peace corps setting up and running a school library
TRANSCRIPT
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Xkttdfm [p
lfa Yuffdfm lXhgnn` @dirlry
Sklhk Hnrps
Dfbnroltdnf Hn``khtdnf lfa Kxhglfmk
Sui`dhltdnf Fn. KA931
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Dfbnroltdnf Hn``khtdnf lfa Kxhglfmk
Qgk Sklhk Hnrps Dfbnroltdnf Hn``khtdnf lfa Kxhglfmk (DHK), l ufdt nb tgk Nbhknb Nvkrskls Srnmrloodfm lfa Qrldfdfm Xuppnrt (NSLQX), oljks lvld`li`k tgk
strltkmdks lfa tkhgfn`nmdks akvk`npka iy Sklhk Hnrps Rn`uftkkrs, tgkdr hn-wnrjkrs,
lfa tgkdr hnuftkrplrts tn akvk`npokft nrmlfdzltdnfs lfa wnrjkrs wgn odmgt fa
tgko uskbu`. DHK wnrjs wdtg Sklhk Hnrps tkhgfdhl` lfa trldfdfm spkhdl`dsts tn
dakftdby lfa akvk`np dfbnroltdnf nb l`` jdfas tn suppnrt Rn`uftkkrs lfa nvkrskls
stlbb. DHK l`sn hn``khts lfa adsskodfltks trldfdfm mudaks, hurrdhu`l, `kssnf p`lfs,
prnekht rkpnrts, olful`s, lfa ntgkr Sklhk Hnrps-mkfkrltka oltkrdl`s akvk`npka
df tgk k`a. Xnok oltkrdl`s lrk rkprdftka ls ds: ntgkrs prnvdak l snurhk nb k`a-
ilska dfbnroltdnf bnr tgk prnauhtdnf nb olful`s nr bnr rksklrhg df plrtdhu`lrprnmrlo lrkls. Oltkrdl`s tglt ynu suiodt tn DHK ikhnok plrt nb tgk Sklhk Hnrps
`lrmkr hnftrdiutdnf tn akvk`npokft.
Qgds pui`dhltdnf wls prnauhka iy Sklhk Hnrps NSLQX. Dt ds adstrdiutka tgrnumg tgk
DHK ufdt. Bnr burtgkr dfbnroltdnf linut DHK oltkrdl`s (pkrdnadhl`s, innjs, vdakns, kth.)
lfa dfbnroltdnf skrvdhks, nr bnr laadtdnfl` hnpdks nb tgds olful`, p`klsk hnftlht DHK
lfa rkbkr tn tgk DHK Hltl`nm fuoikr tglt lppklrs nf tgk pui`dhltdnf.
Sklhk Hnrps
Nbhk nb Nvkrskls Srnmrloodfm lfa Qrldfdfm Xuppnrt
Dfbnroltdnf Hn``khtdnf lfa Kxhglfmk
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Xkttdfm [plfa Yuffdfm lXhgnn` @dirlry
iy Fdhn`l Ildra
Ykprdftka wdtg pkrodssdnfbrno Gkdfkolff/RXN (Sklrsnf Kauhltdnf)
9 3 < 9
Sklhk Hnrps
Dfbnroltdnf Hn``khtdnf lfa Kxhglfmk
Sui`dhltdnf Fn. KA931
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Gkdfkolff Kauhltdnfl` Sui`dsgkrs
Gl``ky Hnurt, Enralf Gd``, Nxbnra NW9
7KE
L Advdsdnf nb Ykka Kauhltdnfl` Srnbkssdnfl` Sui`dsgdfm @ta
Gkdfkolff5 L Advdsdnf nb Ykka Sui`dsgdfm ([XL) Dfh.
82< Glfnvkr
Xtrkkt, Snrtsonutg,
FG
3873
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Hnftkfts
Bnrkwnra
=
9
Srkplrdfm
tn
skt
up
ynur `dirlry
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Bnrkwnra
Xkttdfm up
lfa ruffdfm
l shgnn` `dirlry
ds
nfk nb tgk
onst
sltdsbydfm enis l tklhgkr
hlf
pkrbnro.
Ls
l tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf
ynu
wd``
ik
li`k tn akvk`np hgd`arkf's `nvk nb innjs lfa kfhnurlmk
tgko
tn rkla. Qgds df
turf
wd`` doprnvk tgkdr `dtkrlhy sjd s,
wgdhg
tgky
wd`` kfeny, rkokoikr lfa sglrk `nfm lbtkr tgkdr shgnn` alys
lrk nvkr. Tnu
hlf
l`sn sgnw
stuakfts gnw tn
bdfa nut dfbnroltdnf
brno
tgk
innjs df tgk `dirlry, lfa tgds
tnn
ds l sjd`` bnr `dbk. Sknp`k
fkka dfbnroltdnf tn
kauhltk tgkosk`vks lfa akvk`np tgkdr truk
pntkftdl`, lfa bnr tgds tgky
fkka
`dtkrlhy sjd``s lfa lhhkss tn innjs.
Qgk `dirlry prnvdaks lhhkss
tn
innjs:
dt
ds l p`lhk wgkrk dfbnro-
ltdnf ds sglrka.
Xkttdfm
up
l `dirlry ds l`sn l mrklt hgl``kfmk. Dt
hlf ik glra
wnrj, sn
dt ds rkhnookfaka tglt ynu wnrj h`nsk`y
wdtg
olfy ntgkr pknp`k
lt ynur shgnn`. Df tgds wly tgk
`dirlry wd`` ik`nfm
tn
kvkrynfk lt
tgk shgnn` lfa hlf
ik
olak tn ikfkbdt olfy mkfkrltdnfs
nb
stuakfts.
Qgds innj gls
ikkf
wrdttkf
tn gk`p
ynu
tn skt
up
lfa ruf tgk
typk
nb
`dirlry tglt ikst sudts ynur shgnn`. Qgk mudak`dfks lrk ilska nf
tgk olfy
yklrs' kxpkrdkfhknb RXN tklhgkrs lfa `dirlrdlfs wnrjdfm
wdtg
`nhl` hn``klmuks df `nw-rksnurhk shgnn`s tgrnumgnut tgk
akvk`npdfm wnr`a. Xtkp-iy-stkp dfstruhtdnfs lrk prnvdaka tn
gk`p
ynu
kstli`dsg tgk `dirlry lfa ruf
dt
wk``. Qgk
innj
prkskfts dakls
tn
gk`p
ynu glrfkss ynur hn``klmuks' lfa stuakfts' kftgusdlso
lfa
tn
kfhnurlmk tgko tn oljk tgk dakl
nb
tgkdr
nwf
shgnn` `dirlry l
rkl`dty.
Qgkrk oly
ik
tdoks wgkf ynu bkk` skttdfm up l `dirlry ds l strumm`k,
iut anf't akspldr. Qgk prni`kos ynu blhk glvk
ikkf
tlhj`ka iy
ntgkr
tklhgkr-`dirlrdlfs df sdod`lr sdtultdnfs. Qgds
innj
dfh`uaks
pgntnmrlpgs nb shgnn` `dirlrdks lrnufa tgk wnr`a: eust tljk l `nnj
lt tgksk lfa rkokoikr ynu lrk fnt l`nfk. Oljk surk ynu fktwnrj
wdtg ntgkr
shgnn` `dirlrdlfs
lfa
wdtg pui`dh
lfa
spkhdl`dst
`dirlrdlfs df ynur hnuftry. @dirlrdlfs lrk usul``y vkry suppnrtdvk,
sn kvkf db
tgk
fklrkst dirlry ds
833
jd`noktrks lwly dt ds
wnrtg
oljdfm hnftlht
wdtg tgk
pknp`k
ruffdfm
dt.
Onst tklhgkrs wgn
lrk lsjka
tn
skt
up lfa ruf
l `dirlry lrk
fnt
trldfka `dirlrdlfs - lfa
fkdtgkr
lo D. Gnwkvkr, tgk pknp`k wgn
gk`pka p`lf lfa wrdtk tgds
innj wdtg ok
glvk adrkht kxpkrdkfhk
nb
skttdfm up l shgnn` `dirlry df tgk akvk`npdfm wnr`a lfa/nr glvk
prnbkssdnfl` `dirlry qul`dbdhltdnfs.
Qglfj
ynu tn l``
nb
tgko bnr
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9
sglrdfm
tgkdr
jfnw`kamk - kspkhdl``y Alfdk` Ldann, Olrdk Irly,
@dz
Any`k, Xdonf Ktgkrtnf, Sktkr Bkftnf, Fdhn`k Bdttnf, Olmmdk
Mlradfkr, Fdhj Glywlra, Ykfltn Olskttd,
@dz
S`ltt, Eklf S`lybldr
lfa Sktkr ]d``dlos. Qglfjs l`sn tn Skffy Lokrkfl, Xd`jk Ikrflu
lfa
Eu`dlf Slrr lt
RXN, ls
wk`` ls Lfarkw Ildra, Alfdk` H`kry
lfa
Fkd Olhanfl`a bnr hnoputkr mkfkrnsdty. Slrtdhu`lr tglfjs mn tn
Md`` Glrrds
lfa Hyftgdl
Xtdrrup bnr tgkdr prnbkssdnfl` lavdhk
nf
`dirlry prnhkaurks.
'
'
Fdhn`l Ildra
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Dftrnauhtdnf
]glt
ds
tgds innj linut>
Qgds innj kxp`ldfs gnw tklhgkrs hlf skt up lfa ruf l suhhkssbu`
shgnn` `dirlry. Df dt ynu wd`` bdfa lavdhk lfa dfbnroltdnf nf gnw
tn5
skt up l sol`` `dirlry lfa iud`a innjsgk`vks
sk`kht innjs bnr ynur `dirlry
oljk l wrdttkf rkhnra nb ynur shgnn`'s innjs, plopg`kts lfa
ntgkr `dirlry stnhj suhg
ls
fkwsplpkrs, olmlzdfks , luadn tlpks
lfa
vdakns.
advdak tgk `dirlry stnhj dftn suiekht lrkls
hgnnsk tgk ikst oktgna nb `kttdfm stuakfts inrrnw `dirlry innjs.
rkpldr alolmka innjs.
Df laadtdnf, ynu wd ` bdfa uskbu` 'tklhgdfm tdps' tgrnumgnut tgk
innj lfa,
df
hglptkr
Db ynu lrk p`lffdfm ynur shgnn`'s bdrst `dirlry tgds innj wd ` mudak
ynu tgrnumg klhg stkp. Db ynur shgnn` l`rklay gls l `dirlry tgds
innj wd`` gk`p ynu tn kfsurk dts suhhkss
-iut
an tgdfj hlrkbu``y
ikbnrk ynu oljk lfy hglfmks. Tnu oly fnt fkka
tn
oljk olfy
doprnvkokfts db tgk innjs lfa ntgkr stnhj lrk klsy tn bdfa, db tgky
lrk df mnna hnfadtdnf lfa db pknp`k usk tgk `dirlry wgkfkvkr dt
ds
npkf. Gnwkvkr, db ynur `dirlry subbkrs brno hnop`dhltka prnhkaurks
tglt lrk fnt oldftldfka, db dt `lhjs stnhj nr db dt ds ufakruska iy
stuakfts (pkrglps ikhlusk tgky tgdfj dt ds lf ufbrdkfa`y p`lhk),
tgkf tgds innj wd`` gk`p ynu. Dt kxp`ldfs gnw tn doprnvk lfa
sdop`dby ynur `dirlry systkos
lfa
mdvks ynu dakls tn kfhnurlmk
stuakfts lfa tklhgkrs
tn
usk
tgk
`dirlry.
Nrmlfdsdfm nr rk-nrmlfdsdfm l `dirlry hlf skko hnop`dhltka. Iy
rkladfm tgds stkp-iy-stkp mudak ynu sgnu`a ik li`k tn nitldf l h`klr
dakl nb wglt fkkas
tn
ik anfk lfa wgy, sn
tglt
ynu hlf kxp`ldf
tgk dopnrtlfhk nb `dirlry systkos tn stuakfts lfa tklhgkrs wgn
gk`p ynu.
Ik
prkplrka bnr qukstdnfs `djk ']gy lrk
wk
oljdfm l
`dirlry>' nr
']gy
lrk wk nrmlfdsdfm
tgk
innjs df tgds wly>' Tnur
lfswkrs wd ` kfhnurlmk pknp`k's dftkrkst. Ykokoikr
tglt
l
suhhkssbu` `dirlry wd`` ik uska nbtkf lfa iy kvkryinay lt ynur
shgnn`, sn tgk onrk pknp`k ynu hlf dftkrkst df dt tgk ikttkr.
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1
Bdmurk
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Qgkrk lrk l`sn hnookfts brno vn`uftkkrs wnrjdfm wdtg RXN
(Rn`uftlry Xkrvdhk Nvkrskls) lfa tgkdr fltdnfl` hnuftkrplrts nf
tgkdr kxpkrdkfhks nb skttdfm up `dirlrdks df prdolry
lfa
skhnfalry
shgnn`s.
Dt ds rkhnookfaka
tglt
ynu bdrst rkla
tgk
innj
tgrnumg
brno
ikmdffdfm tn kfa. Tnu wd`` skk tglt snok
nb tgk
prnhkaurks
dfvn`vka df nrmlfdsdfm l `dirlry lrk ksskftdl`5 tgdfms ynu oust an
bnr suhhkss: wgd`k ntgkrs lrk nptdnfl`5 tgdfms ynu hlf an tn
doprnvk tgk `dirlry db ynu glvk tgk tdok lfa kfkrmy. Qgdfj linut
gnw
tgksk dakls wd`` wnrj lt ynur shgnn`,
lfa
oljk surk ynu
adshuss ynur `dirlry p`lfs
wdtg
tgk gkla tklhgkr, stlbb lfa stuakfts.
Lbtkr akhdadfm wgdhg systkos lrk lpprnprdltk bnr ynur `dirlry, rkla
tgk
innj bnr l skhnfa tdok. Qgds
tdok
usk dt ls l tkxtinnj,
lfa
stlrt
tn nrmlfdsk
tgk
shgnn` `dirlry
ls
ynu rkla
tgk
hglptkrs.
Xnok wnras akshrdidfm `dirlry wnrj odmgt ik fkw tn ynu. Xk`khtka
wnras lrk kxp`ldfka lt tgk ilhj nb
tgk
innj
df
tgk Jky ]nras
skhtdnf stlrtdfm
nf
p.
Qgk
lfswkr ds df ynur dirlry.'
