Peace 2

Quiz

• Who was the effective military dictator in Germany in 1918?

• What is an absolute pacifist?• What is a contextual pacifist?• What rank was Ben in World War 1?• What were the German airships which

bombed London called?• Where was the peace treaty signed 1919?

• What did this result in?• What is a CO?• Who predicted the start

of WW1?• How has the UK

pacifist “movement” been described after August 4 1914?

• What was the name of the Germany party which blew it in 1914?

The story so far

• Pacifist movement, from any angle, fell apart in when war became nationalism

• Focused on the individuals• Mass action in Germany ended the war before

a total military victory• Gave “stab in the back” myth credence

1918/19

• War deaths• Flu deaths• Reparations from Germany• Russia Communist• League of Nations• Highest time of British Empire

London 1920s/1930s

• Cenotaph• BBC• Cinemas

Deep water port for iron ore and coal; based on River Rouge plant, Detroit; self-contained; 1931; 11 m vehicles; 37 m engines; 4,000 workers at height

Ford’sHoover

Phillips

•Hit by low international trade•Lifted by cheap money policy to get out of recession: London centre of light manufacturing: eg Hoover building•House building

1930s

Wars 1919-1939

Civil• Ireland• Russia• Chile• Brazil• Spain• China• Germany• Turkey• Finland

International• India v Afghanistan• Greece v Turkey• USSR v Poland• Paraguay v Bolivia• Saudi Arabia v Yemen• Japan v China• Greece v Bulgaria

Attitudes to war 1919-1939

• Triumphalism• Doubt• Regret and rejection• Fear• Determination

Triumphalism among victors

• British Empire extends to largest ever:– From Germany: East Africa; Pacific Islands– From Crumbling Ottoman Empire: Creates Iraq;

Palestine; SA– More sources of raw materials, places to make

profit• Women seen to do war work: public transport

workers, munitions factories etc; softens objections to suffrage

A new path: the League of Nations• 1920-1939• Successes: Upper Silesia; Liberia• Failure: Stop Italy invading Abyssinia 1936

– “Collective security failed ultimately because of the reluctance of nearly all the nations in Europe to proceed to what I might call military sanctions ... The real reason, or the main reason, was that we discovered in the process of weeks that there was no country except the aggressor country which was ready for war ... [I]f collective action is to be a reality and not merely a thing to be talked about, it means not only that every country is to be ready for war; but must be ready to go to war at once. That is a terrible thing, but it is an essential part of collective security.”

Doubt

• Men start to question sacrifice• FM Douglas Haig (1861-1928) accused of

butchery

Regret and rejection

• All Quiet on the Western Front (1929); Goodbye to All That (1929); Le Grande Illusion (1937)

• 1934 Peace Pledge Union

Fear

• Leads to appeasement of continental dictators:– Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) PM 1937-40– Supported by Geoffrey Dawson (1874-1944) editor

The Times– Munich crisis over Germany’s demands on Czechs

Determination

• W S Churchill (1874-1965) PM 1940-45, 1951-55

What makes a successful social movement?

• Liberty• Slavery• Chartism• Anti-Corn Law League• Peace