The 15 sample communities spreadover 700 miles from Vices i“ thenorthwestern department of Ancash toPuno in the southeast.

They are: Recuayhuanca, Mita,Carhuw, Chances, Vices, Huaraz, Pa-rarin, Cuvo Chico, Taraco, Huanco.IIUSCO, C.amicachi, Chucuito, Ichu.Chijnaya, and Puno.

Director Swgent Shriver sayshe views the Cornell Pem Re-poti m one of great “practicaland historical significance.,,

“For the fimt time,” he said,“we have objective, scientificvalidation of the success- PeaceCOqs Volunteers are roisteringin the field of community devel-opment. It k had, demmdingwork in isolated me= undersometimes difficult and fmstrat-ing conditiom, hut the repodshows that the Volunteen havebeen succ-tiul even beyond ourititial hopes.”

Nauaes changeclThe nama are changed, hut the

people and the places are tbe same.The Cornell Peru Report embraces

the life and work of 50 Volunteersover a two-year span. All 50 arelisted under fictitious names, fromAva to Prudence.

First nam= are used, not to be con-descending, but to give an immediateindication of the sex of the Volunteer.

None of the Volunteers treated inthe report are now serving in Peru.

The authorsThree anthropologists directed the

massive research that resutted in theCornell Peru Report,

They are Dr. AtIan R, Holmberg,Dr. Henrv F. Dobvns, and Dr. Paul L.Doughty.” .

Dr. Holmberfi. vrofessor of an-thropology and ;ha;rman of the de-partment at Cornell University, hasconducted research and inspired com-munity development in the Pemvianhighlands for two decades, Fourteenyears ago he launched the Vices proj-ect that became a community develop-ment model in Latin America.

Dr. Dobyns is a lecturer and seniorresearch ~sociate in Cornell’s Depart-ment of. Anthropology, and the uni-versity’s coordinator for ComparativeStudies of Social Change. He h=edited and written several books deal-ing with the Andean Indians.

Dr. Doughty was a research assist-ant at Cornell four years before heioined the Cornell Pem Project andwent to the Andes m a project coordi-nator in 1962. He is now assistantprofessor of anthropology at IndianaUniversity.

5

PE

lessons will nod be lost’

Four years ago, when the world wassmaller—at least mine was smaller—1 came to Jack Vaughn with my trou.bles. I had recently become P. D.O.IL.A.’s field expert on prizefighting(Jack was the resident expert) andPeru, and 1 wanted to cancel a pro.gram which had been painfully de-veloped over a period of some months.Specifically, Dick Ottinger—then WestCoast L,A. Chief and now Rep. Ot.tiger ( D-N.Y. ); his world wassmaller, too—had worked o“t a pro.gram with the Peruvian government,whereby Volunteers would workthroughout the Andes, in largely ln-dian communities, with the Govern.ment’s National Plan for tbe integra-tion of the Indian. It was an am-titious program, and most peoplethought it looked good,

That is, it tooked good until 1 tooka hard look at it. ‘.Jack,,, I said,“this program will never work,” Itcalled, after all, for Peace Corps Vol-unteers to integrate Quechl# a-speakingIndians into a Spanish-Peruvian cul-ture. “That,’, I said, ‘is mki”g A tointegrate B into Cs culture. It’ll neverwork,,’

The argument seemed persuasive,and with a feeling, 1 think, that youcan’t wi” them all, Jack agreed, and1 prepared to go to Peru, and findsomething better. But by the time Igot to Lima, 1 discovered that (a) thePeruvian authorities “ot only thoughtthe. program could work, they were e“.thusiastic, and (b) the U.S. Ambas.sador, James Loeb, advanced the view(later more widely shared) that tbePeace Corps was out of i!s mind tojunk a program which it bad just de.veloped. I quickly decided that theprogram had a great deal of merit,after all, and we went ahead.

I’m grateful that we did”,t heed o“rown conservatism, and even moregrateful that we were all amateurs.Real professional programmers wouldnever have taken the first step, thegreat advances i“ rural life the CornellReport describes would never havebeen accomplished, and the PeaceCorps would not have—as it nowhas—scientific data verifying the s“c-

By FRANK MAN~WICZ

Lafin America Regional Direc(or

cess of our community developmentVolunteers,

I know the communities describedin this report. I also know hundredsof others, in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia,and Colombia, which are hardly dis-tinguishable. Until you have experi.enced at first hand tbe apathy, the sul-len sense of futility, the hopelessnessof life, and the absence of growth orthe hope of growth which characterizesthe Andean village, you cannot ap-preciate the extraordinary effort thathas gone into the Cornell study. Nor,in a very real sense, can you appreciatethe results these Volunteers were ableto achieve.

The “development scale” used bythese anthropologists is a fascinatingone, and reflects the vast gulf we facewhen we talk about development, Incommunities where a significant stepupward towards a better life is tbeopening of a seed store, or the entryof a literate person, or a teacher, orthe formation of a credit union, or thedistribution of a two-page weeklynewspaper—where the United States isas far away as the moon, and the ideaof self-government as unlikely as flyingto the moon—Peace Corps Volunteersare a powerful force. They are often,too often, the only credible manifes-tation of the U.S. and of our comit.ment to freedom and the democraticSp]rlt,

~us, it seems to me that the reportof Drs. Holmberg, Dohyns, andDoughty is of great significance to allof us, and on at least two levels. Forit not only demonstrates that com-munity development—as the PeaceCorps bas been practicing it in LatinAmerica—works, and work well, italso points out avenues down whichall elements of U.S. policy can profit-ably travel.

The press, of course, hm had a fieldday with tbe Cornell Report. Somereporters have found that two Volun-teers out of the 50 suweyed spent toomuch time primping in front of amirror; one w= careless with tools;another abandoned a going project,and still another could drink ‘the localchampion borracllo—literally—under

6

the table. The result, here and there,has been headlines reading “PeaceCorps Girls Fail with Sex,” or “PeaceCorps Volunteers have no Respect forProperty,” or “Volunteers Succeed, i“Drinking Contests;’ A breezy headlinein an afternoon paper reading, let ussay, “Anthropologists Discover afterTwo-Year Study that A“dean Com-munities are 2.8 Tlms Better Off afterthe Presence of Peace Corps. Volun-teers, Applying the Appropriate ScaleCalculations and Taking Account ofthe Efforts of Indigenous Institutions,Than Without Them,” does not sell alot of p~pers, But that is really whatthe report says. Stripped of all thejargon, with all the tables boiled downand the disclaimers duly discounted,Dr. Holmberg and his colleagues pre-sent us with the ultimate unchallenge-able conclusion that communities withVolunteers advance at a rate nearlythree times as fast ~ similar com-munities without Volunteers.

This fact alone is enough. And whenyou think about it awhile, it is im-pressive. Or “incredible,” m Dr.Doughty, in an unprof~sional aside,commented. Young (and older) NorthAmericans, barely three months re-moved from the most advanced (somesay decadent) affluent culture in thehistory of the world, were able toanimate tbe primitive communities inwhich they worked, were able to or-ganize a spirit of cooperation, wereable to command attention for theirnew neighhors to the point where thesesignificant differences in growth-ratecould be ascertained.

This growth-rate differential, ofcourse, was attained in many ways,and all are significant. Some Volun-teers, so to speak; “rolled their own:’They formed the co-ops which rated“l” on the sca!e; they organized workprojects which built the school, or thebridge, or the ,waterway; they con-ducted—and got others to conduct—the classes which led to literacy. Thisis direct action, nowhere better dem-onstrated than in the case of “Perry,”who brought his community from Oto 21 with just this kind of acti\rity.

All over Latin America, 1 have seenthis kind of action. In Bolivia, in

Colombia, in El Salvador, in Panama,communities move and begin to flour-ish with the impetw of a Volunteer.Here a credit union, there a housingproject, the exampl~ are every here.It remained for the Cornell men toshow us that our eyes—and our en.thusiasm4id not deceive us; thatthese thln~ were happening, and thatthey had their own cultural signifi-

cance. Life was, indeed, better.But there is something else in the

report which verified the communitydevelopment approach, in perhaps asubtler way, but no less direct. That iswhat the economists call the c<multi-plier effect:’ and the warriors call the“domino theory.” It happens in com-munity development when the Volun-teer’s activity in community Organiza-tion may not be directed toward atangible gain on the development scale,or when it is, but he fails. And at thesame time, the organizational effoflcauses the community to be noticed, tobe taken into account, so that tangibledevelopment—from official sources—comes to the people which would nothave come otherwise.

A, Small ‘Sque&~

One of my favorite examples of thiskind is of a Volunteer couple in a re-mote village in northern Peru. As the.Cornell Report points out, these Vol-unteen were required to spnd the firstfew months working almost full timeat improving their house. (“Improv-ing,” in this case, meant adding twowalls to make four in all. ) Duringthis early period, the male Volunteerbegan tentative efforts, later aug-mented somewhat, to organize a workgroup to repair a short stretch of roadto the neighboring village. The ideawas that if this work group could beorganized, the district governmentmight be persuaded to spend somescarce r=ources so that the roadwould be made fit for cart travel. Asit was, the people had to hand-car~their produce to the next market.

Just a few months after tbe househad been completed, however, thefemale Volunteer announced to herspouse that their union was soon tobe blessed, and the couple returned,reluctantly, to the U.S. And there,but for the Cornell Report, the storymight have ended, hardly a successstow for the villagers. But, significant-ly, some three or four months later,tbe district government did come alongand make ik contribution, and theroad hm been repaired. In other

wor&, the mere pr=ence of tbe Vol-unteem, with the organizational con-sciousness they were able to bring totheir neighbors, caused tbe town tobe noticed, and the people’s needs tobe met. Even a small sque~, if per-sistent, will get some grease.

And of coume, there is another im-potiant finding in the report, withgreat prospects for all of us involvedin U.S. policy in Latin America.Roughly 80 per cent of the Volunteersuccess described in the report camefrom Voluntee= working with otherinstitutions, either directly or whichthey were able to involve. Panicularlywas this true with respect to A.I.D.One of the crucial findings of the re-poti is that the Volunteer is the bestconduit for U.S. aid, the bat point ofimpact for the small project or thesmall expendimre of funds. $980of U. S.A.I.D. money, plus one Vol-unteer, plus a well-organized com-munity, produced a jackhammer, asavings of years of labor, and an irri-gation canal between two villageswhich now provides drinking water,irrigation, and some electricity. TheVolunteer needed the jackhammer,

the jackhammer needed the Volunteer,and the village needed both.

These lessons will not be lost onus, and I am sure they will not belost on the Peace Corps. The job ofinstitution-building is a fra~le one,and often an ill-defined one. But thisrepon shows that it can be done. Itdemonstrat- clearly that Volunteers,working with A. I.D., tith A. LD.+uPported local imtitutions, and with suchlocal groups m clubs, church=, andschools, can advance the rate of de-velopment and bring new hope toman.

What I am t~ing to say, I wess,is that thanks to our early “mistakes,”our willingness to take the hardnosedprofessional view, the world of com-munity development will never be thesame. This Cornell Report hm charteda path for all of us, if we will onlywalk it together.

Frank Mhnkiewicz hm been incharge of Peace Corps program de-velop)nent and operations for 19 La/inA rnerican countries since April, 1964.From 1962 to 1964, he directed thePeace Corps program in Peril.

PCVS spur developmentThe Cornell Peru Report concludes

that community development proceedsat a much f=ter pace when a PeaceCorps Volunteer is on the scene.

The research team carefully aria.Iyzed everything Volunteers did in 15communities. It also traced the rate ofdevelopment in five villages where thePeace Corps wasn’t,

The Peace Corps communities de-veloped 2.8 times faster than thesettlements where there were noVolunteers,

The rate of development was mess.ured on a 100-point scale of socialstructure, which permitted direct tom.parison of the relative degree of socio-economic differentiation in Peruviansettlements.

The indices on the scale, listedbelow, were selected so as to put onlyLima, the largest city in Pew and thecentral city for commerce, finance, in-dustry, communications, arts and sci-ences, and government, at 100 points,

THE SCALEGOVERNMENTALSTRUCTURE

L National Capital: seat of Congress,chief executive, and principal na.tional appellate co”fi.

2. Department CaDital: seat of a ore.feit, analogue of a state in Me~icoor the United States,

3. Provincial Capital: seat of a sub.prefect, analogue of a counti inthe United States,

4, District Capital: seat of a registrarof vital statistics and the smallestofficial unit of national govern.ment, The a[calde (principal ad-ministrative officer) may or maynot reside in the district capital.