Dt
wlsf't `nfm ikbnrk tgrkk stuakfts wkrk stlfadfm lt tgk
`dirlry annr. 'Hlf wk hnok df wklrdfm
nur
spnrts
h`ntgks>' tgky lsjka.
Qgk
`dirlrdlf `lumgka. 'Nb hnursk
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< ]glt ds l shgnn` `dirlry>
]glt
ds
l `dirlry>
L dirlry ds l rnno nr iud`adfm wgkrk innjs, plopg`kts, olmlzdfks,
fkwsplpkrs, hlsskttks
lfa
vdakns lrk jkpt tnmktgkr. Qgksk dtkos lrk
jfnwf ls tgk `dirlry's stnhj. Df tgk stnhj l`` jdfas nb dfbnroltdnf
hlf ik bnufa.
L dirlry oly ik `lrmk nr sol` . Xnok pknp`k tgdfj `dirlrdks glvk tn
ik `lrmk tn wnrj wk` , iut tgds
ds
fnt sn. Olfy skhnfalry shgnn`s
glvk bkwkr tglf 933 innjs lfa onst prdolry shgnn`s glvk kvkf
bkwkr. Qn oljk
tgk
ikst usk nb shgnn` innjs ynu fkka tn nrmlfdsk
tgko hlrkbu``y, lfa tgk ikst wly tn an tglt ds iy skttdfm up l
`dirlry.
]gy anks l shgnn` fkka l `dirlry>
L shgnn` fkkas l `dirlry ikhlusk `dirlrdks suppnrt tgk shgnn`'s wnrj
nb `dtkrlhy lfa kauhltdnf.
L shgnn` `dirlry ds uskbu` df `dtkrlhy wnrj brno tgk klr`dkst stlmk
ikhlusk dt kfhnurlmks mnna rkladfm glidts tn ik bnroka wgkf
hgd`arkf lrk ynufm. L`` tklhgkrs sgnu`a ldo tn stdou`ltk hgd`arkf's
hurdnsdty linut innjs lfa tn kfhnurlmk stuakfts tn stlrt `nvdfm tgk
wrdttkf wnra. Nfk nb
tgk
ikst wlys nb andfm tgds ds tn skt
up
l
shgnn` `dirlry wdtg l wdak vlrdkty nb dfbnroltdnf lfa bdhtdnf
innjs. Qgk vnhliu`lry rlfmk nb tgksk innjs sgnu`a sudt l`` sjd``
`kvk`s, sn tglt kvkf rk`uhtlft stuakfts wd`` ik li`k
tn
rkla wglt
tgky wlft,
wgkf
tgky wlft, bnr tgkdr stuadks.
L dirlry sgnu`a l`sn glvk stnhj
tglt ds
buf tn rkla. ]gkf stuakfts
adshnvkr tglt snhhkr yklrinnjs, fnvk`s lfa olmlzdfks lrk l`sn df
tgk `dirlry tgk:' oly stlrt tn spkfa snok nb tgkdr `kdsurk tdok
rkladfm. Qgk onrk stuakfts rkla, tgk blstkr tgkdr Kfm`dsg wd`
doprnvk. Qgds wd`` gk`p tgko df tgkdr stuadks lfa wgkf tgky `klvk
shgnn`.
Qgk shgnn` `dirlry suppnrts
tgk
stuakft's stuadks. Kvkry `dirlry
hn``khtdnf wd`` glvk dfbnroltdnf tglt hlf doprnvk stuakfts'
ufakrstlfadfm nb tgk suiekhts tgky `klrf lt shgnn`, lfa dfhrklsk
tgkdr jfnw`kamk nb tgk wnr`a. L shgnn` `dirlry
oly
l`sn glvk innjs
iy `nhl` wrdtkrs tglt wd`` kfhnurlmk stuakfts' dftkrkst lfa prdak df
tgk
`nhl` lrkl.
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Ls wk`` ls prnvdadfm lhhkss tn dfbnroltdnf, l shgnn` `dirlry l``nws
stuakfts tn akvk`np
tgk
sjd` s nb sklrhgdfm bnr dfbnroltdnf nf tgkdr
nwf. Qgds wd`` gk`p tn akvk`np l prni`ko-sn`vdfm
lfa
lhtdvk
lpprnlhg tn `klrfdfm. Supd`s wgn rkmu`lr`y `nnj
up
dfbnroltdnf df
innjs wd`` doprnvk
intg
tgkdr bnro wnrj
lfa
tgkdr rkladfm sjd``s.
@dirlrdks lrk l`sn vkry uskbu` bnr tklhgkrs . L`` stlbb, wgktgkr oltgs,
wnnawnrj, gnok khnfnodhs, shdkfhk nr mknmrlpgy tklhgkrs, hlf
doprnvk tgkdr bnro tklhgdfm iy usdfm stnhj brno tgk `dirlry.
@dirlrdks lrk l snurhk nb dfbnroltdnf bnr kvkry tklhgkr,
fnt
eust bnr
Kfm`dsg tklhgkrs. Qgds ds kspkhdl``y sn db tgk shgnn` `dirlry gls stnhj
wgdhg
hlf
5
mdvk stuakfts jfnw`kamk (intg mkfkrl` jfnw`kamk lfa spkhdbdh
dfbnroltdnf brno skt tkxtinnjs)
prnvdak kxp`lfltdnfs, k.m. linut gnw hnl`
ds
olak nr bnr
plrtdhu`lr spnrts ru`ks
sltdsby stuakfts' hurdnsdty lfa dftkrkst
df
`dbk
nbbkr lrt, hrlbt, ousdh, alfhk lfa hu`turl` dfbnroltdnf.
[sdfm
tgk
innjs
lfa
ntgkr stnhj df tgk `dirlry wd`` gk`p tklhgkrs
prkplrk tgkdr `kssnfs ikttkr. Dt oly l`sn kfhnurlmk tklhgkrs tn mdvk
stuakfts prnekht wnrj tglt lsjs tgko tn mn tn tgk `dirlry lfa bdfa
nut dfbnroltdnf bnr tgkdr bnro wnrj. Qgds wd`` kfhnurlmk stuakfts
tn stuay, `klrf
lfa
lhgdkvk ikttkr rksu`ts ls wk``
ls
mdvk
tgko tgk
hnfbdakfhk tn stlrt `nnjdfm bnr dfbnroltdnf nf tgkdr nwf.
Qklhgdfm
tdp
Db ynur stuakfts lsj wgy tgk
shgnn`
fkkas l dirlry,
kxp`ldf tglt dfbnroltdnf
hlf
hglfmk pknp`k's `dvks bnr tgk
ikttkr. Db
tgk
wnr`a wls
tgk sdzk nb
l vd``lmk dt wnu`a ik
klsy
tn
sglrk
dakls wdtg l``
tgk vd``lmkrs
.
Iut
ikhlusk
tgkrk
lrk
sn
olfy pknp`k df tgk wnr`a, `dvdfm blr lplrt
lfa usdfm adbbkrkft
`lfmulmks,
tgk ikst wly nb bdfadfm
fkw dfbnroltdnf ds tgrnumg innjs, plopg`kts,
olmlzdfks lfa fkwsplpkrs .
Dolmdfk, bnr kxlop`k, tglt snok lmrdhu`turl` tklhgkrs df
]kst Lbrdhl
glvk
bnufa l wly
nb
mrnwdfm ilflfls
onrk
qudhj`y. Gnw wd`` stuakfts lfa tklhgkrs df Sljdstlf nr tgk
Slhdbdh bdfa nut linut
tgds>
Nfk wly
ds
iy `dstkfdfm tn
rladn prnmrlooks
suhg
ls
tgk
IIH
]nr`a
Xkrvdhk's
Gk``n
Qnonrrnw,
iut ikhlusk ynu gklr tgk dfbnroltdnf nf`y
nfhk dt
ds
adbbdhu`t tn rkokoikr l`` tgk aktld`s. Db ynu glvk
l `dirlry, gnwkvkr, l``
ynu
fkka tn
an
ds
bdfa tgk rdmgt
innj nr olmlzdfk. Qgkf ynu hlf rkla tgk fkw
dfbnroltdnf
ls
nbtkf
ls ynu
`djk.
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]gy
ynu fkka tn an tgds
Dt
ds
dopnrtlft tn bn``nw l `nmdhl` nrakr wgkf ynu skt up l `dirlry.
Gnwkvkr tdok-hnfsuodfm tgksk tlsjs skko tn ik, ynu wd`` bdfa tglt
hlrkbu` lttkftdnf lt lf klr`y stlmk wd`` kfsurk ynur shgnn` gls l
wk`` nrmlfdska `dirlry. Qgds wd`` kfhnurlmk stuakfts
lfa
stlbb tn usk
tgk stnhj
lfa
wd`` gk`p ynu
tn
ruf tgk `dirlry aly iy aly.
Dt ds dopnrtlft tglt ynu sglrk lfa plss nf ynur `dirlry nrmlfdsdfm
sjd``s, sn
tglt
db ynu akhdak tn `klvk tgk shgnn`
tgk
`dirlry wd`` fnt
h`nsk. Dt nbtkf glppkfs tglt l shgnn` gls lf kxhk``kft `dirlry bnr l
bkw yklrs, iut tgkf tgk tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf `klvks
lfa
prni`kos stlrt
ikhlusk
fn nfk
k`sk gls tgk sjd``s
tn hnftdfuk ruffdfm
dt.
Ykla tgk tgrkk stnrdks ik`nw lfa akhdak gnw ynu wnu`a `djk ynur
shgnn` `dirlry tn `nnj
fkxt onftg, tkf onftgs
brno
fnw
lfa
tkf
yklrs brno
fnw
.
Qgk Okonry
'Qglt `dirlry kvkry aly
ikhlok
onrk
`dj
k tgk okonry nbl `dirlry5 tgk
sgk`vks `ydfm kopty, tgk pd`ks nbinnjs td`tdfm tnn blr
nvkr
tn `kbt nr
rdmgt,
odssdfm tgk dftdoltk tnuhg nb tgkdr bk``nw vn`uoks.'
Brno
tgk
Huilf wrdtkr M. Hlirkrl Dfblftk's
Qgrkk
Qrlppka Qdmkrs
Qgk
Ykl`dty>
'Qgk `dirlry
wls
vkry sol`` lfa h`uttkrka wdtg bnrornno skts nbinnjs.
Qgk
stnhj
wls odfdol` lfa vkry n`a
. . .
]dfanws
`kljka
sn sgk`vdfm
wls
rkstrdhtka
tn tgk hkftrk nb gk `dirlry . . . Nf`y kdmgt stuakfts
hnu`a
usk dt lt
nfk
tdok.'
Anffl
]yfkss, RXN @dirlrdlf lt Rlvl'u Gdmg Xhgnn`, Qnfml,
wnrjdfm wdtg Bdflu @lujlu lfa 'Lfl Ondond
Tnur Mnl`
']glt l
`dirlry `nnjs
`djk
akpkfas
vkry
ouh`:`
nf
tgk
dakl
tgk
`dirlrdlf
gls nb
ts purpnsk. Db
dt
ds
eust lf nbbdhk wgkrk rklakrs
hlf inrrnw
innjs
tgk `dirlry wd`` ik l vkry
au``
p`lhk dfakka.
Db
tgk `dirlrdlf tgdfjs l`` dt
fkkas
lrk
l bkw
sgk`vks
nb
innjs
lfa l
aksj bnr
tgk `dirlrdlf, fn
uskr
wd``
spkfa
onrk tdok tgkrk tglf
ds
lisn`utk`y fkhksslry.'
'Db
tgk `dirlrdlf skks tgk `dirlry
ls l
p`lhk
wgkrk
uskrs
hlf stuay,
rkla nr
kvkf irnwsk lfa nitldf dfbnroltdnf nb
l``
jdfas,
nr
kvkf ikttkr5 db gk
nr
sgk hnfsdakrs tgk `dirlry tn ik tgk
snhdl`
bnhus nb gk
hkftrk/shgnn`
tgkf
tgk `dirlrdlf hlf oljk lf kbbnrt tn tuo
kvkf
lf uflttrlhtdvk
rnno
dftn
lf kbbdhdkft,
brdkfa`y p`lhk
wgkrk
uskrs
wd`` ik p`klska tn spkfa snok
tdok lfa
wgkrk
tgky bkk` lt gnok.'
Brno l `dirlry fkws`kttkr prnauhka iy Yutg ]kdtzk , wnrjdfm ls l
RXN `dirlrdlf df
tgk
Hlrdiiklf wdtg l
fuoikr nb
`nhl` hn``klmuks
dfh`uadfm @lurkftdl Dsrlk`, Elhquk`dfk Oussdfmtnf, Sltrdhdl Ilptdstk
lfa
Fk``dk Slyfk
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L dirlry hnoodttkk ds lf kxhk``kft wly
nb
oljdfm ynur dirlry
pnpu`lr
df
tgk shgnn`. Ikhlusk tgk hnoodttkk okoikrs glvk
gk`pka tn oljk akhdsdnfs linut tgk prnekht, ntgkr stlbb lfa
stuakfts lrk `djk`y tn ik kfhnurlmka iy tgkdr kftgusdlso.
Gkrk lrk snok hnookfts
linut
`dirlry hnoodttkks brno RXN
vn`uftkkrs
wgn
glvk l`rklay skt
up
`dirlrdks.
'Dt ds ikst tglt
ls
olfy pknp`k
ls
pnssdi`k lrk dfvn`vka, tgkf tgk `dirlry
ds
bnr kvkryinay lfa lfy ru`ks lrk endft`y akhdaka . . . Tnu sgnu`a
fkvkr
lttkopt tn skt
up
l
`dirlry
l`nfk. L onrk akonhrltdh
lpprnlhg ds fkkaka.
L`wlys dfvdtk tgk prdfhdpl` lfa gklas
nb
akplrtokfts lfa l`wlys
dfh`uak tgk `klrfkrs tnn Tnu
hnu`a l`sn dfh`uak
`nhl`
anfnrs.'
Olrdk Irly, Fursdfm Xhgnn` @dirlry, Fdmkrdl
'Db
D
wls
skttdfm
up
l
`dirlry lmldf
D'a
try glrakr
tn
dfvn`vk stlbb
nf
l
`dirlry hnoodttkk. Dt's lf kfnronus lonuft nbwnrj ruffdfm l
`dirlry
sn
mkt stuakfts dfvn`vka lfa oljk
stlbb
tljk rkspnfsdid`dty.'
