pdw x.z;q;' - nasa...0q137 c.., issn 0388-9653 pdw x.z;q';'_ _36-_ _10_...
TRANSCRIPT
0q137 C..,
ISSN 0388-9653
PdW X.Z;q';'_
_36-_
_10_
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE
TECHNICAL NOTE
No.36
1998
CENTER
_f_a__ :,' _,-
_lO_V12)_
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER
235, Nakakiyoto 3 Chome, Kiyose-shi
Tokyo 204-0012 JAPAN
DECEMBER 1998
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990088747 2020-06-26T10:15:02+00:00Z
_._'_-- t__36_- 1998_12,EJ
Study on Over-sampling for Imager
Seiichiro Kigawa'
Pamela C. Sullivan"
Abstract
This report describes the potential improvement of the effective ground resolution of
MTSAT (Multi-functional Transport Satellite) Imager.
The IFOV (Instantaneous Field of View) of MTSAT Imager is 4 km for infrared and 1 km
visible. A combination of some images acquired by the MTSAT Imager could generate 2 km-
latticed infrared images. Furthermore, it is possible to generate an effective 2 km IFOV
image by the enhancement of the 2 km-latticed image using Digital Signal Processing. This
report also mentions the on-orbit demonstration of this concept.
1. Introduction 2. MTSAT and Imager
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate
the effect of 2 km infrared imagery from on-
orbit spacecraft. And the study is made on the
premise that the existing instrument and
ground system should be put to use to minimize
the cost and risk of improvement. The design
modification of the MTSAT Imager and ground
image processing system for this study is not
required.
This report describes the MTSAT spacecraft
and Imager design, a method of image
combination, a technique of image enhance-
ment, and an approach to on-orbit demonstra-
tion.
The MTSAT spacecraft configuration, shown
in Figure l, is a three-axis, body-stabilized
design capable of continuously pointing the
optical line of sight of the Imager to the earth.
The use of a single-wing solar array configura-
tion allows the passive north-facing radiation
cooling of the Imager. A solar sail and trim tab
provide the fine balance control of the solar
radiation pressure.
The Imager consists of Sensor Module, Power
Supply Module, and Electronics Module. The
Sensor Module contains the telescope, scan
assembly, detector, thermal louver, and passive
radiant cooler. Figure 2 shows a schematic
appearance of the Sensor Module.
*Meteorological Satellite Center
**NASA]Goddard Space Flight Center
(Received July 3; Revised September 4, 1998)
L1
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
The Imager contains a servo-driven, two-axis
gimballed scan mirror. The position and size of
a scan area are controlled by command from the
ground system, and so the Imager is capable of
various image sizes. The scan start position of a
scan area is specified by 8 micro-radians (0.28
km) in the north/south direction and 16 micro-
radians (0.57 km) the east/west.
Ground sampling distance, shown in Figure 3,
is 112 micro-radians (4 km) in the noah/south
direction and 64 micro-radians (2.3 kin) the
east/west for infrared imagery.
North
Solar Sail _ \
i y Trim Tab
Imager
Earth
Figure 1 MTSAT On-orbit Configuration
Figure 2 Imager Sensor Module
m
m
m
m
m
m
mm
mm
m
"it
North/SouthAddress
IIIIII
4km
_ ' ' ' _ _ _ _ J _EastfWestAddress
IFOV
IFOV of East Neighboring Pixel
IFOV of Reference Infrared Pixel
of South Neighboring Pixel
Figure 3 Infrared Pixel and Address
_t__-- t__36@ 1998_12_
3. Over-sampling Imagery
A large overlap area between two neighboring
pixels is generated in the east/west direction
because the IFOV size of infrared channels is 4
km while the ground sampling distance is 2.3
km. This kind of imagery, which is sampled by a
narrower distance than the IFOV size is called
"over-sampling imagery" in this report. There is
normally no over-sampling in the north/south
direction for the MTSAT Imager because the
IFOV size and the north-south step size are
both 4 km.
Conceiving of the over-sampling imagery in
the frequency domain helps to understand what
it means. Figure 4 shows Modulation Transfer
I I
= O.5 _ O. 5
0 _ 0 _00 0
Angle (micro-radians)
IFOV
Nyquist frequency {
Function (MTF) in the north/south and east/west.
An east-west image signal is band-limited less
than the Nyquist frequency because the signal
is over-sampled. On the other hand, the absence
of over-sampling in the north/south direction
provides response in higher frequency than the
Nyquist frequency. Thus, aliasing appears in a
north/south image signal and it is not possible
to reconstruct an original image signal.
Now if an image is over-sampled in the
north/south direction, the Nyquist frequency of
the north/south moves to higher frequency and
the aliasing is solved. Thus, it is possible to
convert the IFOV (i.e. Point Spread Function)
using the Digital Signal Processing.