5. police protection, defined as hav.ing a resident policeman of theGuardia Civil, the national mili.tarized police force.

6. Government bui Idings other thanthose specified in other categories(e.g., community headquarters, cuvtoms sheds, militav or navalbarracks).

7. Public Charitv Societv (Sociedadde Beneflcen>ia P“biicil: a pub.Iic assistance and welfare agencyendowed with land, often manorswith setis bound to them.

8. Community land ownership: parks,central square, streets, commons,etc.

9. Municipal police force: independ.ent of national police,

The indices range from garbage dis.posal to daily newspaper, cemetery toswimming pool, barber to universitygraduate. Each rates a point on thescale. In the Peruvian bigblan~, pros-ress comes in small doses. One town,for example, gained a point with theacquisition of a portable water instal-lation inspired by two Volunteers, An.other village picked up a point whenfour trucks were purchased,

Before 1962, the village of Cbijnayahad no score whakoever. It was zeroon the social structure scale; By 1965,it bad a score of 21, largely throughthe efforts of tbe Peace Corps (seePage 18),

The researched gave some attentionto Volunteer impact in the complexurban settlements of Puno, Cuzco, andHuaraz. In the social scale ratings, noincreases were measured in those cities,though the researchers found that Vol.unteers substantially reinforced manyexisting institutions.

EDUCATIONALSTRUCTURE

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16,

17.

18.

Graduate level university instruc-tion.university level instruction, incl”d-lng normal schools,Secondary level instmction, de-fined here as complete (e.g., fivevea rs).Primary level instruction, definedhere as five grades.Literates: one or more literate resi-dents (percentage if known),PrimaV school graduates: one ormore such residents (percentage ifknown).Secondary school graduates: oneor more such residents (percentageif known).University graduates: o“e or moresuch residents (percentage ifknown).Agricultural extension services,

RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

19.20.

21.

22.23.

24,

Seat of archbishop or cardinal.Diocesan Seat with cathedral andresident b!shop,Parish headquatiers with residentparish priest,Church or chapel building.Protestant chapel and congrega-tion.Religious lay voluntaw associa-tions that are permanent and for-mally organized, other than con-gregations.

8

In eliminating these three’ citiesfrom the 15 smple settlement studiedby Cornell, ti’e research team foundthat the rate of scale increase for tberemaining 12 rural communiti~ was2.1 points per community per year.

That is 3.47 times faster than therate atablished for the five compari.son community samples, which weresimilar to the 12 villages except thatthey did not have Peace Corps Volun.teers. The basic rate of scale increasefor the five rural settlements withoutVolunteers was .6 point per commu-nity per year.

“Future studies of the settlementswhere Volunteem worked during the1962-64 period will be required todiscover whether these communitiescontinue to increase in scale of socialstructure more rapidly than Andeansettlements which have not receivedthe stimulus of Volunteer action,” thereport says,

“What we are able to say, on thebasis of the first two years’ record,is that Volunteen clearly fostered atrend toward relatively rapid commu-nity development.”

BASIC COMMUNITYSERVICES

25.

26.

27.

2a.29.

30.31,32.33.

34.35.

36.37.-.3a.39.

EiectriciM electric power plant,public lighting, household semice.Market: public marketing area,supewised and housed in publicbuilding.Water SUDDIY DiDed into Dublictaps andlor “houses.Canal irrigation works.Public square: improved (e.g., con-Crete walks, trees, shrubs, fo””.tains, etc.).Paved or cobbled streets.Garbage collection and disposal.Swimming pool.Public school pupil. feeding pro.gram.Welfare program (such as Gritas).Intra-city bus, cokctivo, taxi sem-ice.Sports field.Cemetery.hblic Iibraw. sectarian or Drivate.Museum: public or private (numberper 1,000 population if known).

COMMUNICATIONS

40,41.42,

43.44,45.46.

47.

Airpoti and regular ftights.Railway,Highway: a vehicular roadpassable.Post office.Telegraphic semice.Telephonic sewice.Interprovincial tramp truckand scheduled truckers.Interprovincial bus sewice.

that is

service

Volunteer Ida Shoatz shops for food in the tisac marketplace. She operates school lunch programs in 13 Peruvian villages.

HEALTH SERVICES

4S. Medical sewice: settlement re-ceives regular visits by doctor.

49. Resident physician (or number perl,WO inhabitants).

50, Hospital.51, Resident nurse or nurses.52, Medical post.

MASS MEDIA

53. Daily newspaper, published insettlement.

54. ~;:~y nwspaper locally pub-

55. Weekl~, bimonthly, Or mOnthlymazazines Dublished.

56. Ra&o station.57. Telev!snon station.58, Book publishing jndustw.59. Newspaper reading: metropolitan

newspapers are delivered and readregularly.

CREDIT STRUCTURE

M. Banking institutions: main offices,branches, agencies.

61. Credit unions, including housingcooperatives, loan associations,fins’nce companies.

INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE

62, Construction industw with spe-cialized skills (e.g., mason, tilefactory).

63. Processing industm soda water,m!neral water, canneries, brewew,cordage ml11,match factory, vege-

table oil mill, soap factow, furni-ture factow.

64. Clothing industr~ textiles, shoes,hats, etc.

65, Metallurgical indust~: extraction,processing, manufacture (e.g., rail-way shops, machine manufacture).

66. Pharrnaceu~cal industry.67. Chem!cal !ndust~ (e.g., caustic

soda).

6a.69.70.

71.72.

cOMMERCIAL RECREATION

Moving picture theaters.Legitimate theaters.~ncert band or orchestm (EurO-pean iristruments): prOfessiOnalfull. time musicians.Bullring or stadium.Indoor recreation (e.g., Mlliards,night clubs, bowling alleys, shoot-ing galleries, skat!ng rinks, gym.

COMMERCIALDIFFERENTIATION

73, Fair, regularly held.74. General retail stOreS.75. Specialized stores: whole& lers.76, Specialized StOre% grocertes.77, Specialized stores: clothing (eg.,

hat, shoes, tai Ior, undewear, tie).78. Special ized stores: department.79. Specialized stores pharmacies.go, Specialized stores: hardware.81. Specialized stores: garage, gasoline

station.82, Specialized stores: automobi Ie

dealer.

83. Specialized stores: glass (e.g.,plate, window, picture, glassware).

84. Specialized stores: book or maga-zine.

85. Specialized store% home appli-ances (e.g., radio, sewing machine,refrigerator, stove, record player).

86. Specialized stores: agriculturalsupplies (e.g., seed, fefiilizer, im-plements, tractors).

al. Specialized stores: photographic.aa. Spec~alized stores bakeries.a9. Specialized semices insurance.90, Spec~al ized service% undertaking.91. Soeclalized sew fices: barbers and

92.

93.

94,

—r.beauticians.Speclal!zed sewices: ,hotels, in-cluding, inns and, pensions.Speclal!zed sewlces: restaurantsand drinking establishments (bars,taverns, soda parlors].Locally owned trucks and othermotor vehicles.

95. Cooperative (producers’ Or con-sumers’).

96. Skilled commercial handicraft pro-duction.

OTHER

97. Settlement is a target of migmtion.9a. ~smopol ltanism foreign colony

or colonies.99. Social ~lubs, either PU

or multl-settlement [e.g., M,ason!countw club, Rotaw, Lions, pro-

Irely local,s,

vincia i).100. Sports”clubs.

9

Vices: a hard lesson

Thirteen Peace Corps Volunteerslearned the hard way—by their ownexpulsion from the villag+that VICOS,Peru, is a self-governing community.

Their expulsion from the A“dea”Indian village by a vote of the localcouncil proved one of the most sensa.tional incidents of the Pem III project.And it was also one of the leastunderstood.

“People who took a short range viewthought that the Vices vote wm a~eat defeat for the Peace COWS,” saysFrank Mankiewicz, who was PeaceCorps Director in Pem and is nowLatin tierica Regional Director, “Ithink it was a great triumph for com-munity development,,,

“The Vicosinos, ” he notes, ‘votedthe Peace Corps back in four or fiveweeks, But, to me, that was not “earlyas great a triumph as the fact that theyfelt confident enough to take that voteand throw us out in the first place,Democracy doesn’t guarantee goodgovernment, just self -government.,x

The Cornell research team wasuniquely qualified to chronicle thePea@ Corps experience in VIcos, aAacienda situated in the Callej6n deHuaylm Valley 9,000 feet above sealevel. The Cornell Peru Project hadbeen engaged in community action andr~earch there for ten yearn before the

Peace COVS arrived in October, 1962.In 1952, Cornell had resumed re-

sponsibility for tbe administration a“ddevelopment of the manor as a labora-tory for community development. ~Isapplication proceeded until 1957, whenVices came under the administrationof the Pemvian National Plan forIntegrating the Aboriginal Population(P.N,I.P.A.).

Before 1952, wcos was, a virtualserfdom. I& 1,850 Quechua.speakingIndian residents held no title to theland they tilled and had no say in ismanagement. A single individual, thepatrbn, mled tbe manor. He controlledeverything but the local church.

Ody five people could read andwrite, and 1,576 had “ever gone toschool, Most of the I“dia”s did noteven recognize the word “Pem” andhad no knowledge of their Peruviannationality.

The residents of the village weremostly farmers who had no skills andwere barely able to sustain the commu-nity with their produce and wage workin a nearby town, Vices had only themost basic sewica—a chapel, a ceme-tery, an ancient irrigation canal, and abumpy truck track,

By Cornell’s social structure scale,Vices in 1952 had eight points. Itranked near the bottom,

Then cme the Cornell Pem Projectof applied social science to impireVimsino effo~ to mtimti theirresowces.

The newcomem zeroed in on estabIisbing a viable primaq education sys-tem. They improved facilities andtraining, encoura~d community par-ticipation, stafled pupil lunches, andrewarded good attendance. I“ fiveyears the school had 250 re~lar stu-denk and eight teachem,

From there, Vices moved up thedevelopment scale by gaining enlargedplaying fields, a“ agricultural extensionsewice, a reWlar health clinic and astock of medicine, an electric gen-erator, and more general stors andproducts.

Finally, Vicosinos obtained owner.ship of their own land, abolished thepedn system of obligatory labor,elected their own officials, and paidtaxes on their lands. The 400-yearpeonage under the hacienda systemwas eliminated,

In one decade, Vices tripled its scoreon the Cornell social stmcture scale,to 23. And there it stood when thePeace Corps arrived.

Thirteen Volunteers were assignedto work with the 24 Peruvian staffmembers of the Ancmh Program ofP.N. I.P.A. They were to live in Vices,from where they eventually spread outto live and work in nearby settlemen&alone and in teams.

They included agriculturalists, liter-acy instmctom, home economist and

A mother and her children gather tigs for firewood along the mountainous WWC road,

Volunteer Everett Snowden, at top left, tests a new water. powered spinningwheel he designed to speed production of afliwn C04P members in Chijnaya.

demonstrators, a nurse, CO-OPorganiz-ers, and social scientists,

In March, 1964, 17 months after theVolunteem arrived, the Vices commu-nity council voted to expel them fromthe town. The Cornell Pem Reportcites “numerous accidents, blunders,and misunderstandings” that led to thebrief ouster,

The Volunteers were relatively com-fortably housed in a complex of com-munity buildings which were also usedas living quarters for the Peruvianschool teachem and P.N. I.P.A. person-nel. And it WM there, the report notes,that troubles first developed.

Volunteers set up what seemed tothem to be an inexpensive cooperative“diner” where they each spent an aver-age of from $1.10to $1.45 per day forfood. The Peruvians paid an averageof 35 to 40 cents per day for their

boarding house meals. They felt thatthe Volunteers were showing off theirsuperiority and wealth.

Other con flicti developed over suchsmall thin~ as the Volunteers not lik-ing the way the teachem played bmket-ball, and vice vena, and soon theVolunteers and Peruvian~ kept largelyto themselve despite the physical jux-taposition of their livine auarters and-.w~rk areas.

The friction was symbolized bv asign posted over the Volunteer diriingarea which read: “TbeVicos Hilton.”The Volunteers considered it a humor-ous twist ontheirmstic~ving. But fortbe Pemvians, who had never experi-enced life in an amuent society, thiswas a poor joke, They took the signto mean relative luxury in tbe bottom.of-the-social-scale post.