Fdhj Glywlra, Iku`lg Xkhnfalry Xhgnn`, Xn`nonf Ds`lfas
'Okoikrs nb tgk `dirlry hnoodttkk dfh`uaka tgk gkla tklhgkr, l
skhnfalry shgnn`
dfspkhtnr,
lf Kfm`dsg tklhgkr lfa ok ls skhrktlry. t ds
fnw tgk akhdsdnf-oljdfm, rkspnfsdi`k inay bnr tgk Yksnurhk Hkftrk.'
@dz Any`k, Jwl`k Adstrdht Yksnurhk Hkftrk, Jkfyl
Qgk `dirlry hnoodttkk l`sn akhdaks wgdhg innjs sgnu`a ik
rkonvka brno
tgk
stnhj, kdtgkr ikhlusk tgkdr
hnftkft ds
ufsudtli`k
nr ikhlusk
tgky
lrk alolmka lfa hlffnt ik rkpldrka. Df snok
hnuftrdks innjs lrk sn kxpkfsdvk,
lfa
sn glra tn nitldf, tglt ynu
sgnu`a ik hlutdnus
linut
rkonvdfm stnhj eust ikhlusk dt ds n`a.
Qgk `dirlry hnoodttkk sgnu`a lmrkk
linut
wgdhg dtkos oust stly
pkrolfkft`y
df
tgk `dirlry lfa
sgnu`a
fnt ik
`kft
nut. Qgksk wd``
dfh`uak l`` rkbkrkfhk innjs, lfa lfy innjs tgk hnoodttkk wlfts
tn
`nnj lbtkr kxtrl hlrkbu``y. Lf kxlop`k
odmgt ik
]gkrk
Qgkrk Ds Fn
Anhtnr.
Qgds
ds
l
gkl`tg olful` wgdhg
ds vkry pnpu`lr ikhlusk
dt ds
wk`` wrdttkf
lfa
oljks adbbdhu`t okadhl` tkros klsy tn ufakrstlfa.
Db ynur shgnn` `dirlry gls
nf`y nfk
hnpy
nb
tgds innj,
dt odmgt
ik
ikttkr tn jkkp dt df tgk rkbkrkfhk skhtdnf wgkrk stuakfts lfa stlbb
hlf
usk dt tn bdfa qudhj lfswkrs. Gnwkvkr, db
ynu
glvk skvkrl`
hnpdks, jkkp nfk
df
tgk rkbkrkfhk skhtdnf lfa h`lssdby tgk
ntgkr
hnpdks
df tgk
dfbnroltdnf skhtdnf sn
tglt
pknp`k
hlf
inrrnw tgk
innj db tgky wlft.
Gnw
tn dfvn`vk ntgkr stuakfts
An
fnt
`kt
ynur
`dirlry hnoodttkk mrnw tnn `lrmk5 tkf pknp`k ds
kfnumg
lfa l sol``kr
fuoikr
oly ik kvkf ikttkr. Gnwkvkr, db
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@dirlry onfdtnrs lrk rkspnfsdi`k stuakfts ynu hlf trldf tn gk`p
wdtg tgk aly-tn-aly ruffdfm nb tgk `dirlry, bnr dfstlfhk dssudfm
innjs lfa rkturfdfm innjs
tn
sgk`vks. @dirlry onfdtnrs hlf l`sn
oljk fkw adsp`lys, hrkltk kftgusdlso bnr hnopktdt dnfs
lfa
gk`p
bdfa '`nst innjs'.
Ikhnodfm l `dirl
L dirlry h`ui ds olak up
nb
stuakfts dftkrkstka df `klrfdfm onrk
linut
tgk
`dirlry
lfa
gk`pdfm wdtg `dirlry wnrj. Olfy shgnn`s
glvk h`uis
tglt
okkt nfhk nr twdhk l wkkj bnr kxtrl wnnawnrj,
hnnjdfm, skwdfm, spnrts nr hrlbt `kssnfs. Tnu hnu`a usk h`ui tdok
tn
skt up l `dirlry h`ui. Qrldf `dirlry h`ui okoikrs tn an innj rkpldrs
lfa ntgkr `dirlry autdks, suhg ls rkp`lhdfm innjs nf tgk bdhtdnf lfa
dfbnroltdnf innjsgk`vks. Tnu hnu`a lsj okoikrs tn ik rkspnfsdi`k
bnr oljdfm'fkw `dirlry adsp`lys, pdffdfm up stuakfts' wnrj lfa
lrrlfmdfm spkhdl` trdps.
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Nfhk
tgk
`dirlry hnoodttkk gls ikkf skt up, ynur fkxt tlsj ds
tn
akhdak wgkrk tn put tgk `dirlry. Qgkrk ds fn suhg tgdfm ls lf dakl`
`dirlry rnno. L dirlry hlf ik idm
nr
sol``, wdtg olfy innjs nr eust
l bkw. Qgk ikst shgnn` `dirlry ds nfk tglt stuakfts vdsdt nbtkf lfa
wgkrk dt
ds
klsy bnr uskrs tn bdfa tgk innjs tgky wlft tn rkla.
Qgk `dirlry rnno sgnu`a ik idm kfnumg bnr lt `klst nfk bnro nb
stuakfts tn vdsdt lt
tgk
slok tdok. Xplhk `dodtltdnfs oly stnp ynu
brno prnvdadfm l stuay lrkl.
D b
tgds ds
tgk
hlsk
ynu
hnu`a
put
b`nnr
husgdnfs nr olts df
l hnrfkr nb tgk
rnno
bnr `kdsurk rkladfm. Qgds
ds
kspkhdl``y mnna bnr prdolry shgnn` stuakfts lfa wd`` oljk
tgk
`dirlry l pnpu`lr p`lhk bnr stnry tk``dfm.
Bdmurk
8.
Ksskftdl` `dirlry burfdturk
innjsgk`vks
aksjs lfa hgldr bnr tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf.
Qgk ilsdh burfdsgdfm kqudpokft bnr l `dirlry
ds
innjsgk`vks. Innjs
`lst `nfmkr lfa lrk klsdkr tn bdfa db tgky lrk adsp`lyka nf sgk`vks.
Tnu hlf oljk sgk`vks brno
olfy
oltkrdl`s5 wnna, iloinn, irdhjs
lfa kvkf oktl`. Ikbnrk ynu oljk nr iuy sgk`vks rkokoikr tn
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93
tgdfj
linut tgk gkdmgt nb ynur stuakfts. Xgk`vks lt prdolry shgnn`s
sgnu`a
fnt
ik gdmgkr
tglf
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B`nwkrs `nnj
fdhk
43 ko
Fkw innj adsp`ly
Ilhj
suppnrts
Xplhk bnr h`klfdfm
(linut
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99
nr usk wnnakf
pkms
Tnu hlf usk l
oktl` irlhjkt -
tgk
gnnjka kfa
nb tgk tdoikr
s`nts nf
tn
laeustli`k sgk`b
~ ~ ? ?
irlhjkt.
Bdmurk
8.2 Laeustli`k
sgk`vks
hlf
ik
olak `nhl``y.
Qgky
prnvdak `dmgt lfa
ldry
sgk`b
splhk wgdhg gk`ps tn prkvkft onu`a.
Qgky
lrk vkry uskbu` db snok
nb ynur
innjs
lrk tnn `lrmk tn put nf stlfalra innjsgk`vks.
Nptdnfl` `dirlry burfdturk
Qgk bn``nwdfm dtkos lrk uskbu` db ynur shgnn` gls subbdhdkft bufas5
bd`dfm hlidfkt
nr
`nhjli`k arlwkr bnr tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf's usk
aksjs lfa hgldrs wgkrk stuakfts hlf stuay. Qgksk hlf ik olak nb
`nhl` oltkrdl`s. Xtuakfts oly prkbkr tn usk olts
nr
husgdnfs,
kspkhdl``y ynufmkr hgd`arkf lt prdolry shgnn`s
irnwskr inxks (tgksk lrk uskbu` inxks
df
wgdhg tgk
tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf
hlf
p`lhk innjs bnr ynufmkr hgd`arkf sn
tgky
hlf hgnnsk tgkdr nwf rkladfm innj brno l sk`khtdnf nb innjs lt l
sudtli`k sjd`` `kvk` bnr tgkdr lmk lfa
lid`dty-
skk bdmurk 8. =)
olmlzdfk adsp`ly rlhjs
adsp`ly inlras bdxka
tn tgk
wl``s.
'Qgkrk ds fn
splhk
bnr
aksjs
lfa hgldrs sn tgk stuakfts olak olts
tn
sdt
nf, wgdhg olfy bdfa onrk hnobnrtli`k lfywly.'
Brkal Xlfakrs, Xhgnn`s @dirlry Lavdskr, wdtg Eu`dlf Qrklawly,
Xn`nonf Ds`lfas Qklhgkrs' Hn``kmk
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23ho
23ho
Bdmurk 8.= L irnwskr inx plrtdhu`lr`y mnna bnr prdolry shgnn` hgd`arkf
lfa bnr snrtdfm naa-sdzka lfa `lrmk innjs nr olmlzdfks.
]glt
kqudpokft anks tgk `dirlry fkka>
Df nrakr
tn
ruf tgk `dirlry kbbdhdkft`y ynu wd`` fkka snok nbbdhk
kqudpokft. Tnur .6hgnn` oly l`rklay nwf olfy
nb
tgksk dtkos.
Ksskftdl` nbbdhk kqudpokft
twn rkhnra nr dssuk inxks, `nfm
lfa
flrrnw tn bdt rkhnra nr dfakx
hlras nb l stlfalra
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91
]glt stltdnfkry anks tgk `dirlry fkka>
Ik`nw
ds
l `dst
nb
stltdnfkry wgdhg wd`` ik fkkaka tn gk`p ruf tgk
`dirlry.
Ksskftdl` stltdnfkry
il``pndft pko
hlrinf plpkr (usk tgds tn hnpy ynur `kttkrs)
hn`nurka olrjkr
pkfs
(dfak`di`k dfj, wltkrprnnb pkfs lrk ikst.
Bk`t pkfs lrk lhhkptli`k)
arlwdfm pdfs
kfvk`npks
m`uk (ruiikr-ilska m`uks, `djk Hnpyakx, lrk mnna, sn lrk m`uk stdhjs
-iuy intg db ynu hlf). Qgkrk lrk
olfy
typks nb m`uk bnr sl`k
df
sgnps
iut
snok lrk
fnt
sudtli`k bnr usk iy ynufm hgd`arkf. Xprly
m`uk
lfa
kxtrl-strnfm 'supkr' m`uks sgnu`a ik lvndaka.
dfj
pla
rkbd``s
olsjdfm tlpk
nr
hn`nurka stdhjy 'k`khtrdhl`' tlpk bnr innj rkpldrs
lfa/nr h`lssdbdhltdnf
`kamkr bnr lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr
skvkrl` kxkrhdsk innjs, dfh`uadfm
nfk
bnr lhhnufts, nfk bnr innj
nr olmlzdfk nrakrs, nfk bnr inrrnwdfm rkhnras lfa nfk bnr
qukrdks
lfa/nr
summkstdnfs
plpkr h`dps
pkfhd`s
stlp`ks
stdhjy tlpk, ants nr `lik`s (p`ldf nfks hlf
ik
hn`nurka
wdtg
pkfs
db ynu hgnnsk l hn`nur hnaka h`lssdbdhltdnf systko). Srdolry
shgnn` pupd`s lfa tgkdr tklhgkrs
odmgt
bdfa dt gk`pbu` tn usk
hn`nurs - bnr kxlop`k rka, yk``nw
lfa
i`uk
tn
advdak innjs
dftn
sjd ` `kvk`s. Qgds hlf gk`p ynufm hgd`arkf tn sk`kht innjs brno tgk
`dirlry stnhj.
hut lfa ru`ka rkhnra hlras (snoktdoks hl``ka dfakx hlras nr mudak
hlras). Qgksk lrk sn`a df plhjkts
df
l vlrdkty nb stlfalra sdzks.
Qgk rkhnookfaka sdzk ds
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92
df ynur lhhnufts fntkinnj. Tnur fntkinnj sgnu`a ik ru`ka
dftn bnur hn`uofs gklaka Altk, ]glt inumgt>, Srdhk
lfa
Qntl`.
]gy jkkp lhhnufts>
Jkkpdfm lhhnuft rkhnras gk`ps ynu hgkhj gnw ouhg onfky ynu
glvk spkft nf
tgk
`dirlry. Dt wd`` l`sn gk`p ynu iuamkt gnw ouhg
onfky ynu fkka
tn
spkfa nf tgk `dirlry fkxt yklr. Qgk shgnn`
lhhnuftlft wd`` l`sn fkka tn skk ynur rkhnras.
'
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1 Mkttdfm
tn
jfnw ynur
`dirlry
stnhj
]glt stnhj ds df ynur `dirlry>
]gkf ynu nrmlfdsk ynur `dirlry,
d t
ds dopnrtlft tn mkt tn jfnw
tgk
rlfmk
lfa
typk nb stnhj ynu glvk
lfa
tn advdak ynur stnhj dftn
tgrkk ilsdh skhtdnfs - rkbkrkfhk, dfbnroltdnf lfa bdhtdnf.
Ykbkrkfhk oltkrdl`
Qgds dfh`uaks kfhyh`nplkadls, adhtdnflrdks lfa lt`lsks. Ykbkrkfhk
innjs lrk uska tn bdfa qudhj lfswkrs, hgkhj blhts, lfswkr stuakfts'
qukstdnfs
lfa
adshnvkr fkw dfbnroltdnf. Ikhlusk rkbkrkfhk innjs
lrk nbtkf `lrmk, kxpkfsdvk
lfa df hnfstlft
akolfa, onst `dirlrdks
an fnt `kfa tgko. Dfstkla `dirlrdlfs put
tgko
nf h`klr`y `lik``ka
rkbkrkfhk innjsgk`vks fkxt tn tgk dfbnroltdnf innjs.
Dfbnroltdnf
oltkrdl`
Qgds ds snoktdoks jfnwf ls fnf-bdhtdnf lfa
ds
stnhj linut pknp`k,
p`lhks
lfa
tgdfms. Onst nb
tgk
stnhj
df
ynur `dirlry, dfh`uadfm
tkxtinnjs, wd`` ik`nfm tn tgds mrnup. Qn gk`p `dirlry uskrs bdfa tgk
innj tgky wlft, dt
ds
rkhnookfaka tglt
tgk
tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf
nrmlfdsks l`` tgk dfbnroltdnf stnhj dftn adbbkrkft suiekht lrkls. Bnr
kxlop`k,
put
l`` tgk innjs nf trkks
lfa
bnrksts nf innjsgk`vks
h`nsk tn klhg ntgkr. Tnu wd`` rkla onrk linut gnw tn an tgds df
hglptkr =.