\
J.01
f(cvcles/microradian)
North/S0uth MTF- - - East/West MTF
N/S 4km Interval Sampling--_ E/W
N/S 2km Interval Sampling
Figure 4 Imager
The over-sampling image is generated by a
combination of two images simply. As mentioned
above, the scan start position of an image in the
north/south direction is specified by 8 micro-
radians. Here, it is proposed to acquire a series
of two images; the position and size of the
second image is the same as the first image
except for a north/south scan start position
MTF and PSF
offset. The difference of the north/south scan
start positions is a half infrared pixel (i.e. 56
micro-radians). Then incorporating the first
image with the second alternately, shown in
Figure 5, generates the over-sampling image.
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
North/SouthAddress
IIIIIIIII
N4km
IIIIIIEast/West Address
IFOV of First Image Northwest Corner
IFOV of Second Image Northwest Corner
First Image Second Image
Composite Image
Figure 5 Generation of Over-sampling Imagery using MTSAT Imager
4. Filter for Enhancing
The digital filter that is used for enhancing
the over-sampling image is generated by the
ratio of a 2 km-IFOV MTF to a 4 km-IFOV MTF.
Figure 6 shows the process of making the filter.
5. Verification by AVHRR Image
The filter for enhancing was verified using
AVHRR images. A 2 km IFOV image and 4 km
IFOV image are simulated by the AVHRR
infrared image that has 1.1 km resolution at
nadir for the verification of the effect of the
enhancing falter.
points of a 2 km image. The over-sampling
image has 4 km IFOV and is enhanced by the 2
km to 4 km MTF ratio filter (Operator C shown
in Figure 8) described above.
Figure 7 shows the flow of the verification.
Squares ([_) in the figure show the size of
IFOV, small dots ( • ) mean the sampling points
of a 1 km image, and circles (O) the sampling
--A--
_ttll_-4:Z_J_-- t_j_@_36@ 1998_12_
05
I Spatial Domain Frequency Domain Spatial Domain
0
0IFOV Profile MTF 0
, 4 ; o
f _ _ ",, , 0.024
o.067
2 O. 218
0.41
' O. 909
2.272
o O. 909
o 150 lO0 aO 0 50 100 I50 O.Ol 02 : O. 41
Angle (micro-radians) f(cyctes/microradian) O. 218
-- 2km -- 2km 0.124
• • • 4km " ° ° 4km 0.067+ + 2km/4km
Filler 0.024
0
0
0
0
I Filter
Figure 6 Process of Making Filter _r Enhancing
IXI
; i
ikm
0 )erator B
042 .061 061 042
OGI .087 087 ,061
061 087 087 .061
0,12 O61 (}G1 .0,12
_ " IFOV
• Original Sample Point
• " Processed Sample Point
Figure 7
. . 2X2 •O T.........O_ ........
• ..................• ................•
Operator C
4X4
....
Verification Flow using AVHRR Image
4× 4 Enhanced• ........._0 __O
i " ! " ! * i " i
@...................@..............,
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Operator B (1 x 1=>4 x 4)0042 0061 0061 0042
0061 0087 0087 I 0061 I
0061 0087 0087 0061
0042 006 006 0042
C (4 x 4=>2 x 2)0004 -0.005 0008 -0012 0020 -01036 0106 -0036 0020 -0012 0008 -0.005 0004
-0006 0008 -0.012 0018 -0.029 0053 --0155 0053 --0029 0018 -0012 0.008 -0005
0008 -0012 0018 _ -0,027 0.043 -0,076 0229 -0078 0043 -0027 0018 --0.012 0008
0012 0018 -0027 0040 -0.085 0119 -0348 0119 -0005 0040 -0027 0.018 -O012
0020 -0029 0043 -0.065 0.104 -0191 0560 0191 0104 0065 0043 0029 0020
-0036 &053 -0.078 0119 -0.191 0351 -1028 0351 -0191 0119 -0.078 0053 -0036
0106 0155 0229 0348 0.560 1020 3007 1028 0560 -0348 0228 -0155 0106
0036 0053 -0078 0119 ; -0191 0351 1028 0351 -0191 0119 -0078 0053 -0036
0020 -0029 0043 -0065 0104 -0191 0560 0 191 0104 0065 0043 0029 0020
-0012 0018 -0.027 0040 -0065 0119 -0348 0119 -0065 0040 -0.027 0018 -0012
0008 0012 0018 0027 0043 -0078 0229 0078 0043 0027 0018 0012 0008
-0005 0008 -0012 0018 0029 0053 0 155 0053 0029 0018 0012 0008 0005
0004 -0005 0008 -0012 0020 0036 0106 0036 0020 -0012 0008 -0005 0004
0 )erator B * Operator C)0014 -0023 -0049 -0049 -0023 0014
-0023 0039 0 083 0 083 0 039 0023
0049 0083 0176 0 176 0083 -0049
-0049 0083 0176 0176 0083 -0049
0023 0039 0083 0083 0039 -0023
0014 -0023 0049 -0049 0023 0014
Operator A (1 x 1=>2 x 2)0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 025 025 0 0
0 0 025 025 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Figure 8 Filter for Enhancing (Operator C)
IFOV 2kin IFOV 4km ovemsaml_led
IFOV 4km Enhanced IFOV 4krn
Figure 9 Simulation Results using AVHRR Image
__-- __36_ 199B:_12_
Figure 9 shows simulation results as images.