“Volunteer isolation from the ln-

11

dian inhabitants of Vices w=, in mostcases, at least m ~eat as Volunteerisolation from” Mestizo counterparts,”the report says. “Althought heC ornellPem Project staff and the Peace Corpsrepresentatives attempted to correctthis situation on several occasions,their efforts met with little success.Indeed, the time came when the localVolunteers virtually threw a visitingstaff member out of Vices, and themembe~ of the group were ready totender their resignations?’

The research team said that “theimpact of the Volunteers must beevaluated against this background ofproblems and handicaps.”-r-.

The experience of one of the Vol-unteer leaders, AlIan, demonstratesmuch of the fmstration in communitydevelopment.

Trouble Compounded

AlIan, a Harvard graduate who hadworked on a farm and with racehorses, sought to promote improvedlivestock handling practices, to encour-age stock vaccination and dewormingof animals.

He tried to use a new method ofc%trating a friends donkey, and thedonkey died, angering the friend’sfather and causing the friend to runaway from home.

He irritated his Pemvian co””ter.parts by building a corral for IWOPeace Corps horses behind theirdormitory.

His auto driving and mechanicsclass= proved abortive, and he becamefrustrated by constant breakdowns inthe Peace Corps vehicles for wbichhewas responsible.

He also knocked down a pedestrianwith his vebiclein nearby Huarw, andincurred the wrath of the police whenhe tried to “arrange” the consequencesof tbe accident.

All this led to a deterioration ofhis relationship with the more popu-

“Iar of the two Volunteer leaders, Al-fred, and the report concluded thatAlIan “appeared to be both insecurepersonality, and socially isolated frombis peers.” Heasked for, and received,a transfer to Mita, another AncashDepartment village. The Cornell PeruReport rates his ten months in Vicesas “undistinguished?’

Actually, the tramfer proved bene-ficial. AlIan’s contribution to Mitahelped that village to rise appreciablyon the social scale structure.

Of the 13 Volunteers who sewed inVices, Anita built up the strongest

single Peace COWS pro~am. She wmone of the few Volunteem who pickedUp the local IanWage, Quechua, andshe branched out from her first assign.ment m a home demonstration agentto start a school.

Vitiually single handed, the reportsays, Anita opened a new sectionalschool comprising one third of theschool plmts in Vices, and she taught20 pupils who othemise would havehad no education that year.

“Most importantly:, the researcherssay, “Anita built up ave~ warm per.sonal relationship with her pupils andthe people.,’

When the Vlcosinos expelled theVolunteers, they rescinded their actiona few weeks later and inked the PeaceCOTS to’ return. Specifically, theywanted Anita back,

“Anita, and only she among theVolunteers assigned to the A“cmhPro@am, laid a lasting foundation ofhuman relationships that led to co”.tinuanceof a Peace Corps pro~am inVices,” says the report.

Another Volunteer, Adam, faredless well.

He inspired a forestation project,got tbe seeds planted, and then left onholiday, men he returned, he found10,000 seedlings dead for lack ofirrigation.

He promoted a hot shower facility,obtained funds from the communitycouncil, and then laid the foundations,Then he tired of the activity and aban-doned the project. Nobody botheredto finish it.

Adam, a talented musician, e“co”r-aged young Vicosinos to purch%e in-strument, Then he found that hereally didn,t like the kind of music thePeruvians preferred. The Indian boyshad to go elsewhere for instruction.

Adam’s 6“al disinter involved theloss of the community’s $200 auto-matic gasoline-e”~ne power sprayer.He saddled it to a pack horse, whichpromptly bucked the clattering ma-chine off its back and wrecked it,

The conclusion on Adam: he as-sisted the expansion of VICOSagricul-ture by transporting local potatoes toa nearby market in the Peace Corpstruck. But at the same time he ren.dered useless several of the scarceresources of Mcos: a jeep, shot waterheater (for the shower) and a powersprayer,

After a year of work in Vices,Adam joined the Volunteers who wereengaged in the rehabilitation of anearby Indian community namedChances, where the Peace Corps

launched several projeck that helpedthat village develop a tourist industry,

Another Vices Volunteer whoshifted his efforb to Chances wasAlfred, a Voluntmr leader whose posi-tion in Vices wm central to the disputethat eventually led to tbe expulsion ofthe Peace Cobs.

Alfred set out to organize a com-munity accounting system and to traina Vicosino to take it over, h book-keeper for the town council, he ~.sumed an important role in the life ofVicOs,

Mfred had dificulty finding some-one to train, and the Indians becamesuspicious of his accounting methods,paflly because they are naturally waryof anyone who handles funds andpatily because Mfred did not seem

interested enough in details. Furthermisundemtanding developed when Al.fred refused to comply with commu.nity and Pemvian staff demands thathe make some “anachronistic” changwin the system,

In his work, Alfred for ~ timecontrolled fun& of individuals whosubscribed to a ,Cornell-ititiated com-munity marketing system. He foundthis tedious, At Iemt twice he short.changed farmers. When o“e of themcomplained, Alfred refused to enter-tain the thought that he had made anerror. He insulted the Indian andshowed him to the door,

Later, Alfred rechecked his boohand found that he had erred. He paidthe farmer, but it was too late, for theIndian was an influential man who

,. ,.

Potato planting in Chijnaya: a farmer turns the soil highabove the communal ‘-- ‘-.,-’-’ ‘, - “-’., -’--- ‘- 10”,., ,,, ,.., ,... “y . “.,., ,,.., ,,, L,W.

spread the word that Alfred was notto be trusted.

A tramaction involving the rentalof a hotel thermal bath complex innearby Cbancos triggered the finalcrisis.

The ExpuKxon

Many Volunteers had become inter-ested in and worked on tbe rehabilita-tion of the tourist installation. Alfredserved as architect, project engineer,and foreman, and it was he who tookthe lead in arranging for joint PeaceCOrps-VIcOs community managementof the thermal baths and hotel.

“ln sbon run terms? the CornellPem Report says, “theprovisions (forjoint management) may well haveplaced the Vices community in a moreprecarious financial position than itwould othewise have occupied?’

~ls sentiment, compounded by thelong standing personal fldges andenmities built up over a 17-month

period, precipitated a communitymeeting. The wife of a local officialand a P.N.1.P.A. administrator pro-voked tbe community to challengeAlfred and the other Volunteers.“The many mistakes in social relationsthe Volunteers made came home toroost,” stat= the report, “M thoseVicosinos wbo had lost something atthe bands of tbe Volunteers demandedaction against them. Despite the ef-forts of a member of tie Peace Corpsstaff wbo had many friends and a longacquaintance with Vices, the Cornellcoordinator, and the P.N.l,P.A, Umaheadquarter, the Volunteem were ex-pelled from Vices by community de-cision in March, 1964?

TWO weeks later the Vicosinos for.mal[y petitioned to have Anita andother Volunteer teachers return. Thereport says that Anita was “the oneperson who had already achieved apositive and notable impact? She be-came the model for later Vices re-

13

quesk for Volunteem. Most of theothers in the original woup were =kedto remain in Chances.

The repon calls tbe decision toexpel the Volunteers a “highly signifi-cant and an important experience forthe former serfs of Vices.”

“Few, andpossibly no other similarrural Indian population or Matizotownsmen in tbe Peruvian And-,would risk expelfing from is midst abody of persons enjoying the highprestige that Peace Corps Volunteershad in the Callej6n Valley;’ the repomconcludes.

“The fact that the VICOS ex-serfswere able to make such a decision atall, even though they did so under themanipulation of anti-American atita-tors and without a full comprehensionof the nature of the expulsion, reflectedthe great social distance these Indi-ans have traveled since their days ofserfdom.”

Villagers in the Urubamba Valley celebrate their communi~s festival day, which comes once a year.

Agatha, who barely made it to Peruwith the Peace Corps, flounderedaround i“ two posts for six mOnth~before she finally made it to Carhuaz,But her third post proved the charm.

The Cornell Peru Report suggeststhat her experience demonstrates sev-eral lessons in selection, assignments,and staff patience with, independent-minded Volunteers.

At the end of training, she wasticketed for a return home o“ medicalgrounds, The reason: low red bloodcorpuscle count, But the Peace Corpssent her to Peru a“~ay. She hadfluent Spanish. and high motivation,the report says, and the doctors figuredlife in the high Andes would help thecorpuscles.

Once in Peru, Agatha,s difficultiesmounted. “She underwent somethingof a traumatic experience in the coas-tal city (Chimbote) where she wasinitially assigned,,, says the report.

So she ws transferred to Vices, butthere she found that the literacy pro.gram she had applied for was over-staffed and that her second choice,home demonstration agent, was alsounavailable.

Hnally, six months after her arrival

in Pen, she was sent to the city ofCarbu~, a provincial capital of 2,175persons. It was there, as the onlyVolunteer in town, that she made bermark. The Peace Corps assigned herto Carhuaz at the request of the PublicCharity Society, which operates ahospital in tbe city.

Agatha resided in the hospital andassisted in operating the plant, Shefound it lacking adequate bathing andtoilet facilities for patients and staff,and she promptly went about organiz-ing a series of fund raising activities tofinance improvements. When she ob-tained shout $300, she inked’ Newton,a Volunteer stationed nearby, to directconstruction. The hospital thus gainedshowers, tubs, three toilets, and a“electric hot water heater.

Carhuaz residents paid a slight feeto use the showers, the first such publicfacility in town.

Agatha also set up a beauty parlor,gave local women permanent wavesfor a small fee, and trained severalgirls as beauticians.

She was asked to seine on a localboard to help reactivate a welfareagency, and this resulted in the dis.tribution of surplus food a“d clotbi”gto needy Indian families.

14

Agatha also taught English to ele-mentary pupils and organized dancingclasses in the school.

The Cornell research team foundher to he extremely popular in Carhuaz—and they also found tangible resultsof her work. Carhuaz, which had63.5 points on the social structurescale, gained a point during Agatha,sstay. “The fact that Agatha was ableto increase the score of a provincialcapital—which is not an easy feat be.cause provincial capitals already scorehigh and possess many of the charac-teristics that fail within the normalcapability of Volunteem to intro.duce-onstituted a very significantacbievem:nt,’, the report says.

“Significant resulb were achievednot because sbe dispersed her efforts inthe Carh”a community at large,,, co”.eludes the report, C&b”tbecause herefforts were concentrated on a specificlocal institution, i“ each case withmarked success.,,

Throughout all this, Agatha emerg~as a lively a“d highly i“depe”dent per-sonality who gave Peace Corps staffsome headaches.

“She frequently abused Peace Corpsvacation rules and was disciplined forher infractions,>, says the repofl, ‘LSheoften gave the Peace Corps co””trystaff the impression that she was ‘scat.terbraine# but harmless,,,

. ,. ,,. . .

But, the repoit adds, “had the PeaceCorps selection procedura followed‘the book: or had the Peace Corpscount~ oficids lost all confidence inAgatha at any time before she beganto show some positive r~ults in Car-huu, her final success could not haveoccumed.”

“Given the opportunity and consid-erable ‘pushing’ from members of thestaff, she finally established a record ofaccomplishment that turned out to befar better than might have been ex-pected after her first six months inPem, ~Is Volunteer’s geat fluencyin Spatish, her vivaciousn=s, and herhigh motivation, appear to have beenthe keys to the positive impact sheacfieved.”

Volunteers

Direct United Statm aid to Andeancommunities proved more effectivewhen it w= distributed by Peace CorpsVolunteers.

~is is the conclusion of tie Cor-nell research tern, which carefully obsewed the distribution of material aidthrough Volunteem in the Pemvianhighlands.

In many instants, the researchesdiscovered, the Special Projw& Pr@Pam of the Agency for InternationalDevelopment afforded Volunteers ma-terial raources to work on development projects that they could not have

Volunteer Mike Manetsch uses A.I.D. tool to help cut irrigation canal.

managed on their own, nor with PeaceCorps resources.

By the same token, Volunteemhelped make the Special ProjeckProWarn a succas” by providing itsstaff with information about ~ssibleprograms.

Such mutual reinforcement, the re-port sugg=~, shows that “U.S. ma-terial aid dls~nsed under Volunteersu~wision would achieve greater im-pact than either Volunteem withoutmaterials, or goods saris Volunteer.”

me report is laced with insiances ofVolunteer applications of the macro-economic provams of the Agency forInternational Development.

In the Ancwh Department village ofMita, for example, Volunteer-A,l.D.interaction contributed greatly to adramatic boost in the vill~ge’s socialscale ranking over a two year period.

Materially, the reinforcement in-volved little more than a couple ofsewing machines, a few booh, a band-ftd of sheep, and a movie projector.