Bdhtdnf
Qgksk innjs lrk l`sn jfnwf ls stnry innjs nr fnvk`s. Xnok bdhtdnf
innjs lrk uska iy Kfm`dsg tklhgkrs df skhnfalry shgnn`s l`` rnufa
tgk
wnr`a: Lfdol`
Blro
iy Mknrmk Nrwk``
lfa Qgdfms Bl`` Lplrt
iy
Hgdful Lhgkik lrk twn kxlop`ks. Bdhtdnf innjs lrk
fnt
eust bnr
stuaydfm, tgky hlf l`sn ik rkla bnr buf5 Ql`ks Nb Qgk Qdjnfms iy
Kpk`d Glu'npl ds l mnna kxlop`k nb l fnvk` tglt stuakfts wd `
kfeny.
Nfhk ynu glvk advdaka
tgk
stnhj
dftn
rkbkrkfhk, dfbnroltdnf
lfa
bdhtdnf skhtdnfs, dt wd`` ik h`klr tn ynu tglt tgk stnhj hnoks df
olfy
adbbkrkft sglpks
lfa
bnros - dfh`uadfm innjs, plopg`kts,
innj`kts, olmlzdfks, fkwsplpkrs, b`dphglrts, pnstkrs, pgntn l`iuos
nb shgnn` bnros, olps, vdakns, luadn hlsskttks, kth. Qgk onst
dopnrtlft typk nb stnhj, gnwkvkr, wd`` ik
tgk
inn
js.
9=
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97
Onrk linut innjs
Innjs lrk olak nb plpkr lfa sn tgky hlf ik klsd`y alolmka. D t
ds
eust
ls
dopnrtlft
tn
sgnw stuakfts
gnw tn
trklt innjs wk``
ls
dt
ds
tn kfhnurlmk
tgko
tn oljk onrk usk
nb
tgk innjs df tgk `dirlry.
Nfk
wly
tn an intg
ds
tn
oljk surk
tglt
stuakfts
lfa
`dirlry
onfdtnrs jfnw l`` linut wglt l innj
ds
lfa lrk li`k tn
flok
tgk
adbbkrkft plrts nb l innj.
Gnw tn gk`p stuakfts `klrf linut tgk plrts nb l innj
Qgk ikst oktgna
ds tn
mdvk l bnro `kssnf. Mdvk klhg
stuakft
l
innj. Qgkf pndft
nut
tgk adbbkrkft plrts nb l innj lfa kxp`ldf
tgkdr purpnsk.
Lsj
stuakfts tn bdfa tgk slok plrts
nf
tgkdr nwf
innj. Ykokoikr tn kxp`ldf
tgk
usks nb tgk hnftkfts lfa dfakx
plmks ls tgksk
hlf gk`p
stuakfts wdtg tgkdr stuadks. [sk bdmurks 1.
L shgnn` `dirlry fkkas l vlrdkty nb innjs
tglt
wd`` ik uskbu` bnr
stuakfts
lfa
tklhgkrs. Qgds sgnu`a dfh`uak5
snok tkxtinnjs bnr bnro wnrj. Tnu sgnu`a ldo bnr ou`tdp`k
hnpdks sn tglt stuakfts sglrk wdtg
ls
bkw ntgkr stuakfts
ls
pnssdi`k
rkbkrkfhk innjs
tglt
prnvdak qudhj lfswkrs, bnr kxlop`k
lf
kfhyh`nplkadl, l adhtdnflry, l tgkslurus lfa lf lt`ls
dfbnroltdnf (fnf-bdhtdnf) innjs tglt stuakfts hlf inrrnw
bdhtdnf innjs tglt stuakfts hlf inrrnw.
Db ynur shgnn` `dirlry gls ikkf npkf bnr snok tdok dt oly l`rklay
glvk l vlrdkty nb innjs lfa
ntgkr
stnhj. Tnu fkka tn `nnj lt kvkry
dtko nb stnhj lfa akhdak db dt
ds
sudtli`k bnr tgk `dirlry. Innjs
tglt
lrk
fnt
sudtli`k sgnu`a ik rkonvka.
]glt
oljks lf dfbnroltdnf innj sudtli`k bnr tgk `dirlry>
Qn lfswkr tgds qukstdnf ynu wd`` fkka tn `nnj hlrkbu``y lt tgk
innjs lfa
ntgkr
`dirlry oltkrdl`s
tgk
shgnn` nwfs.
Ls
l ru`k,
rkbkrkfhk
lfa
dfbnroltdnf innjs sgnu`a5
mdvk stuakfts jfnw`kamk (intg mkfkrl` jfnw`kamk lfa spkhdbdh
dfbnroltdnf brno skt tkxtinnjs)
prnvdak kxp`lfltdnfs (k.m., gnw hnl` ds olak)
sltdsby stuakfts' hurdnsdty
lfa
dftkrkst
df
`dbk
nbbkr lrt, hrlbt, ousdh, alfhk
lfa
hu`turl` dfbnroltdnf.
[sk
tgk
skvkf qukstdnfs ik`nw tn bdfa nut db ynur rkbkrkfhk lfa
dfbnroltdnf innjs lrk uskbu` bnr
tgk
shgnn` `dirlry. Dt ds dopnrtlft
tn dfvn`vk
ntgkr
tklhgkrs wgkf lsskssdfm nr sk`khtdfm innjs.
Lsj
tgkdr lavdhk linut innjs df tgk suiekhts tgky tklhg. Xhnrk nfk
pndft bnr l 'yks' lfswkr
tn
klhg qukstdnf.
< Ds l innj
nf
tgds suiekht fkkaka iy stuakfts lfa tklhgkrs lt
tgk
shgnn`>
9 Ds
tgk
innj lhhurltk> Qgds hlf ik glra tn euamk, sn lsj ntgkr
tklhgkrs
wglt
tgky tgdfj.
8 Ds tgk
lutgnr
mdvdfm twn sdaks nb tgk stnry> Anks dt glvk
il`lfhk>
8=
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87
1
Ds tgk
innj up tn altk> Qgds ds dopnrtlft ikhlusk dfbnroltdnf
hglfmks qudhj`y, kspkhdl``y df okadhdfk lfa shdkfhk. N`a lt`lsks
oly glvk olps nb hnuftrdks df tgko tglt an fnt kxdst fnw
@nnj up tgk flok nb l hnuftry tglt ynu jfnw gls hglfmka
lfa hgkhj db tgk innj
ds
hnrrkht.
; ]d`` stuakfts bdfa tgk innj klsy tn rkla>
Ds
dt nb lf
lpprnprdltk rkladfm `kvk`> Lt prdolry shgnn`s innjs sgnu`a
ik ls lttrlhtdvk
ls
pnssdi`k. Tnufm hgd`arkf bdfa
tnn olfy
wnras nf l plmk au``,
iut
hn`nur pdhturks wd`` dftkrkst tgko. Lt
skhnfalry shgnn`s tgk ikst dfbnroltdnf innjs usk l prdft tglt
ds klsy tn rkla. Qgky lrk wrdttkf df klsd`y ufakrstnna Kfm`dsg,
usdfm sdop`k wnras lfa sgnrt skftkfhks. Qgk tkxt
ds
olak
h`klrkr iy pdhturks, pgntns, adlmrlos, hlrtnnfs lfa olps. N`akr
innjs nbtkf glvk
fn
hn`nur pdhturks
lfa
tgds hlf oljk
tgko
skko inrdfm bnr stuakfts.
2 Ds tgkrk l hnftkfts plmk lfa lf dfakx>
= Ds tgk
innj df mnna hnfadtdnf>
Db dt ds n`a nr tgk plmks lrk tnrf
lsj ynursk`b db dt
hlf
ik okfaka. Db ynu hlffnt rkpldr tgk innj
dt ds
fnt sudtli`k bnr tgk `dirlry.
[skbu` innjs wd`` shnrk bu`` olrjs, d.k. skvkf. Innjs wdtg l vkry `nw
shnrk sgnu`a ik rkonvka brno
tgk
`dirlry.
Bdmurk ;.< Qklhgkrs lt Odmwlfd Qklhgkrs' Yksnurhk Hkftrk, Jkfyl,
adshussdfm innjs
lfa
lsskssdfm tgkdr sudtlid`dty
]glt oljks l bdhtdnf innj sudtli`k bnr tgk `dirlry>
L bdhtdnf
innj ds
sudtli`k db dt
ds
kfenyli`k tn rkla, wrdttkf lt l `kvk`
tglt
stuakfts
hlf
ufakrstlfa
lfa
anks
fnt
dfh`uak oltkrdl`
tglt
ds
skxdst, rlhdst nr ntgkrwdsk vktnka iy
tgk
`dirlry hnoodttkk.
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Bdhtdnf innjs
oly snoktdoks ik uska
bnr stuay, iut
tgky sgnu`a
l`sn
ik rkla
bnr
buf iy
intg
stuakfts lfa
stlbb
aurdfm
`kdsurk
tdok.
Tnu
sgnu`a ldo
tn glvk l wdak vlrdkty
nb
bdhtdnf innjs
wdtg
vnhliu`lry
tglt
sudts l`` sjd`` `kvk`s. Srlhtdhk wd`` gk`p
ynu
rkhnmfdsk
l
mnna
bdhtdnf
innj iut tgds
ds klsdkr
tn an
db
ynu
rkla
tgk
innjs
ynursk`b.
]gy
rkonvk snok innjs brno
tgk
`dirlry>
Tnur ldo
sgnu`a
ik tn glvk l hn``khtdnf nb wk``-uska, dfbnroltdvk
lfa kfenyli`k innjs df tgk `dirlry. Dt ds
ikttkr
tn
glvk
l sol``
stnhj
nb dftkrkstdfm innjs
tglf l `lrmk
hn``khtdnf
tglt
fninay
rklas.
Qn
lhgdkvk
tgds ynu oust
snrt
tgrnumg ynur
kxdstdfm
stnhj
hlrkbu``y
lfa rkonvk innjs tglt lrk nb
fn
vl`uk tn l shgnn` `dirlry.
Gnw an ynu akhdak wgdhg innjs tn rkonvk>
Kxpkrdkfhka `dirlrdlfs
glvk
bnufa tgk bn``nwdfm tn
ik
truk.
N`akr innjs oly hnftldf nut-nb-altk dakls.
Innjs tglt lrk skxdst
lfa/nr
rlhdst lrk
fnt lpprnprdltk
bnr
`dirlrdks.
Innjs
usdfm n`a-blsgdnfka wnras oly ik glra
bnr
stuakfts tn
ufakrstlfa.
Innjs tglt `nnj inrdfm nr lrk bl``dfm lplrt wd`` fnt ik rkla.
[fuska
innjs lttrlht
dfskhts.
@nnj lt l`` mdbt innjs kxtrl hlrkbu``y.
Anfltka
innjs oly fnt ik
wglt
ynu wlft,
nr
wglt tgk stuakfts fkka. Gkrk lrk hnookfts
brno twn RXN tklhgkr-`dirlrdlfs.
Qgky akonfstrltk
tgk
dopnrtlfhk nb `nnjdfm
hlrkbu``y
lt
l`` stnhj
lfa akhdadfm db dt
wd``
ik
sudtli`k bnr
tgk
stuakfts.
'Qgk `nwkr
`kvk`
`lfmulmk
innjs,
nbtkf anfltdnfs, lrk dflpprnprdltk bnr
tgk lmk nb gk stuakfts. Ikhlusk tgky an fnt stdou`ltk tgkdr dftkrkst, tgky
an
fnt stdou`ltk stuakfts'
aksdrk tn
rkla.'
Anffl
]yfkss, wnrjdfm
lt
Rlvl'u Gdmg Xhgnn`
df
Qnfml
wdtg
Bdf
lu
@lujlu lfa 'Lfl
Ondond
Lf lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr ds l rkhnra nb dtkos nb stnhj df tgk `dirlry df
tgk nrakr
df
wgdhg tgk `dirlry rkhkdvks tgko. Kvkry dtko nb stnhj
sgnu`a ik mdvkf l
ufdquk
fuoikr wgkf dt lrrdvks lt tgk shgnn`.
Qgds fuoikr oust
ik
wrdttkf anwf intg
df
tgk lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr
lfa nf
tgk dtko nb
stnhj.
D t ds
ksskftdl`
tglt ynu
mdvk l`` innjs
lf
lhhkssdnf fuoikr lfa kftkr tgko dftn tgk lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr.
]gy glvk lf lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr>
Qgk lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr sgnws tgk tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf wglt stnhj ds
nwfka iy tgk shgnn`. Qgds ds plrtdhu`lr`y dopnrtlft db tgk shgnn`
gls skvkrl` innjs
wdtg tgk
slok tdt`k, bnr kxlop`k, tkxtinnjs bnr
bnro `kssnfs. Ikhlusk kvkry innj ds mdvkf l ufdquk lhhkssdnf
fuoikr dt wd`` l`wlys ik pnssdi`k tn dakftdby l plrtdhu`lr innj.
'Qgds oklfs l
inrrnwkr
hlffnt sly tgky glvk
rkturfka
tgk
innj
eust
ikhlusk lfntgkr innj, wdtg tgk slok tdt`k,
ds nf
tgk sgk`b.'
Hyftgdl
Xtdrrup wgn wnrjka df Qgk Mloidl
Qgk
lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr tgkrkbnrk oljks stnhjtljdfm klsdkr.
Gnw
an
ynu oljk
lf
lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr>
Qgk aktld`ka dfstruhtdnfs ik`nw kxp`ldf gnw tn oljk
lfa oldftldf
lf lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr.
< Bdfa l `lrmk, strnfm kxkrhdsk innj.
(L
glrailhj
innj
wnu`a
ik
ikst- snok stltdnfkry sgnps hl`` tgko `kamkrs.)
9 ]rdtk 'Lhhkssdnf Ykmdstkr' nf tgk brnft hnvkr.
8 Xtuay bdmurk 2.
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Qgds ds tgk innj's lhhkssdnf fuoikr.
Ik
su
rk tn wrdtk
dt
df tgk innj.