The over-sampling image shows the details of
the clouds better than the original image due to
the over-sampling image has having four times
as many pixels as the original. Brightness level
on the enhanced image is like that on the 2 km
IFOV image, verifying that the enhancing filter
has been generated successfully.
6. Cloud Motion Impact
Two or more images produce the over-
sampling image. It is unavoidable to have a
time lag of scanning between these source
images, and the time lag has an impact on the
over-sampled, composite image. The cloud
motion caused by the time lag should be
considered in the process. Now the cloud "motion
is considered using one-dimensional discussion.
_ (}. 5.m
I
//
0'
i
, 6tC =
I I
I I
O! I
li1
I
J
1
An_le
•J LI
b ;,
", , \/,_,n North/South
':
I I
r I
(With Cloud M0ti0n)-(N0 Cloud Motion)0. 5
0
0. 5 Angle in North/South
Figure 10 Example of Error due to Cloud Motion
Figure l0 shows the north/south brightness
level of the over-sampling image that is
generated by two source images. The source
images are observed by a rectangular IFOV. On
the upper graph, a solid line shows input (i.e.
cloud pattern) for the first image, and a dotted
line for the second. Squares ([]) mean the
brightness of the first image, circles (O) the
second image. If there should be no change of
the cloud pattern between these images, the
second image appears with diamonds (_) . On
the lower graph, the difference of the brightness
between the over-sampling image with a change
of the cloud pattern (i.e. cloud motion) and that
--7--
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
without the cloud motion is shown. This shows
that an error from the Nyquist frequency
through 1/2 Nyquist frequency is generated on
the over-sampling image if the cloud motion
appears. The error is enhanced by the enhancing
filter, and causes a marked stripe in the
north]south direction. Thus, a low-pass filter is
required to eliminate the stripe generated by
the cloud motion.
7. On-orbit Demonstration
MTSAT will be launched in geostationary
orbit around August 1999. On-orbit testing for
the Imager is scheduled from September
through November 1999. During the testing,
the over-sampling image will be acquired for
the verification of image navigation accuracy. A
few hundreds of the over-sampling images have
the size of 1000 km east/west and 500 km
north]south will be available for the navigation
verification and an assessment of the cloud
motion wind.
8. GOES-10 On-orbit Demonstration
A preliminary demonstration of the over-
sampling imagery collection concept was
conducted using the GOES-10 Imager during
the spacecraft post-launch test period in
October 1997. The GOES-10 Imager provides a
valid proof-of-concept because its IFOV and
scan system design is identical to that of the
MTSAT Imager.
The GOES-10 test produced imagery oversam-
pied in the east-west direction by the nominal
2.3 km sampling interval to 4 km IFOV ratio.
Over-sampling in the north-south direction was
accomplished by collecting a series of three
images that together produce a composite image
with 2 km north-south sampling. The first
image was a 1000 km (east-west) by 250 km
(north-south) image. The second was a 1000 km
by 500 km image offset from the first image by 2
km (one-half pixel) in the north-south direction.
The last image was a 1000 km by 250 km frame
with its north-south start address equal to the
stop address of the first frame.
Together the first and third images produce a
1000 km by 500 km image that is offset from the
second image by a half pixel. By collecting two
1000 km by 250 km images (instead of a 1000
km by 500 km frame), the effect of cloud motion
is minimized because less time has elapsed
between the collection of the first image and the
top half of the second image and also between
the bottom half of the second image and the
third.
This image sequence was repeated at three
different geographical locations in order to
provide a variety of image content. The GOES-
l0 data was used to develop and demonstrate
the image analysis techniques presented here.
The details of GOES-10 on-orbit testing are
described in Appendix A.
9. Conclusion
The essence of this study is the use of an
existing imaging system to demonstrate the
effect of 2 km infrared images. The study has
established a method of making the enhancing
filter, a technique of making the over-sampling
image, a procedure of image acquisition, and so
on. Testing environment such as image
processing software will be prepared for the on-
orbit demonstration after this.
_,_-_J'_-- _{@_R36_ 1998_12_
--Q__
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Appendix A GOES-10 On-orbit
Demonstration
1. Purpose of This Document
This document describes the details of GOES-
10 on-orbit testing for over-sampling concept.