In 1963, A.I.D. contracted with theNational Farmers’ Union to bring 18Peruvians to the U.S. for six monthsto study agriculture. Before their de-parture, several of these Peruvians re-ceived English instruction and orienta-tion from Volunteers.

Among them was the leader of theMita community, who on his return

ganized a goat production cooper

“The responsibility of ourtie & notbbg IM than to leada mvolutiowa revolution whichtill be peaceful W we me wkeenougk, human if we careenoug~ mccesful K we m fOr-tinate enoug-ut a revolutionwhich will come whether we tillitornoL We canti=t ibchm-acte~ we cannot alter i~ hevi-htdtity. . . . If you h Pem4fwe in W the Ameficm — cmbuitd a wciety frw and jwt, inwhich tbe prtiuck of mm’s in-ventive mind me timed to thewtice of ti h--en it w~lbe hem tit othem t~e thehmtiel, here that they till findme= to theti problem.”

Senator Robert F. Kennedy, in aspeech to Peruvian university

students, November, 1965.

‘/tive. In this he W* assisted by AlIan,who had moved to Mita after an un-successful tour of sewice at VicOs(see Page 10).

A sheep raising cooperative was or.ganized in 1964; with AlIan’s advice,with funds from the Special ProjectsProgram to finance the purchase of 28young ewes and two ram, with leader.ship and support from within thecommunity, the cooperative provedsuccessful.

Another Volunteer, Nelly, was m-resignedto the Peruvian National SchoolFeeding Plan, hut she visited Mitaonce a week to give sewing classes towomen, The classes were ,made pos.sihle when A.I.D. provided Mita withtwo sewing machin~ for i“stmctionalpurposes.

A.I.D. had also provided books fora local library, and later contributeda portable movie projector.

The report says that “cooperationbetween Volunteem and the A.I.D.mission has resulted i“ a very easilymeuured improvement in a rural in-digenous community .,,

“Mita is a clear case of U.S. ma-terial aid having tremendously more

effect when administered and than.nelled through Peace Corps Volunteersproviding on-the-scene faw-to- face in-teraction with the members of a tom.munity, than when this type of localpemonnel is not available). says thereport,

In this cme, Volunteers were ableboth to define necessitia “to the A.I.D.Special Projecti Program, such as sew-ing machines and improved breedingstock, and to help in selecting thespecified p“rchasm to meet thosenecessitim, such as when AlIan jour.neyed to the sheep farm to help selectthe animals, the report notes:

Thus, the report says, through theefforts of the community leader, thelocal citizenry, Volunteers and A,I, D.,Mita was able toacbieveseve”~in~on the social scale from 1962 to 1964,boosting its total to25 points,

A number of the projects engagedin by Volunteen and A,l, D, i“ Pemdid not show up as scale increases, yetthe researcbem found them important.The ingredients always involved Vol-unteer time, A.I. D. materials, andlocal Iaborand leadership.

The researched obsemed the dis-

tributionof aid in communities wherethere were no Volunteers, and con-cluded that the Special Projec& Pro.gram was roughly wice m effectiveworking with Volunteers as it w=working directly with rural settlements,

Furthermore, the report stat=, “itis imponant to note that the SpecialProjec6 Pro~am W= the onlyU. S.A. I.D.-Peru activity encounteredaffecting any of the settlements whereVolunteers worked or eve” tom.parison communities studied duringthe 1962-1964 period, except for abrief Volunteer consultation with O“econtractor, ”

Finally, the report says that resi-dents of rural Andean settlementswhere Volunteers worked during thisperiod achieved ody 8.1 per cent oftheir total scale incre%e due to tom.munity action by their own unaidedeffore.

But 90 per cent of tbe ruralhighland community scale increasesachieved during the period came abotttthrough tbe combined efforts of localresidenb, Peruvian government agen-cies, A. I.D.’s Special Projecti Pro-gram, and Peace Corps Volunteers.

VolunteerDolores R. Aguayo teaches Spanish toa class of Indian children in the Andean village of Cuyo Chico,

Peawntfarmer fmm Urubamba, the’’sacrW valley’’ of the Incas.

Sex makes an impacti

Sex played a role in the Peace Corpsimpact in Peru.

Actions speak louder than words,the Cornell Peru Report says, and i“several instanc~ the research teamcataloped the action in terms of whatthey call the “physical narcissism ofyoung femala.”

Dr. Henry F. Dobyns, one of theauthors of the report, says that the nar.cissist cases concerned girls who hadbeen both culmrally and socially co”.ditioned to get by on their sex appeal,

The repoti suggesk that behavioralpatterm comtitute a form of “on.verbal communication — perhaps o“eof the most important forms — inshaping Peruvian impressions of PeaceCorps Volunteem,

The behavior of one female Vo!un.teer in particular seems to have made

a greater impact on a male Volunteerthan on the Peruvian’s,

This case came to the attention ofthe raearch team despite the fact thatthe girl involved did not come withinthe analytical sample of the 50Volunteers.

“The phpical message of sexualpromise this Volunteer conveyed toanother male Volunteer w% so ~atcompared to the reality of tilfillment,that this fmsmation, perhaps combinedwith cultural shock and other factors,rendered tbe male Volunteer com-pletely unfit for effective work inPeru? states the report.

The Cornell team reports that“physical behavior by a few youngPeace Corps Volunteem that pro”edprovocative to othem created a certainnumber of inefficiencies among other

17

Vol.unteem and in re!atiombip withmale Pemvians, ”

The researcbe~ found only two “fe-male narcissism” within the sample.

A common behavioral pattern fol-lowed by female narcissis~, says thereport, is that of retreating into per-sonal pooming under strew—”’a formof mild apathy, a withdrawal fromrather than effort to cope actively withthe source of str~s, ”

The wo cases falting within thesmple were those of Audrey andAnnabelle. In term of affecting orbuilding institutions during their termsof semice, both girls ranked mong thelowest of the Volunteers chtied bythe raearchers.

Audrey and Annabelle were m-resigned to the home demonstrationproject. They also helped the researchstaff at Vices take a census at thebeginning of 1963.

Home demonstration agenk encour-aged household cleanliness, sanitaryand dietary measures, They &so taughtsewing classes and gave cooking dem-onstrations. Although the classes made“distinct gains” for the Indian womenin Vices, the people affected repre-sented a relatively smll portion of thetotal population, says the rsearchteam.

The researchers state that a faras they could determine, Annabellemade no significant contribution to-ward strengthening any organizationsin Peru.

Audrey, however, was reawigned toPuno in 1964, and under close staffsupewision she w= able to makesome contributions there. At times,the research staff reporb, she was alsoable to use her “flirtatious behavior” togood advantage. In Lima, for example,she was able to talk an elderly malearchivist into locating documenti inconnection with her project, whenmale Volunteem weren’t able. to talkthe archivist into cooperating.

Both Annabelle and Audrey devoteda great deal of their time to “groomingand pemonal beautification. ”

The researchers compare the twofemale narcissism they had obsewedto similar cass of Nonh Americanhousewives in Colombia who had toundergo psychiatric treatment in thatcount~ because of their inability toadjust to the Colombian culture. “Thelack of initiative in working with Peru.vian institutions displayed by the Vol.unteers under disc”ssio”, so that theyseem to have achieved some memureof succe= otdy under close supemi-sion, appears to us to r~emble the

lack of internal resourca discernedmong the fJ.S. housewiv~ undergo-ing psychotherapy in Colombia, Theydid not know what to do with them.selve. ”

The repofl suggests that such casescan be isolated in training—by notingexcessive retreat into pe~o”al grOOm-ing, Also, the report adds, “it is pre-cisely the young female candidate whofails to absorb the knowledge offeredduring area studies in the traiting pro-gram who is likely to develop into aVolunteer with ignorant or erroneowperception of local culture that placesher under stress, in constant fear ofoffending, suffering ridicule, or break-ing local ethical norms.”

In contrst to Audrey and Anna-belle, three equally attractive femaleVolunteers were able to achieve “no.table succes= at institution building.”

But with “physical characteristicscertain to attract male attention tothem in either the U.S. or Peru,” Aga-tha, Anita, and Carmen underempha-sized their charms. The report notesthat during training “at Iemt two ofthese girls were embarrassed by theirphysical attractiveness,’,

Primp@ EWS Stiess

Two of the Volunteem were Spanish.Americans and thus were able to oper-ate efficiently in the dominant culturegroup in Peru; in terns of sexualcompetition, one of them seemed tothe researchers to have been able tocompete on equal terms with Peruvianwomen,

All three @rls seemed to displaygreat physical energy, according to thestudy. Two of them walked severalkilometers uphill every day to teachclassa at altitudes of over 10,000 feetabove sea level. Anita and Agathawere extroverts, and Anita and Car-men seemed to be “genuinely in lovewith the people with whom theyworked, particularly their pupils.”

The Indians, for example, evince autilitarian attitude toward their cloth-ing and wear their work clothing untilit wears out. If Anita burned a holein her skirt while cooktng a meal, shecontinued to wear it until it wore out,“without the amiety to appear alwayswell-dressed displayed by other femaleVolunteers.’,

Carmen, who was assigned to GyoChico in &co Department, was sopopular there, judged the rwearchem,that when she left, tbe other teachersgave her a big farewell party (butturned a little resentful when studentsand parenm cried at her departure).

Tbe other Voluntee~ in Cuyo Chicowere dispatched with tittle ceremonyand not much notice, says the report.

“In terns of predicting Volunteersuccess and Peace Corps selectionprocedures: the researchers conclude,Agatha, Anita, and Carmen showed“interest in area studim during train-

ing and showed evidence of significantlearning during the entire training pro-gm.” They continued to learn inPem, while “the unsuccessful Volun-teers primped instead of making anefficient and integrated effofl to re-duce the source of at least one form ofpsychological str=s?’

A ‘model Volun6eer9Perry’s first community action prO-

ject as a Peace COVS Volunteer h thePeruvian Andes was to set up a barberin business. When he left Peru 23Ayears later, Perry had organized onevil Iage and transformed another.

In his two assiWed areas, Huan-COIIUSCOand Chijnaya, Perry triedmore than a dozen projects includinganthropology classes, consumer co-operative, and wjndmill irrigation.

He had a fair shine of failures. Buthis successes were formidable enoughfor Cornell researchers to call tbe wayhe worked “truly a model of the PeaceCorps ideal image.”

Pemy’s tist home was a rented oneroom house in the Jatun Ayllu sectionof Huancollusco in southeastern Peru.

Huancollusco is an Indian settle-ment in the district of Taraco, situatednear the town of Taraco. Jatun Aylluhas an estimated 1,200 inbahitants.

For nine months, Perry divided histime between latun Ayllu and the cityof Puno, where on weekends he taughtanthropology at the National Schoolof Social Work. He devoted his earn-ings there to financing community im-provements in latun Ayllu.

One of his first projects was a finan-cial investment which paid off. Pewloaned $18.65 to a local resident whohad acquired the skills of a profes-sional barber while a temporary mi-grant outside Huancollusco. JatunAYOU soon enjoyed for the first timethe sewices of a professional barber,resident in the community of Huan-COIIUSCO. Also, the barber chargedother members of this Indian tom.munity less for haircub than did theMestizo bmbers in nearby Taraco.

In one yex, the barber was able torepay the loan to PerV, and hebecame a comDletelv independent. . .operator,

Perm took an active interest in theeducation and the recreation of thepeople of Huancollusco.

Withti thee months, he was teach-

18

ing literacy classes in tkee neighbor-hoods of Jatun Ayllu. The enrollmentw= 96, 50, and 29 in the respectiveneighborhoods, with attendance run-ning about 50 per cent of enrollment.Per~ found that about half his stu-denk could read and merely requiredpractice in order to improve theirreading skills.

He began lending members of hisclasses and other peasants reading ma-terials after each class session. Oldtextbooks, copies of L;fe magazine inSpanish, and newspapers were eagerlybomowed. Perry made 279 loans ofreading materials during the first fiveweeks of the libraV.

Perry also found that the Indiansettlements lacked recreation asidefrom festivals, dances, and marketdays. Sports were played in only somesettlements. Concluding that tbe lackof activities to break the monotony ofrural life led to a high rate of alcoholconsumption by the peasants, Perryset out to organize sports clubs. Hefelt that team play might also fosterhabits of working together.

Perry succeeded in organizing clubsat a school in Huancollusco, and intwo neighborhoods of Jatun Ayllu.These groups met weekly to play soc-cer, basketball, and volleyball withequipment supplied by the Peacecorps.