Dfsdak brnft hnvkr
Bdmurk 2.< Oljdfm lf kftry df
lf
lhhkss dnf rkmdstkr
]rdtk tgk
lhhkssdnf
fuoikr nf tgk
tnp rdmgt-glfa
sdak nb tgk tdt`k
plmk nr bdrst plmk
nb tgk innj.
Ykturf altk `lik`
m`uka dftn tgk
innj
1 Qljk lfy `dirlry innj. Qgds wd`` ik fuoikr < df ynur lhhkssdnf
rkmdstkr. ]rdtk anwf tgk innj's tdt`k, lutgnr lfa pui`dsgkr df
tgk
hn`uofs iksdak
tgk
lhhkssdnf fuoikr.
Jkkp tgk
aktld`s irdkb
ls
ntgkr dfbnroltdnf, suhg ls
tgk
pui`dhltdnf altk, DXIF
lfa
fuoikr nb plmks, hlf ik kftkrka
nf
tgk tdt`k hltl`nmuk hlras
lfa
sgk`b `dst hlras. (Tnu wd ` `klrf linut tgksk df hglptkr 7.)
X ]rdtk tgk innj's lhhkssdnf fuoikr dfsdak tgk innj. L mnna
p`lhk tn wrdtk tgds fuoikr
ds
nf tgk
tnp
rdmgt-glfa sdak nb tgk
bdrst plmk.
Dt
ds
ikst tn wrdtk l`` lhhkssdnf fuoikrs df tgk slok
p`lhk df kvkry innj. Bnr snok dtkos, suhg ls luadn-vdsul` stnhj,
ynu oly fkka
tn
usk l olrjkr
pkf tn
wrdtk tgk lhhkssdnf
fuoikr nf
tgk
tlpk nr rkk .
2 Qljk
lfntgkr
`dirlry innj. Qgds wd`` glvk lhhkssdnf
fuoikr
9.
Bn``nw stkps 1 lfa X ls linvk.
= Mdvk klhg dtko df ynur `dirlry stnhj l adbbkrkft lhhkssdnf
fuoikr. Qgds ds kspkhdl``y dopnrtlft db tgkrk lrk skvkrl` hnpdks
nb tgk slok innj, ls
ds
`djk`y tn ik tgk hlsk wdtg tkxtinnjs.
7 Db ynu rkonvk lfy stnhj brno ynur `dirlry, rkokoikr
tn
hrnss
nut tgk
kftry df
tgk
lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr.
18
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11
Qklhgdfm
tdp
Db ynufmkr stuakfts lrk gk`pdfm ynu oljk lf lhhkssdnf
rkmdstkr ynu
oly
fkka tn gk`p tgko dakftdby tgk
adbbkrkfhk iktwkkf l tdt`k lfa lf lutgnr.
Lt
snok shgnn`s
tgk tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf wd`` wrdtk l `dst
nb
innjs, ufakr`dfdfm
tgk tdt`k
lfa
lutgnr df adbbkrkft hn`nurs.
Tnu
oly
bkk`
tglt
ufakr`dfdfm tgk tdt`k lfa lutgnr's flok df adbbkrkft
hn`nurs
skkos
tn tljk l mrklt akl` nb tdok iut dt wd``
kfsurk tglt tgk lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr ds lhhurltk,
tglt
stuakfts ikmdf tn ufakrstlfa tgk adbbkrkft plrts
nb
tgk
innj lfa
tglt
stuakfts lrk dfvn`vka df oljdfm tgk
`dirlry rdmgt brno tgk stlrt.
L`` stnhj wd` glvk l tdt`k, iut snok wd` fnt glvk lf lutgnr. D b ynu
lrk oljdfm lf lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr kftry bnr l innj `djk tgds, eust
`klvk
tgk
lutgnr hn`uof i`lfj.
Xhgnn` flokp`ltks lfa rkturf altk `lik`s
]gkf l`` ynur innjs glvk tgkdr nwf lhhkssdnf fuoikr ynu wd`
fkka tn m`uk
tgk
shgnn`'s flokp`ltk
lfa
l rkturf altk `lik`
nf
tn
tgk
bdrst plmk (nr l`tkrfltdvk`y
tgk
ilhj plmk) nb
tgk
innj. Dt ds
dopnrtlft
tglt l`` innjs lrk skkf tn ik`nfm tn tgk shgnn` `dirlry.
]gkf ynu oljk flokp`ltks dt
ds
uskbu` tn dfh`uak tgk shgnn`'s
laarkss. D b ynu glvk l ruiikr stlop nb tgk shgnn`'s flok ynu
sgnu`a l`sn stlop tgk innj df twn p`lhks - nfhk nf tgk dfsdak ilhj
hnvkr nb tgk innj lfa nfhk nf l plmk df tgk odaa`k nb tgk innj.
Qgds oklfs tglt db
tgk
innj ds `nst dt gls l ikttkr hglfhk nb ikdfm
rkturfka
tn tgk
shgnn` `dirlry.
]gdhg innjs fkka l rkturf altk `lik`>
L`` innjs wgdhg tgk `dirlry ds mndfm tn `kfa fkka l rkturf altk
`lik`. Qgds tk``s tgk inrrnwkr wgkf tgk innj ds auk tn ik rkturfka.
Ykbkrkfhk innjs, suhg ls adhtdnflrdks, kfhyh`nplkadls lfa lt`lsks,
lrk fnt usul``y `kft iy tgk `dirlry lfa tgkrkbnrk an fnt fkka l
rkturf altk `lik`. Qgky an, gnwkvkr, fkka l shgnn` flokp`ltk lfa
laarkss m`uka nf
tn
nfk nb tgk bdrst plmks.
Ikbnrk ynu mdvk l innj l rkturf altk `lik` ynu oust akhdak wglt
oktgna nb `kfadfm innjs ynu p`lf tn glvk lt ynur shgnn` `dirlry.
(Qgk vlrdnus oktgnas lrk akshrdika df hglptkr
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wgkrk ynu hlf stlop tgk altk dt sgnu`a ik rkturfka. Dt
ds
rkhnookfaka
tglt
ynu an tgds iy oljdfm l hnoidfka shgnn`
flokp`ltk lfa rkturf altk `lik` ls akshrdika ik`nw, iut ynu wd``
fnt fkka tn oljk ynur flokp`ltk
wdtg
l hlra pnhjkt.
Db
ynu p`lf
tn
`kfa innjs usdfm
tgk
innj
tdhjkt systko (lmldf, skk
hglptkr
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12
D b ynu glvk lhhkss
tn
l stkfhd` tgds
odmgt
slvk ynu tdok, ls
Hgrdstdfk Mknrmk, wnrjdfm df Xdkrrl @knfk, bnufa5
'Ykturf altk `lik`s
hlf l`sn
ik olak
iy typdfm l
stkfhd`,
wgdhg
tljks
linut fdfk `lik`s, lfa glvk tgko ruf nbbnf aup`dhltdfm plpkr.'
Qklhgdfm
tdp
Dt
ds
dopnrtlft
tn prnhkss fkw innjs ls snnf
ls
ynu hlf.
Db
ynur shgnn` dirlry ds skft l `lrmk fuoikr nb innjs lt
tgk slok tdok, dt oly ik uskbu` tn jkkp twn nr tgrkk
nb
tgko
nbb
tgk sgk`vks df nrakr tn sgnw tgk fkxt mrnup
nb
stuakft `dirlry onfdtnrs
nr
h`ui okoikrs kxlht`y
gnw
tn
laa
l innj tn tgk lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr lfa wgkrk tn m`uk df
tgk rkturf altk `lik`.
Qgk
fkxt
tlsj ds tn skplrltk ynur bdhtdnf innjs brno tgk
ntgkr
innjs. Qgk `dirlry's dfbnroltdnf innjs hlf tgkf
ik
advdaka
dftn
suiekhts. Qgds tlsj,
jfnwf ls
h`lssdbdhltdnf, ds kxp`ldfka df
tgk
fkxt
hglptkr.
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= Nrmlfdsdfm
ynur innjs
h`lssdbdhltdnf
Tnur innjs sgnu`a fnw ik advdaka
dftn
rkbkrkfhk, dfbnroltdnf lfa
bdhtdnf innjs, lfa kvkry innj sgnu`a glvk ikkf kftkrka dftn tgk
lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr. Qgk fkxt stkp ds tn h`lssdby tgk dfbnroltdnf innjs.
]glt ds h`lssdbdhltdnf>
H`lssdbdhltdnf ds l
oktgna
nb nrmlfdsdfm innj tdt`ks, sn tglt innjs
nf tgk
slok suiekht lrk jkpt fklr klhg
ntgkr
nf tgk
innjsgk`b.
Qn nrmlfdsk dfbnroltdnf innjs (l`sn hl``ka fnf-bdhtdnf innjs) tgk
ikst
oktgna ds tn
advdak ynur shgnn`'s stnhj
dftn
adbbkrkft suiekht
lrkls lfa tgkf mdvk klhg innj l h`lssdbdhltdnf `lik` usdfm l hnak.
Tnu hlf hnak iy `kttkr, fuoikr nr hn`nur.
]gy an dfbnroltdnf innjs fkka tn ik h`lssdbdka>
H`lssdbdhltdnf
ds
ksskftdl` ikhlusk dt jkkps dfbnroltdnf innjs
nf
tgk slok suiekht tnmktgkr. Q>ds oklfs stuakfts lfa tklhgkrs hlf
bdfa tgk dfbnroltdnf tgky wlft
ls
qudhj`y
ls
pnssdi`k. Nfhk
tgky
ufakrstlfa tgk `dirlry h`lssdbdhltdnf systko tgky wd`` jfnw wgkrk
tn bdfa
tgk
innjs
tgky
lrk `nnjdfm bnr.
]glt stnhj
ds
fnt h`lssdbdka>
Bdhtdnf innjs lrk
fnt
h`lssdbdka dftn suiekht skhtdnfs:
tgky
lrk bd`ka
l`pgliktdhl``y dfstkla. Ykla onrk linut tgds df hglptkr
4.
Mkfkrl`
dfbnroltdnf innjs, suhg
ls
kfhyh`nplkadls, sgnu`a ik put dftn tgk
rkbkrkfhk skhtdnf. Ykbkrkfhk innjs
sgnu`a
fnt ik `kft iy
tgk
`dirlry. @lrmk innjs
tglt
an
fnt
bdt
nf
tn tgk innj sgk`vks
lrk
h`lssdbdka dftn
tgk
rk`kvlft suiekht lrkl, iut tgky lrk sgk`vka
df
spkhdl` innjhlsks bnr nvkrsdzk innjs.
Gnw an ynu akhdak wgdhg suiekht lrkl klhg innj
ik`nfms
df>
Qgrkk l`tkrfltdvk h`lssdbdhltdnf systkos lrk kxp`ldfka df tgds
hglptkr. Qgky lrk sudtli`k bnr adbbkrkft `dirlry sdtultdnfs.
]gdhgkvkr systko ynu hgnnsk, ynu wd`` glvk tn akhdak upnf
tgk
oldf
suiekht nb klhg innj. Xnoktdoks tgds hlf ik adbbdhu`t
lfa
pknp`k oly
fnt
lmrkk
nf
tgk
oldf
suiekht.
1=
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17
]glt ds l suiekht>
L suiekht ds
lf
lrkl nb jfnw`kamk. Olenr `dirlry suiekhts odmgt
dfh`uak lmrdhu`turk, gkl`tg, rk`dmdnf
lfa
spnrt. Dolmdfk l rnw
nb
inxks wdtg suiekht tdt`ks (k.m. Gkl`tg, Lmrdhu`turk) prdftka nf tgk
nutsdak nb klhg inx. Dfsdak tgk inxks wd`` ik stnrdks lfa
dfbnroltdnf
linut
adbbkrkft lspkhts nb l plrtdhu`lr suiekht. Df
tgk
Gkl`tg inx, bnr kxlop`k, wd`` ik oltkrdl` nf bdrst-lda, dfnhu`ltdnfs,
ilrkbnnt anhtnrs, gnspdtl`s, kth.
Qlsj
@nnj lt
tgk
`dst ik`nw. Akhdak wgdhg lrk oldf suiekhts tglt sgnu`a
mn
nf tgk
nutsdak
nb
tgk inxks
lfa
wgdhg lrk typks
nb
dfbnroltdnf
tglt
sgnu`a mn dfsdak tgk inxks.
Lmrdhu`turk
Ikk
jkkpdfm
Yk`dmdnf
Qgk Idi`k
Qkhgfn`nmy
Xkhnfa ]nr`a ]lr lkrnp`lfks
Lfswkr
Qgk
oldf
suiekhts lrk lmrdhu`turk (ikk jkkpdfm ds l typk nb
l m r d h u ` t u ~ k : rk`dmdnf (tgk Idi`k ik`nfms df tgds suiekht inx) lfa
tkhgfn`nmy (oltkrdl`
nf
Xkhnfa ]nr`a ]lr lkrnp`lfks ik`nfms
df
tgds
inx).
Tnu oly bdfa tglt snok innjs skko
tn
bdt dftn skvkrl` suiekhts.
Qljk, bnr kxlop`k, lf dolmdflry innj hl``ka Khnfnodh Odrlh`k5 Ydhk
mrnwdfm
df
tgk Sgd`dppdfks.
]nu`a
ynu put
tgds
innj df tgk
iusdfkss
skhtdnf (khnfnodhs):
tgk
rk`dmdnf skhtdnf (odrlh`k): tgk lmrdhu`turk
skhtdnf (rdhk)
nr tgk
mknmrlpgy skhtdnf (Sgd`dppdfks)>
Nb
hnursk
tgk
innj
anks fnt lhtul``y kxdst, iut db dt ada D
tgdfj
D wnu`a
put
dt
df
tgk
iusdfkss skhtdnf, ikhlusk dt skkos tn
ik
linut khnfnodhs.
]glt an ynu tgdfj>
Gnw an
ynu hgnnsk
tgk
ikst h`lssdbdhltdnf oktgna
bnr ynur shgnn` `dirlry>
Qgkrk
ds
l hgndhk bnr ynu
tn
oljk fnw. Tnu fkka tn akhdak wgdhg
nb
tgk
bn``nwdfm h`lssdbdhltdnf systkos ikst okkts
tgk
fkkas
nb
tgk
stuakfts lfa tklhgkrs
ruffdfm
lfa usdfm tgk `dirlry. Dt
ds
dopnrtlft
tn
rkokoikr
tglt
wgltkvkr h`lssdbdhltdnf systko ynu
hgnnsk
ynu
wd`` tgkf fkka tn bn``nw tgk slok innj `lik``dfm
prnhkaurk, ls kxp`ldfka lt
tgk
kfa
nb
tgds hglptkr.