2. Test Sequence
Table A-1 shows the sequence of the over-
sampling testing using GOES-10 Imager.
The testing was performed with IMC (Image
Motion Compensation) off because IMC
generates a compensation signal to produce an
image with fixed earth projection.
The MMC (Mirror Motion Compensation)
that compensates for the effects on the rigid
body portion of the Imager and Sounder scan
mirror motions was on.
The Sounder was idle and without sounding.
Table A-1 GOES-10 Over-sampling
Test Sequence
Configure for test
- IMC off
- MMC on
- Sounder idle
Execute test frames
- Sequence A:
- #1 1000km East/West x 250km
North/South frame
- #2 1000km East/West x 500km
North/South frame
--> start address offset 56 micro-
radians to north of#1
- #3 1000km East/West x 250km
North/South frame
--> start address equal to North/South
stop address of #1
- #4 same as #1
- #5 same as #2
- #6 same as #3
-Sequence B: change geographic location
and repeat from #1 through #6
-Sequence C: change geographic location
and repeat from #l through #6
Table A-2 Location and Time of Test Frames
Sequence A : Florida
10/28/97 18:41:41-18:44:10UTC
Sequence B : Baja California
10/28/97 18:47:41-18:50:12UTC
Sequence C : San Francisco Bay
10/28/97 18:53:41-18:56:16UTC
The test included three imaging sequences
acquired at different geographical locations in
order to provide a variety of image content. The
geographical location and imaging time of the
each sequence are shown in Table A-2.
At each geographical location, a series of
three images was repeated with the result that
each imaging sequence had 6 images.
Regarding the series of three images, the first
image was a 1000 km (east-west) by 250 km
(north-south) image. The second was a 1000 km
by 500 km image offset from the first image by 2
km (one-half pixel) in the north-south direction.
The last image was a 1000 km by 250 km frame
with its north-south start address equal to the
stop address of the first frame.
Figure A-1 shows a snap shot of Sequence A;
Florida.
_t_'_J'_-- t__36-_ 1998_12,EJ
18:41:41 - 18:41:52
18:42:01- 18:42:23
18:42:28 - 18:42:39
18:43:11 - 18:43:22
18:43:29- 18:43:51
18:43:58 - 18:44:09
Figure A-1 Snap Shot of Sequence A
3. Image Processing
The first step of image processing using
GOES-10 Imager data is to merge the three
images together. Together the first and third
images produce a 1000 km by 500 km image
that is offset from the second image by a half
infrared pixel.
The third step is the enhancement of the
merged image that has a 2.3 km (east-west) by
2 km (north-south) lattice. The enhancement is
processed using spatial domain digital filters
that are generated by MTF ratio. Table A-3
shows the digital filters for GOES-10 image
enhancement.
The second step is to remove image stripes in
channel 4 (10.7 micro-meter) and 5 (12 micro-
meter). The stripes are caused by differences in
the outputs of the two detectors'.
A striping index with counts is measured,
then. the de-striping of the merged images is
performed by adjusting image counts using the
measured striping index. Figure A-2 shows the
effect of the de-striping in the merged image.
Before After
Figure A-2 De-striping
ll
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Channel 2
(3.8-4.0 micro-meter)
West North
-0.002
0.003
0.003
-0.027
0,090
-0.189 -0.442 0.045 '
-0660 -0.106
0.924 0.225
-1219 -0.582
2301 1836
-1.086 -0,582
0,639 0.225
-0.400 -0.106
0.243 0.045
-0.106
0060
-0.019
0005
0.001
-0.002
East South
Channel 4
(10.2-11.2 micro-meter
West North
-O.001
0.005 0.047
-0.016 -0.066
0.021 0.217
0.123 -0.285
-0.664 -0.398
1.987 1.971
-0,464 -0.398
-0.063 -0.285
0,101 0.217
-0.038 -0.066
0.010 0,047
-0.002
East South
Channel 5
(11.5-12,5 micro-meter)
West North
O019 0.019 •
-0.026 -0027
0.045 0.041
-0.074 -0.102
-0.207 -0.182
1.704 1,594
-0,413 -0.261
-0.369 -0.215
0.344 0.147
-0.077 -0.047
O055 O.033
East South
Table A-3 Digital Enhancement Filters for GOES-10 Imager
The final step is to remove the high spatial
frequency caused by cloud motion in images.
The following low-pass filter is used for the
images to be enhanced in the north-south
direction. An examination into the low-pass
filter is described later.
0.001
-0003
0.007
-0.011
0.010
0003
-0.035
0.083
-0.136
0.178
0.807
0.178
-0.136
0.083
-0.035
0.003
0.010
-0.011
0.007
-O003
O001
Table A-4 Low Pass Filter
4. Photos
The processed images of the GOES-10 over-
sampling testing are shown from Figure A-3
12
._,_ti!_'tz_'_-- t_J_36-_ 1998_12_
through A-8. Each figure includes three images;
the processed image latticed with 2.3 km in the
east-west by 2 km in the north-south (top), the
current GOES image latticed with 2.3 km east-
west by 4 km north-south (middle), and the
simulated MTSAT HiRID (High Resolution
Imager Data, i.e. processed data for users)
latticed with 4.6 km east-west by 4 km north-
south.