The people of latun Ayllu were en-thusiastic about Perry’s idea for acommunity center where vxious activ-ities might be camied on under thesame roof, and they contributed ma-terials and labor to construct the fourroom building.

The tool for community action used“most by Perry was the cooperative.He started several consumers’ CO.OPSin Jat”n Ayllu. Each cooperativemade its own purchases, and consoli-dated purchasing was eventually tried,but the cooperatives did not prove tobe enduring organimtions. Pemy trans-femed to a different pro~m before

his work had had sufficient time tojell.

Pemy also becme interested informtig a produwrs’ cooperativeamong the women, to weave and knitalpaca wool scawes. This effort tookmore time, but it appears to have morechances for lasting success than theconsumer ventures, the report says.

In December, 1963, Perry leftHuancollusco, having effected the mostrapid rate of change of any highlandIndia community where Peace COTSVolunteers worked during 1962-64.The only exception, cites the CornellReport, was Chijnaya which, becauseof its newness, was “an artificiallyswiftly improving settlement.”

Perv moved to Chijnaya. ThroughJuly, 1965 (he extended his PeaceCorps semice) he worked among the315 people of that transplantedcommunity.

Chijnaya’s birth was itself an ex-ercise in community action.

tirly in 1963, Lake Tlticaca over-’flowed and destroyed large sections ofthe Taraco district. Indian peasantshad to move, leaving their homes andlands under water.

Perry, along with the sub-directorand other representatives from thePuno Development Corporation, de-vised a plan to move some of thefamilies to safer ground. Preparationswere made for a resettlement projectin Chijnaya, then an estate owned bythe church and situated near the townof Pucarh, 62 miles from Taraco.

At first, most of the people weresuspicious of the offers to help. Ru-mors circulated that this was a Com-munist plot, or that the Indians wouldbe slaughtered by the gringos to makegrease for their machines, or carriedoff to work in the jungles.

But some were not disturbed by therumors, and 74 families committedthemselves to the experiment.

Fme FWOWS

The first task for the settlers was tobuild temporary sod houses, sincethere was no housing. Perry helpedthem form a cooperative organizationthrough which loans were handled fornew houses, a school, and a com-mutity center. Perw also helped starta consumers’ cooperative, a small re-tail store to cater to their immediateneeds.

Chijnaya mushroomed.Community plantings were in-

cre%ed. The scrawny cattle belong-ing to the membe~ of the new settle-

ment were pooled, forming. anothercooperative desifled to up~ade live-stock and improve ~wing procedures.One imediate r=dt of cooperativecattle management was that childrenwere no longer required to shepherdanimals, allowing them to attendschool.

The community actively supportedthe educational pro~am under Per-ry’s ~idance, and school attendancesurpassed that in larger neighboringtowns. After a campaign of petition-ing the MinistW of Public Education,the community obtained recoflitionfor its school, and the Ministw sentthree teachers.

Chijnaya is most famous for ikalpaca wool and is tapestries.

Perry conceived the idea of creatinga cooperative for marketing handspunalpaca wool for local weayem in thecomtal cities and abroad. The womenof Chijnaya, idled by the cooperativemanagement of cattle and lackinghomemaking chores to occupy them,readily joined in tbe project, eventhough spinning was traditionally amale specialty.

Another Peace Corps Volunteer,not working at Chijnaya but inter= tedin handcraft activities, suggested thatthe children try their hands at em-broidew. Perry encouraged somechildren to sew multicolored tapes-tries depicting local scenes on plainhomespun cloth.

At first these tapestries were anovelty. Then Perry discovered thathe could sell them, and he encouragedthe children to expand their efforts.They did so eagerly, and now morethan 200 children embroider tapestriesfor ‘<fun and pro fit.”

Perry arranged marketing in Limaand in the U.S. By AuWst, 1965, thisenterprise had earned almost $10,000and is expanding.

The arts and crafts industry ofChijnaya is also paying back to thePeruvian government the funds usedto found the community (an invest-ment totaling some $200,000).

Of Chijnaya, the Cornell Reportsays, “Wtthout Perw, the projectwould not even have started, much lessenjoyed the success that it has todate:’

Pemy was successful as a Volunteerbecause of the way he worked, saythe researchers.

“Pexy consistently lived among thepeople with whom he was working,and largely at their own economiclevel,’, the report adds. “Both inJatun Ayllu and Chijnaya his housing

m

could not in any way be distin~ishedfrom that of his neighbom.”

~pecially impoflant, according tothe report, w= Perry’s command ofSpatish which allowed him to com-municate his ide- effectively andwhen necessaV, to utilize an interpre-ter (from Spanish to Quechua) to fulladvantage. Perry also learned enoughQuechua to “know what was going onmost of the time.”

Pew conducted preliminary studiesprior to undertaking any large scaleproflam. He talked tidely with thepeople of latun Ayllu before initiatingany project with the people in the areaof his first ~signment.

“He showed ~eat patience and per-sistence in dealing with the sluggishlocal bureaucrats and the people them-selv~: the researched say.

“The trust and confidence placed inhim by the people of Chijnaya and thePuno Development Corporation;’ theyconclude, “were equaled in degree inthe case of few, if any, other Volun-teem studied by the Cornell PeruProject?

Fluency:

a ma~or

factor

Peace Corps Volunteers must reallycommand the host country language inorder to win the respect of its citizens,if not to achieve significant programresults, concludes the Cornell PeruReport.

But the research team also suggeststhat fluency in Spanish is only a mini-mal requirement for Volunteer impactin Pew and is not any guarantee ofsuccess.

Technological skills, relative age,and forceful Personalities with greatpersistence ar~ forms of non-verbalcommunication through which Volun-teers with lesser language facihtyachieve “institutional impact,,’ says thereport.

The researched based their study onthe assumption that fluency in spokenSpanish m measured by the ForeignSemite Institute would correctly pre-

,..\

diet Volunteer achievement, ~IS pre.diction turned o“t to be correct in58 per cent of the smple cmes.

“BY dividing the Volunteem intofluent and non-fluent Spatish s~~emwho built or did not build Peruvianinstitutions,” the report states, ;we find29 cases of VOlunteem out of 50who follow the prediction that fluencyin spoken Spanish pemitted effectiveprogram impact?

“More important,” it continues, “i”terms of Peace Corps selection andtraining procedures, is the finding that42 per cent of the sample did not folzlow the prediction?

Of tbiS ~OUp, 12 Vol””teers (24per cent of the sample), were not nec-asarily high in achievement althoughthey spoke Spanish well, and nine Vol-unteem (18 per cent of tbe sample)who did not speak Spanish well stillmanaged to achieve a high level of“institution building,,,

In three cma within the “under.achievement’, floup (low impact de-spite fluency), researcbem felt brevityof assipment within the regions understudy did not permit individuals who

spoke Spatish well to achieve anymemurable impact on local imtitutions.

In four cases, Volunteen were un.able to apply much of their IanWagelearning to their progam activities.

Accorting to the report, one ofthese Volunteers “accomplished littlesave to teach himself fluency in theSpanish lan~age,,, Another “rackedup a most disheafiening record ofstaining new projects but never finish-ing any. ”

Three of thtie Voluntee~ shared anwsignment to a Peruvian field pro-gram whose director never managed toassert his authority over tbe Volun-teem and was able neither to providethem with more mature direction thantheir own whim, nor to support effec.tively the projec~ they did undetiake.

Other Volunteem i“ the ““”der-acbievement” category were appar-ently limited in part by the nature oftieir assignment to Peruvian imtitu-Iiom that absorbed nearly all of theirtime and energi~ so that they couldnot carry on the kind of multi-organi-zational activities typical of most Vol-unteers in the sample.

Age+ld knitting skills of Aymamn mmen in ~ucuito are being put to use.

In the “over-achievement’, goup(Volunteer impact despite lack of flu-ency), in five c%es, the technologicalknowledge and skill of the Volun-teer in using his or her hands w=outstanding.

Researched note one Volunteer inpaflicular who “delighted in makingthins, and could make or do a widevariety of thins useful to the commu-nity. These skills he coupled with aninnovative a“d inquiring mind, He wasseldom if ever idle and pemisted untilhis projects were finished?

Pemonality traits of a different sortalso accounted for the “over-achieve-ment” Volunteers, In one cme, tberepofl notes, “enthusiastic loquacious-n~s substituted to a large extent forlack of fluency in Spanish?

The Iocatio” of his post aided an.other Volunteer, He operated a modelfarm situated at the side of a mainhighway, Thousands of “potential cli-ents” drove, rode, and walked by bispost, and the Volunteer, Preston, seemsto have done quite well with themwithout great language facility,

Although the study wm b~ed onfluency in Spanish, the researchtouched upon the dificulty of learningand, at tima, the necessity of speakingIndian dialects, particularly Quechua.

According to the report, “the mor-tality rate among VOlunteen was far,far higher at the second linguisticbarrier of learning Quechua than atthe first linguistic barrier of learningSpanish?’

The vital role of the Quechua lan-guage in Volunteer impact in the in.tegration problems in Indian Peru isillustrated in the sharp distinction theWcos Indians drew between a Que.cbua-speakfing Volunteer (Anita) andother Volunteers stationed at Viceswho did not speak Quechua,

An antagonistic gover”me”t em.ployee speaking fluent Quecbua helpeda private individual who was anti.berican and anti-Peace Corps (seePage tO) topersuade thelndiamtoex-pel the contingent from the community.

“Had tbe other Volunteers stationedat Vices spoken Quechua,” says therepofl, “it is quite doubtful whetherthe a~tation of the two malcontentcould ever have succeeded in bringingabout the expulsion of tbe Volunteer,,’

“The Volunteers would have bee”able to learn of tbe rumor campaignslaunched against them and to counterthem. They would have fo””d Indianfriends to defend them sooner andmore effectively.”

tie VOluntierk Pem, CU*made quite m bpact by an un.timethd ftoldtigfi liquorweff. Became of his older agead W exceffent physicti condi.Uon, Pemvims considered himve~ macho, or mdy. “Waccolade W= bly timpti onCum by hb capacity to Mnk anyPemvia under the tible:~ theComeff Pem Repoti wys. Onone mc~ion, alwti~oupchal.Ienged Peace Cow Volunteemto a tinfdng match. Cum, tbeVolunteer chmpion, matchedhk Pemvim competitor glwsfor ~m “untff tbe Pemvimquiefly sffd under the table.~jCufi diti’t stop there. He cm-ded the Pemtim outide, theninvitd the spectitom to helphim tikh the pisco (nationaldtik).

Lima papers

seen liking

Peace CorpsThe Cornell Peru Report says the

Peace Corps has a good press,The resemchers paid considerable

attention to Peace Coqs coverage inLima newspapers ad concluded thatthe reporting was “rather overwhelm-ingly favorable in tone.”

Editom and reporters seemed to likethe Peace COTS very much. In fact,more than half the articles appearingfrom 1961 to 1964 were rated “posi-tive” in a Cornell table that ranksstories from “DOsitive-enthusiastic” to“opposed. ” -

The studv focused on the eight Limadailies, which dominate n~wspapercirculation among Peru’s 10 millioncitizens.

“Metropolitan newspapers circulateIuge numbers of copies throughoutthe Penvian provinces,” says the re-port, “A generalized public opinionabout the Peace Corps program inPeru has been formed among news-paper readers that is an addition towhatever direct experiences residentsin the Andes may have had with Vol-unteers and their activities in manydifferent communities in all patis ofthe counw. ”

Accordhg to the study, 375 mticles

about the Peace COTS appemed dur. critickm of the Peace CO~s. bongkg the reseach period. A tid of the “positive” stories, 3.5 per cent alsothem were in the morting paper, La reported criticism.Prewa. And the Pace Corps hit the About a foufih of all stories werefront Dhe= a total of 30 tire=. * said to be “positively enthusimtic.”

“Po~t~ve” atiicles made up 55.5 percent of the total coverage, says thereport. Another 42.1 per cent of allstories identified were rated % neutral—indicating a straight news treatment.

Another 2.1 per cent of the articleswere neutral in handling but reported

“One sto& in twenty reported criti-cisms,” says the report, “and anti-Peace COTS reporting w% conspicuousby iu absence.”

The Peace Corps bad no public in-formation operation in Peru duringthe time of the study.

Job site is importantA job assignment can mean the

difference between success or failurem a Peace COVS Volunteer, the Cor-nell Peru Report says.

‘&Volunteem assi~ed to relativelyillde fined jobs with poor local super-vision felt most dissatisfied with theiraccomplishments and most in need ofadministrative suppoti;’ the researchtem states.