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Qdoktli`k h`lssdbdhltdnf
Qgds
ds
tgk oktgna rkhnookfaka bnr prdolry shgnn` `dirlrdks.
@dst l`` tgk suiekhts
nf
tgk tdoktli`k lt ynur shgnn`. Tnur `dst wd``
prnili`y `nnj sdod`lr
tn tgds5 oltgkoltdhs, Kfm`dsg, shdkfhk,
lmrdhu`turk, wnnawnrj,
gnok
khnfnodhs, iusdfkss, spnrt, rk`dmdnus
kauhltdnf, gdstnry, mknmrlpgy, ousdh, tkhgfn`nmy, mkfkrl`
jfnw`kamk.
Fnw tgdfj linut tgk innjs ynu kftkrka
dftn tgk
lhhkssdnf rkmdstkr.
Lrk tgky innjs tglt bdt dftn tgksk suiekht lrkls> Db tgk lfswkr ds
'yks', ynu hnu`a usk tgksk suiekhts ls
tgk
ilsds nb h`lssdbdhltdnf df
ynur `dirlry.
Db
fnt, ynu hlf laeust tgk suiekht
ls
rkqudrka. Tnu
hnu`a
tgkf
advdak tgk innjs dftn suiekhts lfa mdvk tgko tgk
sdop`k h`lssdbdhltdnf hnaks
sgnwf df tgk
tli`k ik`nw. Bnr
dfstlfh
k,
lf lrdtgoktdh innj wnu`a ik h`lssdbdka
ufakr
tgk tdoktli`k suiekht
oltgkoltdhs
lfa
mdvkf tgk h`lssdbdhltdnf hnak
OLQGX
nf dts spdfk
`lik`.
(Xkk
tgk skhtdnf 'Gnw tn oljk spdfk `lik`s'
nf
p. ;;.)
Ikhlusk snok innjs
lfa plopg`kts glvk vkry flrrnw spdfks, lfa
ikhlusk snok suiekhts glvk `nfm floks, kvkf fklt wrdtdfm oly ik
glra tn bdt
nf
tn tgk `lik`. Qgds
ds
wgy tgk sgnrtglfa hnaks bnr
klhg suiekht, `djk MKNM bnr mknmrlpgy, lrk uska bnr tgk spdfk `lik`s
dfstkla nb
tgk
bu`` suiekht
flok
.
Qdoktli`k h`lssdbdhltdnf
Qdoktli`k suiekht
Ykbkrkfhk
Yk`dmdnfs
Kfm`dsg mrloolr
Xhdkfhk
Qkhgfn`nmy lfa wnnawnrj
Kfvdrnfokft
Iusdfkss
\udhj `lik` hnak
YKB
YK@
KFM
XHD
QKH
KFRDYN
I[X
Lmrdhu`turk LMYDH
Lrt Lf
~ r t
~ n
Ousdh
Gnok khnfnodhs
Gdstnry
Mknmrlpgy
Oltgkoltdhs
O[X
GNOK
GDXQ
MKNM
OLQGX
14
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;3
Akwky Akhdol` H`lssdbdhltdnf (AAH)
Qgk Akwky Akhdol` H`lssdbdhltdnf ds uska
tgrnumgnut tgk
wnr`a
lfa ds
pnpu`lr wdtg olfy `dirlrdks. Dt
ds
onst uskbu` bnr skhnfalry
shgnn` `dirlrdks
wdtg
onrk tglf ;33 dfbnroltdnf innjs.
Lt
dts sdop`kst,
tgk
Akwky systko h`lssdbdks innjs
dftn tkf
irnla
suiekht lrkls,
wgdhg
lrk hnaka iy fuoikrs. Klhg
innj
gls l spdfk
`lik`
wdtg l fuoikr sgnwf
nf
dt,
lfa tglt fuoikr
tk``s
tgk
rklakr
wglt suiekht lrkl tgk innj ik`nfms df. Slrtdhu`lr suiekht lrkls lrk
mdvkf l rlfmk
nb hnak fuoikrs rkhnmfdska
tgrnumgnut
tgk wnr`a.
Qgk
tkf
rlfmks stlrt wdtg tgk fuoikrs 333,
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Lstrnfnoy
Sgysdhs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Hgkodstry
Mkn`nmy
;93
;83
;13
;;3
Bnssd`s ;23
Idn`nmy ;=3
Intlfy
Lf dol`s
;73
;43
Db ynu wlftka tn `nnj bnr dfbnroltdnf linut trkks, ynu wnu`a mn tn
tgk fklrkst rk`ltka suiekht lrkl, wgdhg wnu`a ik intlfy (;73).
[sdfm tgk AAH shgkau`k ynu wnu`a bdfa tglt dfbnroltdnf linut
trkks ds h`lssdbdka lt ;79.
Db ynu lrk gnpdfm tn laa onrk innjs tn ynur `dirlry, pkrglps
ldodfm lt l stnhj nb onrk tglf ;33 dfbnroltdnf innjs,
tgk
Akwky
Akhdol` systko hlf ik vkry uskbu`. Qgds ds ikhlusk dt wnrjs nf l
stlfalra akhdol` systko sn tglt gnwkvkr
ouhg
fkw jfnw`kamk ds
adshnvkrka nr wgltkvkr
ds
dfvkftka, l p`lhk hlf ik olak bnr fkw
suiekhts df tgk h`lssdbdhltdnf.
@nnj lmldf lt tgk tli`k nf shdkfhk (;33). ]dtgdf tgk tkf irnla
suiekht advdsdnfs onrk suiekht lrkls hlf ik olak. Df
tgk
Akwky
systko tgk akhdol` pndft
ds
uska sn dfbnroltdnf hlf ik kvkf
burtgkr suiadvdaka. Qgds
ds
anfk iy laadfm bdmurks ikbnrk nr lbtkr l
akhdol` pndft df tgk h`nskst rk`ltka h`lssdbdhltdnf skhtdnf. Bnr
kxlop`k, ynu hlf bdfa dfbnroltdnf nf mkn`nmy
lt
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;9
Akwky Akhdol` H`lssdbdhltdnf - shdkfhk sgk`vks
Xtlfalra suiekht
Xhdkfhk
Oltgs
L`mkirl
Mknoktry
Sgysdhs
Okhglfdhs
Gklt
Hgkodstry
Mkn`nmy
H`doltk lfa wkltgkr
Ynhjs
Idn`nmy
Xklsnfs
Khn`nmy
Bdsg
Idras
Olool`s
Akwky fuoikr
;33
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Qgk sdop`dbdka hnak wnu`a `nnj `djk tgds5
Xdop`dbdka Akwky Akhdol` H`lssdbdhltdnf
Xtlfalra suiekht
Ykbkrkfhk
Sgd`nsnpgy
Yk`dmdnfs
Xnhdl`
shdkfhks
@lfmulmks
Xhdkfhk
Qkhgfn`nmy
Lrts
lfa rkhrkltdnf
@dtkrlturk
Gdstnry lfa mknmrlpgy
Xdop`k hnak
3 (dfstkla nb 333)
< (dfstkla nb
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n
wt
n
o
jk
sp
dfk
` i
k`s
fh
k yn
u jf
nw
wgd
hg su
iek h
t ynu
r df
bn ro
ltdn
f in
nj
sg nu
`a i
k
h`lss
dbdka
d
fl
fa
w gd
hg h`
ls sd
bdhlt
dn fs
ys tk
o y
nu lr
k us
dfm
ynu
wd``
fk
ka tn
put
l h`
ls sdb
dhltd
nf o
lrj
nf
l sp d
fk `l
ik ` n
f t
gk n
uts da
k
hn
vkrn
b k l
hg i
nn j.
Bdm u
rk =
.< sg
nw s
g
nw
tg
ds s
anfk
.
t
s
ik
st tn
usk
l o
lrj k
r p
kf t
nwrd tk
nf tg
k
sp df
k r
stdhj
hn`
nurk
a tl p
k n r
o ls
j df m
tl p
k
n
f
tgk
sp df
k lfa
wr
dtkt
gk h
`lssd
bdhl
tdnff
uo
krn
f
tn t
gk tl
pkd
b lpp
rn p
rdltk
. Xn
ok `
dirlr
dl fs
wr dt
k tg
k fu
o k
r nf
l
t
gdf
st r
dp nb
plp
kr lf
a tg
kf
m` uk
t g ds
tn
tgk i
lhj
hn vk
r sp
df k
lfa
b
rn f t
h
nvk
r g
nw k
vk r
tg ds
o
ly fnt
st l
y m `
ukanf
db
t
gk
inn
j s
i
nrr
nw ka
rkm
u`lr
`y.
XS
DFK @LIK@
X
BNY
N
NJX
b
y
nu lrk
usdfm
eufdn
rHn`n
ur
Hnak
dt ds
lmn n
a
dakl
t
npu
t
tgk
s
uiekh
t
h`ls
sdbdhl
tdnf
fuo
ikr
ls
wk``
.
Qgk
hnak
733
l
fa tg
k pdfj
hn`n
ur
nb tgk
spdf
k`lik
` sgnw
s
`dirl
ry
usk
rs
t
gl t
tgk i
nnj
ds
jkpt
d
f tgk
`dtkrlt
urk
skh
t dnf nb tg k
innj
sgk`v
ks.
M`u
ktgk
spdfk
`
lik`
sn
o ns
t
nb
dt
ds
nf tg
k br
nft
hnvk
r.
Qn ol
jk sp
dfk
`li
k`s bn
r innj
s,
h
ut tgdf
strdp
s
nb
pl
pkr n
r
hn`nu
rka t
lpk
lf
a stdh
j lt
t
g
k
inttn
o
nb
l
in n
j s sp
dfk.
XS
DFK @LIK
@X BN
Y SL
OSG@
KQX
Bdmur
k
< Sut
tdfms
pdf k
`lik
`s nf
inn
js l f
a pl
opg
`kts
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;7
7 Oljdfm `dirlry hltl`nmuks
]glt
ds
l `dirlry hltl`nmuk>
L dirlry hltl`nmuk tk``s ynu wglt innjs ynu glvk df ynur `dirlry
lfa wgkrk tn bdfa tgko. Onst `dirlry hltl`nmuks lrk lrrlfmka df
l`pgliktdhl` nrakr.
]gy oljk hltl`nmuks>
Tnur `dirlry oly ik sol`` fnw, iut db ynu lrk skft
(k.m. Lfdol`
Blro
iy
Mknrmk Nrwk``)
9 Ds tgkrk lfy dfbnroltdnf df tgk `dirlry nf . . .
>
(k.m. hyh`nfks)
Adbbkrkft typks
nb
hltl`nmuk
Df idmmkr `dirlrdks tgkrk wd`` ik skvkrl` hltl`nmuks, dfh`uadfm l tdt`k
hltl`nmuk (lfa pkrglps lf
lutgnr
hltl`nmuk), l suiekht hltl`nmuk
lfa
l sgk`b `dst.
Qdt`k hltl`nmuks
L tdt`k hltl`nmuk gk`ps ynu lfswkr 'Ds tgkrk l innj df
tgk
`dirlry
hl``ka . . .
>'
qukstdnfs. Qgds typk nb hltl`nmuk ds uskbu` ikhlusk dt
ds
lf l`pgliktdhl` rkhnra nb tgk tdt`ks nb l`` tgk stnhj df tgk `dirlry. Dt
ds
l`sn ksskftdl` bnr lfynfk wgn rufs
tgk
`dirlry db ynu lrk
d``,
nr db
ynu `klvk tgk shgnn`.
Lutgnr
hltl`nmuks
Xnok `dirlrdlfs rkhnookfa oljdfm lf
lutgnr
hltl`nmuk. Qgds ds
sdod`lr tn l tdt`k hltl`nmuk, kxhkpt tglt dt
ds
lf l`pgliktdhl` rkhnra
nb l``
tgk
lutgnrs rkprkskftka df tgk `dirlry. Qgk prni`ko ds tglt
snok pui`dhltdnfs (kspkhdl``y plopg`kts) an fnt glvk nfk nivdnus
lutgnr. Ikhlusk kvkrytgdfm df ynur `dirlry wd`` glvk l tdt`k, wk
rkhnookfa
tglt
ynu oljk l tdt`k hltl`nmuk
lfa
bnrmkt
tgk lutgnr
hltl`nmuk.
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Xuiekht hltl`nmuks
Xuiekht hltl`nmuks gk`p ynu lfswkr
tgk
'Ds tgkrk lfy dfbnroltdnf
df tgk `dirlry nf . . .
>'
qukstdnfs. Gnwkvkr, suiekht hltl`nmuks hlf
ik hnop`dhltka ls tgky oly fkka olfy hrnss-rkbkrkfhks tn ntgkr
suiekhts
lfa
tdt`ks. Qgk sdop`kst oktgna, rkhnookfaka bnr intg
prdolry
lfa
skhnfalry shgnn` `dirlrdks,
ds
tn
oljk l h`klr pnstkr
sgnwdfm ynur h`lssdbdhltdnf systko lfa
tn pdf
dt
up
df tgk `dirlry ls
summkstka nf p. ;1. Xtuakfts hlf rkbkr tn tgk pnstkr tn bdfa tgk
innjs tgky fkka.
Xgk`b dsts
L sgk`b dst ds l sol`` bd k nb hlras lrrlfmka
df
tgk slok nrakr ls
tgk
innjs nf tgk sgk`vks. Qgk sgk`b `dst ds l uskbu` rkhnra bnr
stnhjtljdfm (skkp. 2;), wgdhg
ds
lf ksskftdl` tlsj.
Gnw an ynu oljk l tdt`k hltl`nmuk>
]k rkhnookfa tglt ynu oljk l tdt`k hltl`nmuk rkhnra bnr kvkry
pdkhk nb stnhj df
tgk
`dirlry, brno plopg`kts tn vdakns. ]dtgnut l
tdt`k rkhnra ynur suhhkssnr, ntgkr stlbb
lfa
stuakfts oly bnrmkt
wglt tdt`ks lrk lvld`li`k df ynur `dirlry.
Qgkrk lrk twn wlys nb oljdfm l tdt`k hltl`nmuk5 wrdtdfm tdt`ks df
lf
kxkrhdsk innj, nr usdfm l hlra dfakx systko. Intg oktgnas glvk
ikkf trdka lfa tkstka iy tklhgkr-`dirlrdlfs, iut tgk hlra dfakx
systko ds ikttkr db ynu lrk kxpkhtdfm ynur `dirlry tn mrnw.