There are two missing lines in the original
image of GOES-10, and so an unusual image
pattern is shown in the middle of the image to
be enhanced.
Figure A-6 through A-8 show a difference in
brightness temperature between Channel 4 and
5, whose white areas indicate that the
temperature difference (Channel 4 - 5) is high.
Note that the calibration coefficients don't have
operational accuracy, so that a quantitative
analysis is limited.
5. Image Analysis
Figure A-9 through A-11 show the maximum
and minimum temperatures in the processed
versus current GOES images on 8 pixels (east-
west) by 10 pixels (north-south) in the
enhancing image, i.e., approximately 20 km
square. Circular marks (maximum temperature)
appear over a diagonal line of the figures, and
triangular marks (minimum temperature)
under the line. This means that the
temperature range of the processed image is
expanded as compared with the current GOES
image. In general, it is supposed that a higher
spatial resolution image provides more chances
to observe the high emissivity part of
cirrostratus, that is the minimum temperature
appears lower, and more chances to reduce the
cloud contamination of clear sky radiance in
IFOV, so that the maximum temperature
appears higher. Figure A-9 through A-11 indicate
no inconsistency of the above supposition. It is
noticeable that the minimum temperature
difference of the processed image shown in
Figure A-9.b, A-10.b, and A-11.b appears closer
to 0 K. This gives a proof that the higher
emissivity part is observed in the processed
image.
Table A-5 shows low-pass filters to reduce the
high spatial fi'equency in the image caused by
the cloud motion. Figure A-12 shows the
frequency response of the low-pass filters shown
in Table A-5. For the purpose of comparing the
effect of the low-pass filters, a difference of the
maximum and minimum temperatures between
the enhancing and current GOES images shown
in Figure A-9 is calculated by each low-pass
filter. The average of the difference is shown in
Figure A- 13.
Table A-6 shows the standard deviation of the
clear sky area ranging approximately 20 km
square on channel 4. The ratio of the processed
to current GOES images is about 3:1. It is
presumed that image noise is enhanced by the
enhancing digital filters, so that the high
standard deviation of the processed image is
observed. To verify this presumption, the image
noise generated by Gaussian and 1/f noise 2 was
simulated, and enhanced. The simulated noise
increased twofold or threefold by the enhancing
filters. Thus, it is possible to explain that the
standard deviation shown in Table A-6 indicates
the enhancement of the image noise.
--13--
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Processed
Current GOES
MTSATHiRID
Figure A-3 GOES-10Over-samplingTestingFloridaChannel4
10/28/9718:41-18:44UTC
NASA,NOAA,S.Kigawa(JMA)
14
._._=-_>"_-- t__36-_ 1998_-12,EJ
Processed
Current GOES
MTSAT HiRID
Figure A-4 GOES- 10 Over-sampling Testing
Baja California Channel 4
10/28/97 18:47-18:50 UTC
NASA, NOAA, S.Kigawa(JMA)
--15--
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Processed
Current GOES
MTSAT HiRID
Figure A-5 GOES-l0 Over-sampling Testing
San Francisco Bay Channel 4
10/28/97 18:53-18:56 UTC
NASA, NOAA, S.Kigawa(JMA)
_J_-_-- t__36_ 1998_12,EJ
Processed
Current GOES
MTSAT HiRID
Figure A-6 GOES- l0 Over-sampling Testing
Florida Channel 4 - Channel 5
10/28/97 18:41-18:44 UTC
NASA, NOAA, S.Kigawa(JMA)
--17--
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Processed
Current GOES
MTSATHiRIDFigureA-7 GOES-l0Over-samplingTesting
Baja CaliforniaChannel4- Channel5
10/28/97!8:47-18:50UTC
NASA,NOAA,S.Kigawa(JMA)
_.t_,mt_9-- t_'_36-_- 1998_12,EJ
Processed
Current GOES
MTSAT HiRID
Figure A-8 GOES-10 Over-sampling Testing
San Francisco Bay Channel 4- Channel 5
10/28/97 18:53-18:56 UTC
NASA, NOAA, S.Kigawa(JMA)
--19--
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
280
270
260
v 250
240
o_. 230
220
210
200
• MAX
2OO 210 220 230 240 250
Current GOES Temp [K]
260 270 280
280
270
260
250
-= 240
o 23Oo.
220
210
200
& &
• MIN
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
Current GOES Temp [K]
Figure A-9.a Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Florida, Channel 4
2O
_,_,m-_'_-- _'_36_ 1998_12_
16
14
12
10
o 6D.