Of the 50 Volunteem sampled, thereport says, “the lone Volunteers hadone chance in ten of achieving signifi-cant impacts while the Volunteersworking with other agencies effectivelyhad nine chances in ten of ‘succeed-ing” in mral community developmentassignments.

These agencies include one or acombination of government (such asP. N. I. P.A,), church, A. I.D., or localcommunity action ~oups.

The repon also concludes that allVoluntee~ can use advice—whetherthey like it or not.

“Although Volunteers complainedabout the Peace Corps staff, they appeared to benefit from all the super.vision and consultation they could beafforded,” says the report.

The research team also found someprejudice against transfem on the partof Peace Corps countw staff, despitethe fact that many Volunteers didmuch better when they were sent toanother post.

A researcher discovered that thestti had tended to rate Volunteers as-si~ed to more than one place lowerthan Volunteers who stuck tith theirinitial asignment.

The repo~ attribut= this attitudeto the fact that obviously satisfiedVolunteem, such as those involved inwell-defined projects, tended to remainat their first post, One of the mostsatisfying jobs in Pem, for example,was pupil feeding, which provided

22

“clearly identifiable raponsibilitieswithin the capabifitim of Volunteer.”And feeding youn~ters proved emo-tionally satisfying, too.

But some tasks proved difficult, evenimpossible, and obviously were lesssatisfying to Volunteers. In somecases, transfers seemed to have paiddividends, even when the second jobproved tougher. Volunteers who werenot succwsftd the first time around,says the report, “succeeded in morethan two CS= out of three when givena second chance.”

A good example w= tbe Chancesrebabfilitation project, which attractedmany Volunteers, especially thosefrom the “frustrating” Vices pro~am.“The psychology of the Peace CorpsVolunteer who wishes to leave behindhim a tangible physical monument ofhis foreign assignment came to tbefront” in Chances, the report obsewes.Volunteers rebuilt the town and gaveit a tourist indust~.

A successful transfer cited was thatof Parker. Initially assiped to teachin the Taraco trade school in south-eastern Peru, he found that the schoolreally wanted a cabinet-maker, not a

A famer tills rich bottom land

ca~enter, and Parker was not a cabi-net-maker. He w= not allowed to domuch teaching, which W* a blow tohis ego. His relationships with hiscounterpafis and the Peruvian pro-gram director deteriorated to the pointwhere he wx not even allowed ad-mittance to the schwl shops. Onseveral occasions, the report says, hewas forced to climb through a windowinto the school shop to retrieve thln~he had left there.

When tbe Peruvian agency(P.N.LP.A. ) refused to help pay forshipping some livestock he had ac-quired for Indian farmers, Parkercalled the proflam director in CuzcoDepartment, and obtained a transferto &co. There, the repoti says, ‘,hewas able to contribute materially to=tablishing a firmer economic produc-tion base for the local Indian popula-tion” by diversifying, enlarging, andimproving livestock production.

Volundeer

carelessness

of$en no$edLumber warped. Twenty bags of

cement turned into stone. Tools andjeep parb scattered. Ten thousandeucalyptus seedlin~ dead,

These are some of the results of tbework—or lack of work+n the partof a bandftd of Volunteers in theAncash and Puno-Tambopata pro-grams in the Perutian Andes. And itwas ,,muy descuidado,, (very careless)of them, say tbe Peruvians with whomthey worked.

,ear the Andean village of fisac.

Indeed, the Cornell r=earch teamfound that one of the most significantimpression that Volunteers s a 50npconveyed to Peruvians by theti be-havior wm that of carelwsnms, bothwith people and with things.

Lack of the necessary repair andmaintenance of motor vehicles as well= disregard for the care of mechatictiequipment and tools comprised thebulk of the carelessness.

More serious incidents occurredwhen Volunteers failed to show con-sideration in their personal dealin~with Peruvians or when they did notfollow through on projecti they hadstarted, the research team says.

By judgment of the Cornell investi-gators, Peace Corps motor vehiclesoften suffered at the hands of Volun-teers. In some instances Volunteersleft auto parts to be repaired withoutinforming staff members that repairswere needed and where the parts werebeing repaired.

Once a Cornell researcher had aflat tire half way up tbe road into themountains and discovered that the ve.hicle’s equipment lacked a jack. Andwhen a bumper fell off a Peace Corpsvehicle, the Volunteer driving at thetime simply did not stop to pick it up.

A recurrent theme in researchers’intewiews with caunterpark and hostcountry nationals after the sampleVolunteers departed from Peru wscarelessness about tools, particularlytools belonging to Peruvian organiza-tions.

For example, when Adam aban-doned an auto mechanics class, he leftthe demonstration jeep in a non- func.tional state. The jeep pars were leftscattered around the yard and underthe roof where the jeep had been kept.

Adam also discontinued a hot show-ers installation project after a littlemore than two weeks of labor. Lum-ber purchased by the village councilwarped and bags of cement from theCornetl project turned into stone.

Patrick took tools out into tbe patiowhen he taught, left them, and theydisappeared. Possibly the studentstook them, according to the centerchief. In any event, there was a dis-pute, and each student was requiredto pay.

Inconsiderate behavior i“ personalcontacts led to more serious incidents.

AlIan,’ who cared for two PeaceCorps horses, used as his “tack room”a room that had been designated byPeruvian teachers as their “club andgame room.” AlIan had not asked per.mission to use the room. When the

23

C=tomem mting in the Chan.CM restaumt duting a wbter& stem found themselvesdrenched tith water.

The roof, which bad beenrecentfy redone with Volunteerhelp, w= found to be lackiwadequate tie suppo~. The ~-ditional hmbo~like wood usedto suppoti the locti dfe roofssewes tbe function of cmyingoff to the eavs any water blownin under tbe loosely laid tfla.

The elimhatfon of this tia-titional suppoti by Alfred leftthe tila both hadequately -ppofied and titbout a second~defeme layer. me water blownin under the tiles, pticulmlywhen a tile or WO became di>lodged, ran down onto the sun-dried clay brick walk, meltingthem away at a %tious rate. ItW- discovered that mewureswould have to he taken to re-roof or diveti the rainwater afteronly oue yew, or the wholestictire would face the dangerof collapse.

teachers managed to collect sufficientmoney to equip their club, they threwall the Peace Corps horse gear into thepatio while the Volunteers slept, set uptheir own equipment, and placed asign on the door for the first time.

Researched blame Volunteer care-lessness on the aMuent society inwhich they were reared,

The majority of incidenh cited are“examples of behavior engenderedby the tremendous accumulation ofwealth i“ the United States thatafienates their citizens from the ma-jority of the inhabitants of the globewho are poor,” says the report.

For example, repair and mainte.nance services for motor vehicles andother mechanical equipment are emilyavailable in the United States, but notin Peru, where gasoline stations arenot found on every other corner.

Researchers note a “psychologicalgulp’ created by this uneven distribu-tion of wealth and contend that itcannot be completely overcome, evenby a highly motivated Peace CorpsVOlunteer.

The report notes that it is hard evenfor a conscientious American Volun-teer to comprehend the value of suchitems as matches or pennies to thosewho are at the bottom of the economicpyramid.

IN THE HUDDLE: Director Sagent Shriver joins six tiotball coaches who will belending their recruitment talents to the Peace tirps as well as the campus asmembers of the Peace Corps Coaches Committee. They are, from left, Robert L.Blackman, Datimouth; Earl Banks, Morgan State; Pete Elliott, Illinois; DarrellRoyal, Texas; Shrivefi John Ralston, Stanford; and Charles Pevey, Louisiana State,The coaches will promote the Peace Corps among varsity athletes a“d physicaleducation majors, and advise Peace Corps spotis community development programs,

Budget and Finance Chiefs Named

Managing Peace Corps money is thejob of two new members of the Wash.ington staff.

Morris W. Kandle, for the past 10years one of the principal budget offi.cers of the Department of Defense foroperations and maintenance, has beenappOinted the first controller of tbePeace Corps by Director SargentShriver.

Kandle will be in charge of allbudget, finance, accounting, and audit-ing functions of the Peace Corps.

Kandle, 47, joined the Defense De-partment staff in 1949, as ksistant tothe Chief of Plans and Programs forAir Force Personnel, In 1954, he be-came Chief of the Training and Com-munications Section for the agency,sbudget division and in 1958, Directorof the Operations and MaintenanceDivision.

A native of PMladelphia, he wasgraduated in 1941 from Temple Uni-versity with a bachelor’s degree.

“The Peace Corps offers an oppor-tunity to provide a model of financialoperations for the whole federal gov-ernment,” says Kandle. “I feel thtswill be a ve~ exciting challenge.”

John M. Bossany has been namedchief Of the Finance Branch i“ the

Division of Volunteer Support.Bossany, 28, was a member of the

first group of Volunteers sent to thePhilippines i“ 1961, and later servedthere as an Associate Representativefor Management, He was also Re.gional Director of the southern Luzo”area.

Bossa”y worked for 21A years witha Chicago acco””ting firm. He holdsa bachelors degree in commerce fromDePaul University.

Other staff changes include the ap-pointment of Ralph L, Morris asDirector of the Medical Program Di-vision. He replaces James E. Banta,wbo has been reassigned to the Na-tional Institutes of Health.

Morris was Peace Corps physicianin Tunisia for two years. He thenjoined tbe headquarters medical staffas Regional Medical Officer for Africaand later was appointed Deputy Di-rector of the division,

Olin C. Robison, former Director ofUniversity Affairs for the Divisionof Recruitment, has left the PeaceCorps to become a special assistant toU. Alexis Johnson, Deputy Under-secretary for Political Affairs in theDepartment of State. Robjson,s re-placement has “ot been named,

24 /

Returnees at WorkMore than half of all former Vol-

unteers who have kept the PeaceCorps up to date on their whereaboubare now employed, and more than athird are back in school,

At the beginning of 1966, the Ca.reer Information Sewice had thecareer plans of 4,915 Volunteers ofthe 6,446 who bad completed initialsewice,

Of the 4,915 former Volunteers,2,833 (52,6 per cent) were workingand 1,920 (35.5 per cent) were i“school.

The remaining 642 former Volun-teen ( 11.9 per cent) include house-wives, semicemen, retirees, and Volun.teers who have extended or re-enrolledor are traveling.

Of those employed, teachers andgovernment employees form the larg-est groups. A total of 282 former Vol-unteen are employed by Peace Corps.Another 140 are engaged in the Waron Poverty, including 14 who havesigned on as VISTA (domestic PeaceCorps) volunteers.

Volunteer DrownsJudith Anne Corley, 23, a Volunteer

teacher in the Cameroon Republic,drowned Christmas Eve while swim-min8 near Lagos, Nigeria.

Miss Corley was visiting other PeaceCorps Volunteers in Lagos during theholidays.

A strong undercurrent pulled MissCorley and a companion, VolunteerRalph Davidson, away from the beach.Davidson was unable to save her be.cause of the rough waves.

The victim taught English and. so-cial studies at St. Francis TeacherTraining College in Fiango, Nkumba,west Cameroon. She had worked herway through St. Louis University andwas graduated with a B.S. degree inEnglish and education before enteringPeace Corps training in the summerof 1965.

Lawrence Williams, representing thePeace Corps, and Minister CounselorPaul Engo, from tbe Cameroon Em-bassy in Washington, D, C., attendedher funeral ceremonies December 29in St, Louis,

Miss Corley is survived by her par-ents, Mr. and Mrs. Vincent P. Corleyand eight brothers and sistem.

MEDI$O Dr. John Chappel treats a baby at a Malaysian clinic. MEDICO, founded by Tom Dooley, is now a CARE sewice,

The Peace Corps and C~E

Konakritee is a tiny fishing village inthe Port Loko district of Sierra Leone,Until 1962 its highly concentrated pop.ulation of 800 men, women, and chil.dren had no latrines and no water sup-ply, other than several sinkholes—allof which were contaminated and mostof which were completely waterlessduring the six-month annual dry sea-son.