Qdt`k hltl`nmudfm
usdfm
lf
kxk`"hdsk innj
Bdmurk 7.< lfa tgk bn``nwdfm stkp-iy-stkp dfstruhtdnfs kxp`ldf gnw
tn oljk l tdt`k hltl`nmuk df
lf
kxkrhdsk innj.
< Advdak klhg plmk nb lf kxkrhdsk
innj dftn
bnur hn`uofs, nfk
bnr
tgk
tdt`k,
nfk
bnr
tgk lutgnr
(db jfnwf),
nfk
bnr
tgk
lhhkssdnf fuoikr lfa nfk bnr tgk suiekht h`lssdbdhltdnf - sn
tglt stuakfts jfnw wgkrk tn `nnj bnr tgk innj
nf
tgk
innjsgk`vks.
9 Sut l` tdt`ks stlrtdfm wdtg L tnmktgkr nf tgk slok plmks, l``
tdt`ks stlrtdfm wdtg I tnmktgkr nf tgk slok plmks
lfa
sn nf
uftd` ynu rklhg U. D t anks
fnt
olttkr db ynu odx dfbnroltdnf
lfa bdhtdnf innjs nf
tgk
slok plmk.
Qgk prni`ko wdtg tgds
oktgna
ds
tglt
ls
tgk
plmk ikhnoks bu`` ynu
hlffnt klsd`y laa fkw stnhj. Gnwkvkr, dt ds l uskbu` oktgna db ynu
hlffnt nitldf hltl`nmuk hlras lfa ynur `dirlry stnhj ds sol``.
;4
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23
Tnu
fkka l skplrltk plmk bnr klhg `kttkr nb tgk l`pglikt.
3
Nw
Qgds innj ds
olrjka wdtg
B.O,
rklay tn ik
put
nf tgk
Bdhtdnf
innjsgk`b
ufakr 'O'.
Bdmurk 7.< Qdt`k hltl`nmuk df lf kxkrhdsk innj
DDHt[XrNO
F ~ ` . ` `
/nz
9=
=
`i
;u EKHQ
t@L XdbdHLQDDDDD
B
B
B
Xn-n
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Qdt`k hltl`nmudfm usdfm dfakx hlras
Bdmurk 7.9 lfa
tgk
bn``nwdfm dfstruhtdnfs wd`` kxp`ldf gnw tn oljk
l tdt`k hltl`nmuk usdfm dfakx hlras.
< Klhg dtko nb stnhj oust glvk l skplrltk hlra.
Db
ynu lrk oljdfm
ynur
nwf
dfakx hlras ynu
sgnu`a ldo
tn
oljk
tgko
l stlfalra
sdzk -
tgk
nfks lvld`li`k df sgnps
lfa
brno `dirlry supp`dkrs lrk
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'bdhtdnf'. Lbtkr tgk bu`` stnp ynu wrdtk J, bnr Jdokfyk,
wgdhg
ds
tgk bdrst `kttkr nb tgk lutgnr's surflok.
9
[fakrfkltg
tgk h`lssdbdhltdnf hnak nr B kttkr, wrdtk tgk tdt`k
nb
tgk innj.
8
[fakrfkltg
tgk
tdt`k, wrdtk
tgk flok
nb
tgk
lutgnr, db jfnwf.
1
Lt
tgk
inttno
rdmgt-glfa hnrfkr, wrdtk
tgk
innj's lhhkssdnf
fuoikr.
X Lrrlfmk sgk`b `dst hlras bnr dfbnroltdnf innjs iy tgkdr suiekht
h`lssdbdhltdnf fuoikr. Lrrlfmk sgk`b `dst hlras bnr bdhtdnf innjs
df l`pgliktdhl` nrakr iy tgk lutgnr's `lst flok.
2 ]gkf ynu glvk l hlra bnr l`` tgk innjs, tljk klhg hlra
lfa
oljk twn gn`ks
df tgk
`kbt sdak
-ynu
hnu`a
an
tgds
wdtg
l
gn`k
pufhg . Sut
~ n r f
strdfm tgrnumg tgds gn`k lfa tdk l`` tgk hlras
bnr klhg suiekht
dftn
l innj`kt. Oljk l skplrltk innj`kt bnr tgk
bdhtdnf tdt`ks.
=
Db
ynu lrk usdfm
tgk
sdop`k Akwky Akhdol` H`lssdbdhltdnf
nr
Eufdnr Hn`nur Hnak h`lssdbdhltdnf (skk hglptkr =) ynur sgk`b `dst
bnr dfbnroltdnf innjs wd` fnw ik advdaka
dftn
tkf innj`kts.
Qgksk hlf ik uska wgkf ynu stnhjtljk.
7 Db ynur `dirlry rkhkdvks onrk innjs ynu hlf uftdk tgk strdfm
lfa
laa sgk`b `dst hlras bnr tgk fkw stnhj.
Bdmurks 7.8 lfa 7.1 sgnw wglt l sgk`b `dst hlra lfa l sgk`b `dst
hltl`nmuk (nr innj`kt) sgnu`a
`nnj `djk.
Xol`
gn`k
Xgk`b `dst hlra
Xuiekht h`lssdbdhltdnf hnak5 Qgds hnu`a
ik l hn`nur (i`uk) lfa/nr l fuoikr
(4/433)
nr
tgk
wnra
'Mknmrlpgy'.
Db ynu lrk oljdfm l sgk`b `dst hlra bnr l
bdhtdnf innj, eust
put
'B' gkrk, bnr bdht dnf,
bn``nwka iy tgk bdrst `kttkr
nb
tgk
lutgnr's `lst flok.
Bdmurk 7.8 Oljdfm l sgk`b `dst hlra
Qgk innj's
lhhkssdnf fuoikr
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21
[sk strdfm
tn
tdk
up tgk hlras
df
klhg innj`kt.
Bdmurk 7.1 Xgk`b `dst hltl`nmuks
Gnw
tn
sn`vk snok hltl`nmudfm prni`kos
]rdtk tgk flok
nb tgk suiekht
nf tgk brnft nb
tgk innj`kt.
Qljks l
`nfm
tdok> Tnu wd`` prnili`y bdfa oljdfm hltl`nmuks
ds qudtk klsy tn an, iut tglt dt tljks l `nfm tdok. Qry lfa
kfhnurlmk stuakfts tn gk`p ynu oljk tgksk hltl`nmuks.
Glra
tn rkla> ]rdtk fklt`y. Tnu hnu`a usk l typkwrdtkr db nfk
ds lvld`li`k.
Qwn
nr
onrk hnpdks
nb tgk
slok innj> ]rdtk l skplrltk tdt`k
hlra
lfa
sgk`b `dst hlra bnr klhg nb tgksk innjs. Tnu wd`` ik li`k
tn tk`` tglt tgkrk
ds
onrk tglf nfk hnpy ikhlusk tgk lhhkssdnf
fuoikr (df tgk inttno rdmgt-glfa hnrfkr) wd`` ik adbbkrkft.
Lutgnrs
wgn
glvk
wrdttkf onrk tglf nfk innj>
Bd`k
tgk
sk
iy tgkdr h`lssdbdhltdnf fuoikr, tgkf l`pgliktdhl``y iy
tgk
tdt`k nb
tgk
innj.
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]glt ds stnhjtljdfm>
Xtnhjtljdfm ds anfk tn bdfa
nut
db l`` stnhj
df tgk
`dirlry
ds
std``
tgkrk. Bnr skhurdty rklsnfs lt
tgk kfa nb
kvkry
tkro
lsj stuakfts
lfa
stlbb tn rkturf l`` tgkdr innjs tn tgk `dirlry. Iut nfhk l yklr,
fklr tgk kfa nb tgk
bdfl`
tkro wgkf
snok stuakfts wd`` ik `klvdfm
tgk shgnn` bnr kvkr, h`nsk tgk `dirlry bnr l aly bnr l stnhjtljk. Lsj
`dirlry onfdtnrs nr h`ui okoikrs tn wl`j rnufa tgk innjsgk`vks
usdfm tgk sgk`b `dst tn hgkhj
tglt
tgk dfbnroltdnf lfa bdhtdnf innjs
lrk l``
nf tgk
sgk`vks. Qgds ds
gnw
l tklhgkr wnrjdfm bnr RXN df
Xdkrrl @knfk tlumgt
gkr
hnuftkrplrts lfa stuakfts
tn
stnhjtljk5
'Qljk tgk sgk`b `dst innj`kt lfa hgkhj klhg innj, sgk`b
iy sgk`b
D b
innjs
lrk odssdfm, wrdtk "odssdfm"
lfa
tgk altk df tgk splhk ik`nw tgk tdt`ks.
L`sn olrj wdtg rka dfj tgk nutkr kamk
nb
gk
sgk`b
dst innj`kt sn
tglt
odssdfm innjs hlf ik klsd`y trlhka wgkf b`dhjdfm tgrnumg tgk
sgk`b
dst
innj`kt `ltkr.'
'Db
tgk innjs lrk tgkrk, `klvk tgk splhk nf tgk
sgk`b
`dst hlra kopty.
]gkf
tgk innjs lrk hgkhjka
lfa
bnufa tn ik tgkrk, turf tgko 1; akmrkks, sn
tglt
tgky lrk bnrk-kamk anwf nf tgk sgk`b Qgkf
lfy
innjs wgdhg lrk `kbt
uprdmgt lrk kdtgkr df tgk wrnfm p`lhk: nr glvk fn sgk`b `dst hlra nr glvk
ikkf odsska df tgk stnhjtljk hgkhjdfm.'
Hgrdstdfk Mknrmk, Xdkrrl @knfk
Sdf up fntdhks sn
tglt
stuakfts
lfa stlbb jfnw wgdhg innjs lrk
odssdfm. Kfhnurlmk pknp`k tn
rkturf
odssdfm innjs, usdfm
tgk
dakls
summkstka
df hglptkr
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22
4 L`pgliktdhl` bd`dfm
]glt
ds bd`ka l`pgliktdhl``y
df
tgk `dirlry>
L`pgliktdhl` bd`dfm
ds
uska bnr olfy `dirlry tlsjs. Onst `dirlrdks
lrrlfmk bdhtdnf innjs l`pgliktdhl``y nf
tgk
sgk`vks usdfm
tgk
lutgnr 's `lst
flok
(snoktdoks hl``ka surflok). L`pgliktdhl` bd`dfm
hlf l`sn ik uska tn nrmlfdsk dfakx hlras lfa inrrnwkrs' hlras df l
`nmdhl`
lfa
klsy-tn-bdfa nrakr.
]gy bd`k l`pgliktdhl``y>
Bd`dfm innjs l`pgliktdhl``y jkkps
tgko df
nrakr. Dt oklfs
tglt
lfynfk wgn jfnws
tgk
l`pglikt hlf bdfa
lfy
bdhtdnf innj
tgky
wlft df lfy `dirlry. L`pgliktdhl` bd`dfm ds l systko ynu hlf tklhg
stuakfts klsd`y.
Gnw an ynu bd`k l`pgliktdhl``y>
Qn bd k l`pgliktdhl``y ynu oust put dtkos df L tn U nrakr, stlrtdfm
lt L lfa bdfdsgdfm
wdtg
U. Dt ds ksskftdl` tglt stuakfts, brno tgk
bdrst-bnrokrs
tgrnumg
tn
tgk
`dirlry onfdtnrs, jfnw
tgkdr
L tn U
lfa lrk vkry hnfbdakft
linut
l`pgliktdhl` bd`dfm. Dt ds uskbu` tn
hgkhj tgds, pkrglps iy usdfm l skt nb hlras,
lfa
l`sn
tn
an snok
nb
tgk
`klrfdfm mloks summkstka
df tgk
tklhgdfm tdps
lt tgk
kfa
nb
tgds
hglptkr, ikbnrk tgk `dirlry npkfs. Qgds wd`` gk`p stuakfts
ufakrstlfa gnw
stnhj ds nrmlfdska
df tgk
`dirlry lfa
oly
kfhnurlmk snok tn gk`p
tgk
tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf rkturf innjs tn
tgk
rdmgt innjsgk`vks.
Suttdfm bdhtdnf innjs df l`pgliktdhl` nrakr
Qn lrrlfmk bdhtdnf innjs l`pgliktdhl``y nf tgk sgk`vks,
put
l`` tgk
innjs wrdttkf
iy
lutgnrs wdtg `lst floks stlrtdfm
wdtg
L
nf tgk
slok sgk`b.
Qgkf
an tgk slok wdtg l` tgk innjs wrdttkf iy lutgnrs
wdtg
tgk
`lst floks stlrtdfm wdtg
I, tgkf
l``
tgk
Hs, lfa sn nf.
Jkkp nf advdadfm `djk tgds uftd` ynu rklhg U.
[sk sgk`b mudaks (skk hglptkr
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Innjs iy
lutgnrs wgnsk
`lst floks
ikmdf wdtg L
lrk jkpt nf
tgds sgk`b.
Xgk`b mudaks
hlf ik olak
iy plrhk``dfm
n`a innjs
tnmktgkr.
Xtnfk uska ls l
innjkfa.
B, M lfa G glvk ikkf
put
tnmktgkr
ikhlusk tgds `dirlry
gls vkry bkw innjs iy
lutgnrs wgnsk `lst floks
ikmdf wdtg B M nr G.
Bdmurk
4.
Bdrst nb l` , ikbnrk `kfadfm lfy `dirlry stnhj dt
ds
ksskftdl` tglt l``
dfbnroltdnf innjs
lfa
bdhtdnf innjs glvk l
rkturf
altk `lik` m`uka
dftn tgk brnft lfa tgk flok nb
tgk
shgnn` wrdttkf df
nfk
nr onrk
p`lhks dfsdak
tgk
innj. Qgk innj sgnu`a l`sn glvk
lf
lhhkssdnf
fuoikr, l sgk`b `dst hlra, l tdt`k hlra lfa l spdfk `lik`. @nnj ilhj lt
hglptkrs 2-7 db ynu glvk
fnt
ykt hnop`ktka lfy
nb
tgksk tlsjs.
Tnu
hlf hgnnsk brno tgrkk l`tkrfltdvk
oktgnas nb
rkhnradfm wgdhg
innjs lrk `kft
iy
tgk `dirlry. Akhdak
wdtg
tgk hnoodttkk
wgdhg
wnu`a ik ikst lt ynur shgnn`.