• • • • 0,1)
• • 0 O 0 O •
• ° °_°°°°°_ ° °° B_ _Qee°°
• • • Z..*,,z,,ilN_ w''°'-]'_=_"
O,
0 o
4 6 8 10 12
Current GOES Temp [K]
14
• MAX
16
10
4
I--o 2
m
o 0Q.
-2
-4
-6
&& A A& • •
A&
6 8 10 12 14
AMIN
Current GOES Temp [K]
Figure A-9.b Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Florida, Channels 4-5
--Pl m
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
280
27O
260
v. 250
"o 240
ea. 230
220
210
2OO
==• MAX
200 210 220 230 240 250
Current GOES Temp [K]
260 270 280
280
270
260
'_' 250
I--,._ 240
o 230O,,,,
220
210
2OO
_.MIN
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
Current GOES Temp [K]
Figure A-10.a Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Baja California,
Channel 4
_t_tZ_2 - t_=_36_ 1998_12_
16
14
12
._.i0
o
8
oo
oo ° oo_ ooo
0 dI_ UOe eo
-.O0 • •
•"._Z" •
4 6 8 10 12
Current GOES Temp [K]
• MAX
16
10
4
I-
_28 0n
-2
-4
-6
2 =T'4 t* * 6 10 12 14
• MIN
Current GOES Temp [K]
Figure A-10.b Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Baja California,
Channels 4-5
23
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
28O
270
260
250
240
_. 230
220
210
2OO
• MAX
2OO 210 220 230 240 250
Current GOES Temp [K]
260 270 28O
280
270
260
_' 250
"o 240
e 23oe_
22O
210
200
• MIN
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270
Current GOES Temp [K]
280
Figure A-11.a Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of San Francisco Bay,
Channel 4
--?4 b
_mt_J_-- _W_R36_- 1998_P12,EJ
16
14
12
,_. lo
t--
2
• MAX
6 8 lo
Current GOES Temp [K]
12 14 16
10
_' 4
I,-
o
_. o
-2
-4
-6
8 10 12 14
•MIN
Current: GOES Temp [K]
Figure A-11.b Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of San Francisco Bay,
Channels 4-5
m25B
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Low Pass 1 Low
0,001
-0,003
0,007
-0.011
0.01
0,003
-0.035
0.083
-0.136
0,178
08O7
0.178
-0,136
0,083
-0.035
0.003
O01
-0.01
0.007
-0.003
0.001
Table A-5
Florida
#1#2#3#4#5
Average
Pass 2, Low
-0.002
0002
0,002
-0.011
0.021-0.02
-0.008
0,067
-0,145
0.212
0.764
O212
-0,145
0,067
-0.008
-0.02
0,021
-0.011
0,002
0,002
-0002
Pass 3
-0.001
0,004
-0.005
-0,001
0,017
-0,033
0,022
0.039
-0.142
0.2421
0.717
0.242
-0.142
0,039
0,022
-0,033
0.017
-0.001
-0,005
0,004
-O001
Low-pass Filter
Current GOES(counts)
0.680.911.14i .25
131i .06
San Francisco BayCurrent GOES
(counts)0.510.540.600.640.640.59
#1#2#3#4#5
Average
Table A-6
Processed(counts)
1.822.202.27
2.332.852.29
TLow Pass4 Low Pass5 Low Pass6iLowPass7
0,002j 0.002 -0,0011 -0.0020,001 -0,003 -0,003, 0.002
-0.006 0 0.006 0.005
0.01 0.012 0.003 -0.008
0.002 -0.014 -0.021 -0.014
-0.031 -0.014 0,009 0.029
0,045 0054 0,047 0.025
0,004 -0,031 -0.061 -0.081
-0.128 -0.104 -0,072 -0.034
0.266 0,286 0.302 0,309
0.67 0.627 i 0,584 0,538
0,266 0.266j 0.302 0.309/
-0.128 -0.104! -0.072 -0.0340.004 -0.031 -0.061 -0.08t
0.045 0.054 0.047 0.025
-0.031: -0.014 0.009[ 0.0290,002 -0,014 -0.021 -0.014
0.01 0,012 0,003 -0.008
-0.006[ 0 0.006 0.005I
0,001 i -0,003 -0.003 0,0020,002 0,002 -0.001 -0.002
Baja California
#1#2#3
#4#5
Average
Processed(counts)
1.952.082.441.801992.05
Standard De__ation of Clear Sky Area
Current GOES
(counts)0.360.59
0.620.640.660.57
Processed(counts)
1.942.231.742.421.912,05
To assess an impact on cloud motion winds,
pattern matching using the cross-correlation
method was performed for an area of 16 by 16
pixels (processed image) and 8 by 16 pixels
(current GOES image) on channel 4. As
mentioned above, the acquisition of the over-
sampling image was repeated at each geographical
location, whose interval was approximately 90
seconds. The pattern matching was performed
on the lattice of 16 by 16 pixels on the processed
image and 8 by 16 pixels on the current GOES
image. The correlation surface of the pattern
matching was interpolated and a correlation
peak was detected.