Three years ago, clean, runningwater was piped for the first timeinto Konakritee, eliminating x majorhealth hazard to the inhabitants whohad s“$ered throughout the years from

typh,Oid, amoebic dysentery, and amyrtad of other water-borne maladies,

The water came from a gravity-flowwet] system constructed under a co-operative venture of CARE, the pee.ple of Konakritee, a“d the PeaceCorps. Villagers supplied labor for theproject; Peace COVs Volunteers prO-vided the organization and the techni.cal expertise. All the necessaV tools,24 bags of cement, 1000 feet of plasticwater pipe, 11 feet of metal culvert,reinforcing rod, a“d 10 sheets of roof-

By LOREN B. ~N~S

ing material were proyided by CARE,To many Americans, CARE (Co.

operative for American Relief Every.where, Inc. ) means a dollti donationfor a food pxcel to the destituterefugees of World War 11. WhenCARE was founded in 1945, its solefunction was to provide a means forAmericans to send food packages tofriends and relatives wbo had suf-fered the ravages of the Europeanholocaust.

Today, however, CARE has movedfar beyond the concept of providingstopgap relief in the wake of a devas.tating war, The original idea has bee”expanded to meet the difiere”t needsof the underdeveloped world, and i“.stead of designated food contributionsto individuals, CARE now conductsmassive food- for,work and schoolfeeding programs.

CARES initial food distribution pro.gram has been transformed by PublicLaw 480, passed by Conyess in 1954,to allow voluntary agencies to distrib-ute American farm surpluses in thefamine-ridden mea of what the

25

French call c!the third world.,, Underthis law, CARE has built up a vast pro.gram of institutional feeding in schoolsand hospitals, distributing surpluspowdered milk, corn meal, and vegeta.ble oils to more than 37 million peopleevery year, including 28 million schoolchildren,

In fact, the small relief agency,which in the first yew of its existencespent only $500,000 to funnel foodto Europe, h= grown to a globalagency which in the past year raisedmore than $10 million in individualcontributions and delivered more than$89 million in food, medical, and ma-terial services to 35 nations.

CARES transformation from apurely relief agency actually beganin the late 194VS when its originalmission was in part supplanted bythe mere encompassing Mwshall Plan,and in part diverted by the growingawareness that there were many “o”.European nations in need of economicassistance—an assistance that wouldrely less on relief than on rehabilita-tion.

Volunteer Paul Wrobel gives a demonstration in

An Indian famer cuts a deeper furrow with a specially designed CARE plow.

In 1950 CARE launched its “self-help” proflam which has providedthe basis for CARES role in the eco.nomic and social development of tbeemerging nations of Asia, Latin Amer-ica, and Africa, Instead of a foodpackage to bring momentary relief,CARE alw began sending tool pack-ages that would provide an impover-ished farmer with the equipment toimprove his life. me t~l kit todaymight include anything from a simpleplow to an elaborate. well-drilling rig,a woodworking kit, or an outboardmotor.

CARES growing role as a materialsupplier in the underdeveloped worldsoon led it into community develop-ment. 1“ the early 195Vs, in thePhilippines, CARE became deeply in-volved in a community developmentprogram, which emerged first underthe auspices of the National Move-ment for Free Elections and laterunder President Ramon Magsaysay’sP. A.C.D. (Presidential Assistant onCommunity Development) propam.CARE provided [he audiovisual mate-rials, jeeps, self-help kits, and con-struction materials for tbe Philippines’continuing battle for better methodsof cultivation, proper food preparation,hygiene, and public health—issues Ofgreat concern to the government thenbeing challenged by the Communist-dominated HUK pasant rebel fion.

By 1960, CARE could provide the

tools: but. with the exceDtion of,,MEDICO, its small medi~al mm,CARE could not provide the man-power frequently needed to train therecipient in the use of these twls.It is precisely in this area that Presi-dent Kennedy’s establishment of tbePeace Corps opened a new dimensionfor CARE—a dimension that basproved mutually beneficial over thepast four years. Where CARE hadbeen hampered by its lack of person-nel in the field, the Peace Corpscould provide tbe manpower (espe-cially in Colombia, Sierra Leone,Turkey, and Guatemala, where CAREplanned and directly administered sev-eral Peace Corps groups), And simi-larly, where tbe Peace Corps was fre-quently hampered by a lack of equip-ment, CARE could provide the goods—whether it be audio-visual materials,trucks, shovels, or schoolroom note-books.

In Sierra kone, since 1962, forinstance, CARE has administered Vol-unteers provided by the Peace Corpsfor a rural development program in-cluding road and school construction,the development of village water sup-plies, cooperative education, and out-board motor maintenance, and repair.[n addition, a medical contingent basedat Government Hospital in Magburakasupplied Volunteer doctors and nursesto staff public health pro flares, motherand child clinics, and mral Health cen-

26 ~

ters, (The last program was not re-newed atter its initial term, The lackof qualified medical personnel, par.titularly doctors, volunteering for thePeace Corps meant the abandonmentof similar pro~ams, including severalthat never got off tbe drawing boards. )CARES logistical support for theCARE-Peace Corps Rural Develop-ment Program amounted to $100,000,and in the fiscal year just past CAREinvested $122,186 in the joint pro-grams,

Cooperation between the PeaceCorps and CARE has ranged from all-out CARE formulation, training, andadministration of rural communitydevelopment programs in Sierra Leone,Turkey, and Colombia, to a PeaceCorps Volunteers use of CARE-sup-plied sports equipment kits in a sec-ondary school physical education pro-gram in L&ore, Pakistan.

Though the relationship in generalhas been productive, it has not beenwithout its storms. Difficulties, Ofcourse, are inherent in any situation inwhich one agency runs another’s prwgram. And, unfortunately, all .tbe goodintentions of both the Peace Corps andCARE have not managed to avoidthe friction that results from ubiqui-tous inter-agency rivalries, personalityclashes, in-field jurisdictional disputes,and the Peace Corps’ too frequent mis-trust of other agencies in the eco-nomic development field.

Sierra Leone with a CARE aud’io.visual “nit.

Guatemala village= make bricks for one of the many schools sponsored by CARE.

In a way, the difficulty of CARESrelations with the Peace Corps is anindication of a growing dilemma con.fronting CARE as a result of its everincreasing involvement with the Amer.ican government—a reliance born ofP,L. 48o food programs and nurturedhy Peace Corps contracts, with theirattractive offer of invaluable man-power. For as CARE has expandedin the last decade, benefiting fromgovernment support, its independencehas decreased by tbe very nature ofthis support,

CARE has come a long way sincethe Conclusion of World War II a“dhas made a myriad of contributionsto the welfare of needy peoples, Ithas now reached a point, however,where it is treading a tight rope be-tween governmental dependence a“dits traditional freedom of action basedon voluntary contributions. As itmOVes into its third decade the”, itsgreatest challenge seems to be to whatextent CARE can afford to bite thehand that feeds. Unless CARE canenlarge the base of its private support,it may lose its independence to creep-ing governmental controls; the” itloses its whole reason for existenceand nlight just as well turn over itsoperation to A,I.D.

A iormer Volunteer in Sierra Leone,Jenkins is now ,vi,lz Unifed prcs$ In.ternational i“ New York,

Dominican Republic chi Idren await a free school lunch distribut~ by CARE.

Former PCVS&d AlaskanPoverty War

Three Peace Corps Volunteers havetransferred their community develop.ment talenti from the equator to theArctic Circle by joining the Alaskanwar on poverty.

Gerald Miller and Michael Valen.tine, former Volunteers in Ecuador,and Donald Johnson, who seined inGuatemala, are field representativesfor Alaska’s Office of Economic Op-portunity, They direct the anti-povertyprogram in three of O. E.O.,S fourAlaskan regions. They coordinateVISTA (domestic Peace Corps) activ-ities and meet directly with communi-ties where there are no VISTAvolunteers.

Governor William A. Egan says thatthe three returned Volunteers are mak.ing “the most constructive impact up.on poverty in Alaska in its 100 yearnunder the American flag,,,

“1 can’t say enough for these ex-P.C. V.S,” the governor adds. “They’reshowing concrete results that arebettering the fives of”thousands of ourcitizens.’,

“The projects in O.E.O. are essen-tially rural community developmentprojecti; says Miller. “We’re helpingthe people help themselves, just as wedid with the Indians in tbe &uadoreanAndes.,,

The Alaskan population (about250,000) reaps the highest individualearnings in the nation. But over48,000 members of the same popula-tion, Aphapaskan Indans, fikimos,and Aleuts, the “natives,” have theIow=t per capita income in the UnitedStates.

Miller, 43, pays a monthly rent of$1 gO for a one room apartment inFairbanks where he spends perhapsthree nights a month. The rest of themonth he visits Almkan villages.

He attends council meetings com-posed of fikimo whalers, fishermenand, in Barrow, a school teacher anda Catholic priest from the “lower 4g,”as the Alaskans call the rest of themainland states,

“You’re eligible for two VISTAvolunteer,” Miller told the Barrowcouncil, “but volunteem go only where

they’re

Alaska’s Governor Egan (seated) credits ex.Volunteers (from left) MilIer, John:impact upon povetiy in Alaska in its 100 years under the Werican flag? Ala

invited. If you want them,they’ll help you to begin communityaction projects—set up Head Startprograms, fill in your forms for smallbusiness loans, or process your pro-posal for a Job Corps establishment.But only if you want them.”

In Alaska’s southwest, where 68 percent of the population is Indian and&kimo, the average income is $1,952,and a dozen eggs cost $1.08. DonJohnson, 25, went there after complet-ing his Peace Corps semice lastsummer.

A typical village in his ~strict isNapaskiak, 50 minutes by dog sledfrom his headquarters at Bethel.Napaskiak, the home of 180 Rkimos,is a fishing village on king salmonwaten.

When Johnson inked the villagecouncil to tell him what the villa~eneeded most, the council unanimous-ly decided on a refrigeration plant tostore next summer’s salmon catch.

A councilman also suggested thatan airplane be b=ed in the village.There are no roads, and the villagehas to rely on an air char<er semice

28 ;

or dog sleh for suppfies.Another councilman voted for a

herd of reindeer, the only livestockthat can sumive the Alaskan environ-ment.

“We aren,t operating a giveawayprogram here; Johnson said, “anymore than we did in Guatemala. Allthe suggestions made by the villagecouncil will, if implemented, requirehard work on the part of the Napa-skiaks. But if they really want it, ~mhere to help?

Mike Valentine, 23, operat= fromAnchorage — bis territo~ stretches150,000 miles from the I=t island inthe Aleutian chain (closer to Tokyothan Seattle) to Juneau.

Valentine’s biggest problem is Ko-diak Island.

“We fly loh of men carrying theirbriefcases into the villages of Kodiak:an Aleut bush pilot remarked. “Thevillagers have seen them come, andthey’ve seen them go, and the potsremain empty .,,

Kodiak City’s king crab industwbooms, but in an island village fikeOld Harbor, which w= destroyed by

nd Valentine with “the most constructiveI,E,O, Director Alfred Fothergi II looks on.

In 30” below zero weather, MiIler crouches before a backdrop of d~i”g fursto distribute candy to ho girls of Anuktuvik Pass, near the Arctic tircle.

“We aren’t ooeratinz a eiveawv Droeram here.” Johnson -VS at a meetin= of villa~e councilmen in a local school i“Nunapitchuki where-this- ex-Vol~niee~ went to explain the va;ious povew p~ogram; available to the Yuk Eskimo vi Ilagers.

a 1964 tidal wave, the 219 Aleuts aredependent on the fish they can catchtoday, and the fish they might catchtomorrow.

During the winter it is impossibleto dock the fishing vessels necessary tothe village’s economy. Ships put innear Kodiak City, a 40 minute, 50dollar ti,ght to the north, In the wi”-ter, the Aleuts must depend almost

entirely on seal hunting for their dailymeals.

Sven Haakimon, Old Harbor’s ra.taurant owner, says, “Al we want isthe opportunity to work and make aliving in Old Harbor, Welfare wouldkill us by d=moying initiative.,, B“tthe villagers believe Mike Valentinewhen he tells them how self-help com-munity action pro~ams raised fiving

29

standards in Ecuador. “If he Iivdwith those Ecuadorians and made hislife a part of theirs, as he,s doinghere in Alaska, he must care:’ saysHaakinson.

Information on the three returnedVolunteers ww gathered by CharlesOverhoIt, Peace Corps w,iter-photographer.

LEVVEBSVoVHEWOLUNVEER“Senior Volunteers”

To THE VOLUNTEER:

By appaling to educational inter-esti, 1 think we can provide veteranVolunteers with an incentive to stay onthe job (THE VOLUNTEER,November,1965 )“without destroying the essentialcharacter of Peace Corps semice. Itwould not k necessa~ to resort to thedeadly “pseudo-incentives” of moneyor prestige.