@kfadfm usdfm
lf
kxkrhdsk innj
Qn oljk l sdop`k rkhnra nb
wgn
gls inrrnwka
wglt
dtkos brno
tgk
`dirlry usk l idm kxkrhdsk innj, wdtg ru`ka hn`uofs
ls
sgnwf df
bdmurk
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Xtuakft's flok
FLOK
FtE..NOd
Kftrdks sgnwdfm
`0 )..`:k
wgn
gls
E n ~ k ~
nrrnwka
wgdhg innj
s l ~ i 0 s
Qn jkkp `dirlry innjs df mnna hnfadtdnf tgk tklhgkr-`dirlrdlf oust
lftdhdpltk prni`kos. Qgksk rlfmk brno hnpdfm wdtg lavkrsk
wkltgkr hnfadtdnfs tn pkst dfbkstltdnf df tgk `dirlry.
Qgk sdop`k
oktgnas
wnrj ikst. Qgk `dirlry hnoodttkk sgnu`a
kfsurk
tgk `dirlry
ds
skhurk lfa wkltgkrprnnb. Xtnp stuakfts brno
kltdfm df
tgk
`dirlry,
lfa
try tn swkkp
tgk
b`nnr
lfa
aust sgk`vks
rkmu`lr`y. Tnu hnu`a kfhnurlmk `dirlry onfdtnrs
tn
oljk l rntl sn
tglt snok h`klfdfm enis lrk anfk kvkry aly df tgk `dirlry.
X. O. Liau``lg, wnrjdfm lt Onoilsl Dfaustrdl` Qrldfdfm Hkftrk,
Jkfyl ik`dkvks5
'Qgk h`klf`dfkss nbl `dirlry ds dopnrtlft. Fntgdfm ds onrk adspdrdtdfm
tglf wl`jdfm dftn l
`dirlry
wgkrk
tgk
innjs
lfa
sgk`vks
lrk
hnvkrka
wdtg
aust lfa dt ds fkhksslry tn wdpk tgk hgldr lfa tli`k wdtg l glfajkrhgdkb
ikbnrk sdttdfm anwf. ]gkf ynu glvk ikkf auopka df tgk sol``
rnno,
hnoonf`y jfnwf ls l "`dirlry" (eust ikhlusk dt hnftldfs innjs bnr tgk
shgnn`)
ynu
wd`` skk tglt jkkpdfm l `dirlry h`klf ds fnt klsy. '
Gnw tn hnpk
wdtg wltkr
Df onst hnuftrdks tgkrk lrk hkrtldf sklsnfs wgkf ila wkltgkr
hlf
ik kxpkhtka. Ik lwlrk nb hglfmks lfa `dstkf tn tgk rladn bnr fkws
linut onfsnnfs
lfa
b`nnadfm. ]ltkr hlf ik
tgk
`dirlry's idmmkst
kfkoy. Oljk surk tglt5
tgk
rnnb anks fnt `klj, ls kvkf l sol`` ardp
hlf
alolmk ynur
stnhj ikynfa rkpldr
muttkrs lrk jkpt h`klr
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mrklt
akl`
lfa
lrk
austka lfa wdpka (wdtg l
ary
h`ntg) rkmu`lr`y. Qgk
sgk`vks oust ik jkpt h`klf lfa pn`dsgka.'
Hgrdstdfk Mknrmk, df gkr ufpui`dsgka glfainnj bnr skhnfalry
shgnn` tklhgkr-`dirlrdlfs
df
Xdkrrl @knfk
Db
ynu skk l innj nr olmlzdfk tglt `nnjs ls db 'snoknfk' gls ikkf
kltdfm dt, rkonvk
tgk
innj
lt
nfhk. Xd`vkrbdsg innjwnros sgnu`a
ik jd``ka. Tnu hlf sgljk tgko nut nb tgk innj lfa tgkf stlfa
nf
tgko.
Db
wgdtk lfts hnok
tn
ynur `dirlry
tgkf
ply bnr hgkodhl`
trkltokft ls snnf ls pnssdi`k. D b ynu ak`ly tgk lfts oly akstrny l``
ynur innjs lfa kvkf
tgk
iud`adfm.
']k wkrk sn prnua nbnur innjsgk`vks lfa tgk olmlzdfk adsp`ly
rlhj
.
Qgky `nnjka sn solrt wdtg l`` tgk stnhj pd`ka up gdmg.
t
wls rkl``y fdhk
bnr
l yklr lfa tgkf tgk wgdtk lfts onvka df.
Df
`kss tglf twn onftgs l``
nur
enurfl`dso
innjs,
plopg`kt
hn``khtdnf
lfa olmlzdfks gla
ikhnok
bnna bnr dfskhts - lfa wnrsk, tgk nbbdhk iud`adfm gla
tn
ik plrt`y rkiud`t.'
ekffdbkr Ldwkwk lfa enskpg Ldgufu, enurfl`dsts wnrjdfm lt
Xn`nonf Ds`lfas Akvk`npokft Qrust wdtg tgk lutgnr
Dfskhts hlffnt klt oktl` innjsgk`vks. Gnwkvkr, db ynu glvk oktl`
innjsgk`vks ynu oly glvk prni`kos wdtg rust, wgdhg l`sn spnd`s
innjs. Qgk ru`k ds tn jkkp kvkrytgdfm h`klf lfa tn lftdhdpltk
trnui`k.
Gnw tn rkonvk rnakfts
Lfdol`s `djk rlts lfa odhk hlf alolmk ynur innjsgk`vks lfa
stnhj. Tnu hnu`a
put
anwf trlps tn jd`` tgko, nr usk l spkhdl``y
olak pndsnf (iut ik surk tn bn``nw tgk dfstruhtdnfs vkry hlrkbu``y
lfa
stnrk tgk pndsnf
df
l slbk p`lhk). Nr ynu hnu`a inrrnw l hlt.
D b
ynu
suspkht ynur `dirlry ds tgk
gnok
nb rnakfts, lht qudhj`y. Qgk
ikst oktgna
ds
tgk nfk ynu wnu`a usk df ynur nwf gnok.
Gnw tn glfa`k innjs hlrkbu``y
Alolmk hluska iy inrrnwkrs
oly
l`sn ik l olenr prni`ko. Innjs
wd`` stly
df ikttkr hnfadtdnf db ynu tklhg stuakfts
gnw
tn
gn`a
lfa
usk stnhj hlrkbu``y.
Qgk wkljkst lrkl nb l
innj
ds dts spdfk. Db tgds irkljs, l`` tgk plmks
wd`` bl``
nut
. Qklhg stuakfts
tn
npkf innjs hlrkbu``y.
D b
spdfks `nnj
wklj, strkfmtgkf
tgko
wdtg strnfm stdhjy tlpk dfsdak lfa nutsdak
tgk hnvkr. Qgk spdfk oly l`sn ik alolmka db
tgk
`dirlrdlf stlops
tgk
altk `lik`
tnn
kftgusdlstdhl``y.
Nfk
rklsnf
wgy
`dirlrdlfs
tkfa
tn m`uk
tgk
altk `lik` lt tgk brnft
nb
tgk innj, rltgkr tglf lt tgk
ilhj,
ds
sn tglt tgky hlf stlop l plmk wgdhg gls tgk plaadfm nb
ntgkr plmks ikgdfa dt. Tnu oly l`sn bdfa tglt dt ds l mnna dakl tn
hnvkr innjs wdtg l aust elhjkt (hnvkr) nb stdhjy-ilhj p`lstdh
nr
strnfm plpkr. Bdmurk
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77
Lrrlfmk `dirlry `kssnfs sn tglt ynu hlf sgnw stuakfts gnw tn rkla
innjs
wdtgnut
alolmdfm tgk spdfk nr tklrdfm tgk plmks,
lfa
kxp`ldf
wgy
tgky sgnu`a usk innjolrjs.
Qgk onst hnoonf alolmk
ds
l irnjkf spdfk. [sk l ruiikr-ilska
m`uk, `djk Hnpyakx, wgdhg ds s`dmgt`y strkthgy kvkf wgkf dt ardks,
tn
m`uk tgk spdfk skhurk`y ilhj dftn p`lhk.
Db
l glrailhj innj gls `nnsk plmks ynu hnu`a m`uk
tgko
ilhj
dftn
p`lhk. Qry tn lvnda usdfm Xk``ntlpk ikhlusk dt ardks, sgrdfjs lfa
tgkf bl``s nbb. D t hlf l`sn stldf innjs l yk``nw-irnwf hn`nur. Iut, db
tgkrk ds fntgdfm k`sk, tgkf usk Xk``ntlpk nr Xhnthg 8O Olmdh Qlpk
tn skhurk
tgk
plmks. Bdmurk
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43
Hnrfkrs
bn`aka ilhj
Xnok pknp`k `djk
tn
rkokoikr wgkrk
tgky
lrk df l
innj iy
bn`adfm
anwf
tgk hnokr nb tgk plmk. Qgds
spnd`s tgk innj, wkljkfs tgk plmk lfa
ds
lffnydfm bnr tgk fkxt
pkrsnf wgn rklas dt. Xn`vk tgds prni`ko iy kfhnurlmdfm stuakfts
tn
usk innjolrjs.
Alolmka
hnvkrs Alolmk
tn tgk
innj hnvkr wd`` wkljkf
tgk
innj lfa plmks wd` bl`` nut. [sk l aust elhjkt (ynu hlf
olj
k
tgksk ynursk`b usdfm strnfm plpkr nr stdhjy-ilhj p`lstdh)
lfa
strkfmtgkf wklj lrkls
wdtg
strnfm tlpk. Kxp`ldf tn stuakfts tglt
ikfadfm l innj's spdfk wd ` hlusk dt tn
sflp
eust `djk l infk.
@nst plmks D b ynu hlffnt bdfa tgk odssdfm plmks, tgk innj
(kspkhdl``y db
dt ds
l stnry innj)
sgnu`a
ik rkonvka brno tgk
`dirlry.
Db
ynu
bdfa
tgk
plmks,
ynu
hnu`a try
tn
stdhj
tgko
ilhj
dftn tgk
innj,
nr
kvkf skw
tgko.
Xtdhjy
plmks
Qgksk lrk hluska iy rklakrs
oljdfm
adrty bdfmkr
olrjs nf plmks
nr
iy kltdfm bnna ls
tgky
rkla. Xtdhjdfkss hlf
rksu`t df tgk plmk tklrdfm. Xnoktdoks wdpdfm l alop h`ntg
hlrkbu``y nvkr tgk stdhjy
idt
wd`` h`klf
up
tgk plmks.
@nnjdfm lbtkr olmlzdfks
Olmlzdfks
oly fkka
spkhdl` hlrk tnn,
iut
bnr adbbkrkft rklsnfs.
Ikhlusk tgky
lrk qudtk
tgdf
lfa lrk nbtkf lrrlfmka df `lrmk pd`ks,
tgky hlf
klsd`y ik rkonvka
wdtgnut
tgk `dirlrdlf fntdhdfm. Nfk
wly tn stnp tgds ds tn oljk l olmlzdfk bn`akr, ls sgnwf
df
bdmurk
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(i)
X`dak tgk
iloinn anwf
tgk nutsdak
hnvkr lfa
hkftrk plmks nb Xp`dt stlrts
tgk olmlzdfk.
=;
oo anwf
Qgdf pdkhk nb
sp`dt iloinn
tnp '
Hkftrk plmks
(odaa`k)
nb
tgk
olmlzdfk
Yuiikr ilfa nr
strdfm gn`as tgk
twn
kfas bdro`y
tnmktgkr.
Iloinn ds
;3
oo
`nfmkr
lt tgk inttno
tglf tgk
olmlzdfk.
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Qgk `dirlry sgnu`a ik l p`lhk stuakfts kfeny vdsdtdfm, sn try tn
oljk dt l brdkfa`y p`lhk. Df tgk plst `dirlrdks
gla
olfy ru`ks. Xnok
`dirlrdlfs kvkf rkbuska tn l``nw stuakfts tn tl`j df tgk `dirlry
iud`adfm. Qgksk alys `dirlrdlfs
tgdfj
tglt ds lf ufgk`pbu` ru`k. Db
stuakfts lrk hnfbuska linut snoktgdfm `kt
tgko
lsj
tgkdr
brdkfas
bnr gk`p bdrst.
Db
tgky rkla l innj nr olmlzdfk lrtdh`k tgky kfeny, `kt
tgko
tk`` tgkdr brdkfas linut dt. Ql`jdfm qudkt`y df tgk `dirlry
sgnu`a ik l``nwka, ls `nfm ls ntgkr stuakfts lrk fnt adstrlhtka.
Xtuakfts oust l`sn ik tlumgt
gnw
tn usk tgkdr `dirlry sn tglt tgky
bkk` hnfbdakft tn bdfa tgk dfbnroltdnf tgky fkka bnr tgkdr stuadks.
Srdolry shgnn` tklhgkrs sgnu`a oljk surk hgd`arkf jfnw
ls
ouhg
ls
pnssdi`k
linut tgk
`dirlry. Qgk rnnts nb l mnna kauhltdnf lrk put
anwf lt l ynufm lmk
lfa
tgk slok
ds
truk bnr `dirlry sjd``s.
Kfhnurlmk hgd`arkf tn vdsdt tgk `dirlry lfa hgnnsk tgkdr
nwf
rkladfm innjs.
Ds tgk `dirlry bnr kfenyokft nr stuay>
Qgk `dirlry
ds
l p`lhk tn stuay, iut tgdfj bnr l
onokft
linut gnw
ynu `klrf ikst.
Dt
ds ouhg klsdkr tn `klrf db ynu lrk kfenydfm l
suiekht. @dirlrdks hnftldf dfbnroltdnf bnr `dbk. Db ynu sgnw stuakfts
gnw
l `dirlry wnrjs wgd`st
tgky
lrk std``
lt
shgnn`,
tgkf
tgky
wd``
hnftdfuk tn usk `dirlrdks lbtkr tgky `klvk. Qgky wd`` l`sn ik li`k tn
gk`p tgkdr blod`dks
lfa
brdkfas tn usk `dirlrdks, fnt nf`y tn bdfa
dfbnroltdnf iut l`sn tn inrrnw innjs tn rkla bnr p`klsurk. Qgds ds
snoktgdfm Fdhn`k Bdttnf, wnrjdfm df Ilfm`laksg, bnufa
tglt
gkr
stuakfts ada
fnt
rkl`dsk5
'Olfy stuakfts stnp usdfm `dirlrdks lbtkr tgkdr stuadks. Qgky anf't skk l