The results of the pattern matching are
shown from Figure A-14 through A-16 as the
cloud motion winds. It is remarkable that the
winds which indicate 10 m/s or over have a bias
_tlk_l'tz:..,"_-- t_=_36-_ - 1998_12,E]
Z
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
°,_ ',_X
_ _,t
\
\
Low Pass Filter No. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I IO.o02 O.0o4
-,o,_,, ,__,_\
-'0'_,,\_\\ I
O, 006 O. 008 O.O1
I (cycles/microradian)
Figure A-12 Low Pass Filter Response
¢.9
1--
¢.9>
<2
0 --
2--
4
I I I I I
Average of Max.Temp. Difference
.... "0 ....-e - - - -
Average of Min.Temp. Difference
-42- .... _I, .... "0---
I I I I I2 3 4 5 6
Low Pass Filter No.
Figure A-13 Low Pass Filter Examination
-- 27 --
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
of 3.9 m/s at Florida, and 4.8 m/s at Baja
California. It is reported that the cloud motion
winds for upper levels are biased slow (more
than 2 m/s) for speed exceeding 30 m/s
comparing with aircraft measurements _. Al-
though the analysis of the over-sampling image
is preliminary, it means the over-sampling
image has a potential improvement on the cloud
motion winds with the better cloud height
assignment described the above.
Reference
I. Baucom, J.G., and Weinreb, M. : 1996,
Characteristics of EAV stripes in infrared
images from the GOES-10 Imager, SPIE
Vol. 2812, pp 587-595, Aug. 7-9, 1996.
2. Bremer, J.C., and Comeyne III, G. J. : 1994,
Optimization of the GOES-I Imager's
radiometric accuracy: drift and 1/f noise
suppression, Optical Engineering Vol. 33,
No. 10, pp 3324-3333, Oct. 1994.
3. Thoss, A., 1991: Proceedings. First Interna-
tional Winds Workshop, Washington, D.C.,
USA, 17-19 September 1991, pp 105-112.
c)Q
,_._m-I:z:.,,'_-- t_=_36-_ - 1998_12_
¢,3
tO0
80
6O
4O
2O
Wind Speed (Florida)
x
>(
x
')o(:< . x
×
20 40 60
Current GOES _/s]
8O O0
i==..=-1
t====.l
o.)
ot.=(
Ira=(
180
90
0
90
180
Wind Vector Angle (Florida)
8O 90 0
Current GOES
90
[deg]
8O
Angle:East=O, Nor th=90
Figure A-14 Cloud Motion Winds of Florida Image on Channel 4
Wind Speed (Top) and Direction (Bottom)
29
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
I00
8O
_9
0i-e
4O
2O
Wind Speed (Baja California)
K
×× !,<'<Yx
2O 40 60
Current GOES Ira/s]
8O 100
180
90
0
90
Wind Vector Angle (Bajat,_ X :<
XX X XX
X X
9O180
180 0 90
Cal i forni a)
Current GOES [deg]
180
Angle:East=O, North=90
Figure A-15 Cloud Motion Winds of Baja California Image on Channel 4
Wind Speed (Top) and Direction (Bottom)
--2fl--
_,t_mt_"_-- t_r_W_=_J36_ 1998_12,EJ
I00
Wind Speed (San Francisco Bay)
eo
t-i
8O
60 _<
40
20 _(
0 2O 40 60
Current GOES[.W's]
8O 100
180
r=_ 9O
t===.=l
0rJ_
t,d)0
90la=(
180
rind Vector Angle (San Francisco Bay)
)<)<
80 90 0
Current
9O
GOES[deg]
8O
Angle:East=0, Nor th=90
Figure A-16 Cloud Motion Winds of San Francisco Bay Image on Channel 4
Wind Speed (Top) and Direction (Bottom)
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Appendix B
AVHRR An abbreviation for Advanced Very
High Resolution Radiometer. It is one of
payloads on TIROS-N / NOAA series.
IFOV An abbreviation for Instantaneous Field
of View. It defines the angular response
function of the radiance that is captured
instantaneously by Imager's visible and infra-
red detectors. Input scene intensity as a
function of angle is convoluted with IFOV.
Imager A visible and infrared scanning
radiometer on MTSAT.
MTF An abbreviation for Modulation Transfer
Function. It defines imaging gain as a function
of spatial frequency. MTF is derived by taking
the Fourier transform of IFOV or PSF. It shows
a measure of an instrument's ability to detect
contrast changes on observed scenes. High
MTF means high contrast on an output image.