The ordinaV Volunteer’s desire toadvance his education is demonstratedby the very high percentage of ex-Volunteers who return to the campus.Why not give the veteran Volunteer achance to do ths in the field if hechoosm to stay on the job an extra sixmonths or a year? A detailed programwould have to be worked out, but theasentials of my suggestion are these:

● Peace Corps should make specialarrangements with interested universi-ties to provide full credit courses (gradand undergrad) by correspondence forVolunteers who have extended beyondtheir fint termination date. It shouldbe arranged that the Volunteer wouldbe accepted into a regular degree pro-gram and his work by correspondencewould be fully accredited toward thisdegree.

● A Volunteer would be able tocomplete up to 12 credit hours duringone calendar year. Peace Corps wouldcompensate the participating univer-sity for the cost of these courses.

. The Volunteer taking advantageof this program would receive nochan~ in his living allowance, re-adjustment pay, or status among otherVolunteers. However, any expense di-rectly creditable to his studies (books,supplies) would be absorbed by PeaceCorps.

. Consideration would be given tothe Volunteer in this program allowinghim perhaps one full day a week tostudy. He would be allowed to makehi-monthly trips to the nearest citywith good libraW facilities. In thecwe of a full year extension, 2 meetingwith faculty advisors should be taui!i-tated for the Volunteer wh]le he is onhis special home leave. This wouldprovide an opportunity for the Volun-teer to discms his th=is ouK,ne whichmight take advantage of his unique

situation in the host country.My suggestion might even be broad-

ened to allow a Volunteer to completethree hours of college work in the lastsix month of hIs re~lar sewice.

In addition to keeping many effec-tive Volunteers on the job for anotheryear, 1 think this would have the addi-tional effect of providing new life, newpurpose, and a new angle of,approachto his work for the veteran Volunteer.The closer the relationship of his workto his study, the fleater these effecbwould be. It is not unlikely that awealth of useful information on eachhost country would & provided by thestudim of such Volunteers.

In short, 1 think it would go a longway toward improving both the qualityof the work accomplished by the PeaceCorW in the field and the quality ofthe ex-Volunteer which the PeaceCorps returns to our American society.

G. L. SCHMAEDICKSan Pedro Peralapin, El Salvador

Experience counts

To THE VOLUNTEER:I think the proposal to boost the

readjustment allowance of extendingVolunteers is excellent. The logic thata Volunteer with two years’ experienceis worth an extra $15 a month is sosimple one might expect Congress tograsp it. And certainly completion ofsewice forms should show that theVolunteer was accepted for additionalduty because of an outstanding recordduring his first two yearn. ‘“

1 am 1=s ceflain of the other twoproposals Mr. Brenneman makes, fora title and a living allowance hike. Ilack Maureen Carrol~s terror of titlmfor Volunteers. Given judiciously, 1think they can simplify leadership.“Senior Volunteem” however, impliti“Junior Volunteer.,’ This would bedisastrous. Perhaps there would bea 1=s offensive d-ignation wombconsidering.

1 am not convinced that an extend-ing Volunteer should get a raise i.n hisliving allowance. It’s either a sub-sistence allowance or it’s not. ironic-ally, a raise would come just when theVolunteer needed it least, after he hadbeen bumming around for two years.Certainly the Volunteer should be re-imbursed for expnses in connection

30 “

with staff businws, and should get .anadditional clothing allowance.

The clothing allowance, doubled ‘readjustment allowance, smonger rec-ommendation, and the already gen-erous home leave policy should en-courage Volunteers to extend. It’s theleast the Peace Corps could do. Afterall, who is more valuable to the PeaceCorps than a good Volunteer with twoyears of experience?

MA= HAWHORNEReturned VolunteerNew York City

Leadership needed

To THE VOLUNTEER:Regarding both articles, “Senior

Status for PCVS” and “Thle TaintsPurpose; I believe THE VOLUNTEERhas created a “black and white” situa-tion out of a possible creative solutionto many Peace Corps problems, Thisseems to be a common practice amongVolunteers and staff alike, whichmakes attempts to standardize ideasinto policy extremely difficult. Needsvary tremendomly from country tocountry, from project to project; aproblem which has caused many anxie-ties on the part of Volunteem and staffin the field.

However, there are a number of ,countries that are in need of additionalstaff assistance. Because of some ran-dom quota placed on the number ofstaff to Volunteers, some projecb havefound it necasary to call Volunteemout of the field to sewe in either staffor semi-staff positions. Certainly, uti-lizing the “senior” Volunteer in sucha role could be of tremendous valuesince he would be in a better positionto provide technical assistance to in-coming Volunteers, as well as to fill the“communication gap” between Volun-teem and staff. Because of tbe de-mands of such a job, it may very wellbe necessary to increase the livingallowance.

If, on the other hand, a Volunteerwishes to extend io complete the workof his original =signment, or perhapsventure into an entirely different typeof assignment, 1 would agree with MissCarroll that while continuing to serves a “Volunteer” in the original senseof the term, it would indeed “put aprice tag on semice and does taint avery important message of the Peacecorps?

I would hope tbe Peace Corps ser-iously considers all avenues toward

retaining the “senior” Volunteer forpurposes of trainiqg, orientation, tech-nical assistance, and for means ofproviding coordination from one ~oupto the next. It does not seem fair tomk such a person to “volunteer” hisservices for such a task.

PAULAHAGANReturned VolunteerRancho Cordova, Calif.

Wctims of image

To THE VOLUNTEER:Our job is not the building of show-

case projects, but the strengthening ofthe foundations of a society for its de-velopment i“ the decades ahead. Weneed not be disappointed that this typof effort often defies the writing ofsuccess stories.

There is the distinct possibility of apremcupation with a sentimental mish-mash of success anecdotes. My? Be.cause we are being enslaved by ourdangerously misleading public image.We arc trying to keep the originalglamour untarnished (a glamour thatnever really was, ironically) hy dem.onstrating expansion and success—yetit is thse two preoccupations thatmay ruin us,

Our American public, particularly.the news media, can “o longer bemesmerized by the image of photo.genie young dynamos’ surrounded bysmiling natives. Ukewise, we mustabandon ‘that galling bit of naivetk, theidea of young men and women far.afield, erecting gleaming structures andpassing on the torch of knowledge toeager foreign population. Most im-portant, we must be patient with theinconclusive and intangible type of ef -forb that Volunteers are often e“.gaged in,

It is ironic that we who strove Sobard to win our acceptance by sellingan image are now becoming its vic-tims. We have been forced to caterto an array of pressures with an oilyefficient public relations machine.Numbers and success. are demanded,and the resulting target is the distor.tion of the original values and idealson which the American Pea= Corpswas founded. I ca” suggest no wayout of our predicament. The questionis a complex one, and the initiative lieswith Wmhingto”. I ve”t”re to say,however, that the first step is a candidacknowled~ent of our problem.

MICHAELF. GWFFINGhootchan, Iran

MemorandumTO : The field DATE: Janua~, 1966

FROM : The e~tors

SUBJECT: Correspondents, pets, and the mail to West Point

Our cdl for Volunteer corre~onden& from around the Peace COTworld (THE VOLUNTEER,December, 1965 ) has produced an encouragingresponse. We are receiving nominations from many sectors, but we havenot heard from a numbr of countries. Our goal is to have at lemt onewriter and/ or photographer in each Peace Corps countV, Through thisnetwork we plan to improve o“r coverage and do a better job of tellingthe Peace Corps story. If you are qualified as a writer or a photographerand are willing to devote a few hours each month to keeping us itiomedabout Peace Corps activities abroad, or if you know a Volunteer whomight perform this job, we would like to hear from you. We would pre-fer correspondents wbo are in training or who still have at least a year ofservice left.

We will be contacting prospective correspondents during the next sixweeks. Meantime, the field is still open, and nominations are being ac.cepted in care of THE VOLUNTEER,Peace Corps, Washington, D. C, 20525.

000

Menagerie Depa-enti A Peace Corps physician has been delugedwith Vol””teer requests for information about how to get their tittlepets home without upsetting U.S. Customs or the pets. Dr. Burton At[ico,stationed in Bogot6, Colombia, aked Wmhington for customs and quaran-tine advice. “Among the animals involved; he wrote, “are doe, cats,monkeys, lemurs, ocelots, parrots, Wacamayas, kinkajous.”

❑ on

The Peace COWS sent a sample recruiting mailing to 150,000 collegejuniors and senion. Among the unforeseen recipients: cadets at tbe u.S.Military “Academy and the U.S. Air Force Academy, A call from thePentagon followed shortly. Did they mind the letters? No, but they dldwant to know how the Peace Corps obtained the names. Answer: froma national magzine subscription list, And the results? Recmiting Direc-tor Jmepb A. Hays reported that the Peace Corps received seven replycards from West Point cadets,

The mas mailing also inspired the following letter to Director SargentShriver:

Dear Mr. Shr;ve,:

1 ~ave just received your Pe@ce Corps Volunteer qllestionnaire formsin the mail, and much as I would like 10 join you, I would wish to saythat I cannot fully remember applying at any time. The form, therefore,come as a surprise to me although I was very glad to receive then:,

Fortunately I am a foreign student f,om Nigeria and, before I came herefour months ego, I got to know and work with Peace Corps Volunteersalready in my country and I think they are doing a successful iob so far.In fact; through the mutual help of a Peace Corps friend of mine, I wmable to come here to fur(her my educa$ ion.

I really like the Peace Co,ps progronz and would want to serve in if ifnationality is no{ a ba,rier. If there is anything you think I can still dosince I am not an American, please let me know.

Please, if shall be an hono”r for me to hear from you and, let me knowif I can =till fill out the questionnaire regardless of nationality.

I wm glad to reciive it from you o“d, wish to remain your fa;thfuladmirer,

31

Book Firm

Works With\

VolunteersA non-profit publishing firm is in

the market for Peace Cocps sugges-tion and outleb for books that mi~tbe of use in developing countries. -— .- ,.

Franklin BOOK rro~ams, D=ea inNew York City, seeks to create orreinforce book publishing industria.It hm offices in Africa, Asia, and Latintierica and encourages nationals ofthe countries involved to handle theentire publishing process, from trans-lation and editing through printing anddistribution.

Franklin is now working with thePeace Corps in six nations.

Franklin-sponsored Arabic bookspublished in Cairo, Beirut, and Bagh-dad are being used by Volunteer teach-em in Morocco, Pemian-languagebooks produced in Iran are aiding Vol-unteers there and in Afghanistan.Peace Corps teachers are using Frank-lin’s Urdu booh in West Pakistan,and Malay works in Malaysia.

The books range in subject fromchildren’s readers to vocational edu.cation and family ~idance.

In Nigeria, Fratddin has resistedVolunteer Charles Shebar in publish-ing a secondary school volume titledfl;story of Nigeria. Shebar collabo-rated on the work tith MallamShuaibu Naibi, an official in the Min-ist~ of Education in the NorthernRegion. Franklin arranged for criticalreviews of the manuscript, checkingand supplying source materials needed,and helping find a Nigerian pubfisherfor the manuscript.

,,

“,,.

—-- —-- —-- ——-—--—-.

Fratin’s usual method is to spon-sor the translation of published worbin a wide variety of subjec@, thus helping to supply immediately neededbooks while at the same time helpingto develop local book pubhshingthrough the production process.

A Franklin spokeman says the firmwould welcome suggestions fromPeace Corps Volunteem about ways.in which Franklin could help theirwork. Frank fin offices are in Cairo,Beirut, Baghdad, Tehran, Tabriz, Ka-bul, Lahore, Dacca, Kuala Lumpur,Djakarta, Lagos, Enu@, Kaduna, andBuenos A,res, titb h=d office at 432Park Ave. South, New YOrk, N. Y.100I6.

Career Information‘ The listings below are taken from

the monthly bulletin distributed byCareer Information Sewice. The bul-letin should be consulted for additionalhstin~. Address inquiries io CareerInformation Service, D. V. S., PeaceCorps, Wzhington, D. C. 20525.

Rate ChangeNewsweek magazin& bas revised

special Peace Corps subscription ratesto 50 per cent of the basic cument rateof the sllbscriber’s country. In Turkeyand the Middle fit, this mak~ a sub-scription $5.50 per year and in Africa,$6.00 per year. In Latin America,Volunteers can obtain one year sub-scriptions for $4.00

____ ——-—-—- —- ————- ———-—-—-

CHANGE OF ADORESSPEACE CORPS

wASH INGTON, D.C. 20525—-—-.-—-Name OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Street or P.O. Box

c!ty, Stite, ZIP Code

PoSTAGE AND FEES PAID

Effective date

Please send with maihng label at right.