Nyquist frequency A half of sampling
frequency. The Nyquist frequency is given by:
Nyquist frequency =
1/(2 x spatial sampling interval)
PSF An abbreviation for Point Spread
Function. It defines a radiance angular
response function when the Imager observes a
point light source.
m32--
_mt_,"_-- _=_36_ 1998_12, Ej
Analysis Procedure for Some Cloud Patterns Informed
in Satellite Cloud Information Chart
Abstract
Meteorological Satellite Center disseminates Satellite Cloud Information Chart (SCIC)
three hourly as a supporting information for short range weather forecasting at local
weather offices.
SCIC consists of two kinds of information, one is the imagery information of automatically
classified cloud types and brightness temperature, the other is man-machine interactively
the analysis information such as a cloud pattern,..
This article introduces the analysis procedures for some cloud patterns, these are jet
streak, transverse line, upper level trough, and upper level vortex.
U
_i__-_-_e_, J_t_:__9_;5_ft_]_j_i_Jek b'_ " r_L_)_Jt_Jl_i_._j _31_P___'_L
"_o
_o
(1998_9)_ 7 H_i_, 1998_101_ 7 H_I_)
--2"I--
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
( rll_ _f_i_ ] 0-3-3NiN N_[N 091N_] h,
20kt, _-:/A" -- _: 1001talc_o _ 10kt o) ;,l--- _--'_ _5
_ _Ii_o)t_tg (I_),T, ,,_ :/t r_) - _) _;c._ao
N#D_}<, -_m ,_, I.g_Nll,2 o)_N_No")Nt,,D,6
-- : 1993. 1995)
t-NNIINNiNN'-(+aS_o)_, -_.:r_.,_ I-%N_NIzN
o)_h_;l_o');O_ t")N:o"C_,, _ _. h__,_",£o (gigl-1)
• NJ_¢)NI : _,_%_ (1997_ 9 I=]28Et 12UTC)
Takeo Tanaka ' Masayuki Yamamoto Makoto Sakai Kouichi Hayashi
34
_,tilt, lli!P:_-- ttflillit_,_ll!_36-_- 1998_12_
® Hyj • _. RYJt_o)O_l
_ i_-o _ t, __ tt_i__ ¢_ _-4- ;5 o (_1-2)
_] -2
_._._@)_J :__ (1997_ 8 _2417t 12UTC)
(2) -_,_ I-_-_L_._,¢_)TJf_) -
_) _7g__ (¢_) _qJl_{_-_2-i-5n.q •
_i-3)
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,, ._..,._ _;_",_-'.'._'.,;:;}.}_':_'._....
:'"•'. ".:':".';;;k't-
__l' _!_i.i_:_,.:::'_;s'/.'%':_''''':i__';:'s_'%_':':_='4.':';;:'-:;':_:;_4.;'; . . ..
_.i".=,- ......d'7777:7::..:.'_:7i<:::::7_:;;} :': : ; . {- •
H EAD .... "_ "
35
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
___.___
__z__.__o __ _1-4)
INSIDE
_[__z_L__o (_1-3. _1-5)
DARK AREA % _ _, _:..:
_:::::% :..
_'_ _ "_-.='.- .'. •
.__::_...__:-
"_ ___...
DRY
[_1 -3 F_4+)-'_'_e]_/_'_)-o_lff, l _l -5 __ (1997_7_J2H18UTC)
--36--
_lliltZ_-- t_=_i36_ - 1998_12J E]
"C-_ 70o (_1-4. _1-6)
.. J="a"a,.,l_,
BASE INDIRECT
_]_ ] - 6 _,__ (1997_4 _ 1 [_06UTC)
_l_:_'_'_ :/Y") --, -", ,;, _:nYl_.
2. __
2-2 __
_o
(2) _l:.l_:,qql_,_,'_O>'_'_)-_:_]_L__,_:- _:
(3) _J_(V_a_,_ :_/f,)-__i_:5
--37--
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
3. I_tt_JM_
3- 1 N. Itlt_¢),_O _U-_Igll_.t$tll (1997_
9 II29LI00ITC) (N1-5)
_iJ_il l= NG-#- :5.,_ 9 :/_ 'J - :
300hPai_i_N (l_]C300hPa) "_I$ (1!11-5-(_).
_. _tc, 200hPaNi_NI (l_l]v200hPa) (N1-
5-(!)) "V_. t_SNg_N:lz_l_t_¢_,45:_t_'C_o
tfilN (N_) -c"_ )\_ _l:.__"c _ ;50
1- 5 -(!) 200hPaNi_[]
[]1-5
150 ° E _I_, CiX b U -- # D_@_[i-x0)lti 0 _._¢
_,_tlllN_llLt_:_o _tz,120 ° ENN_I2_c):_eY
1itl1_)_1L_$_o (ViN1-5-@, []1-5-@)
_dtfl_iflc),_e] _ f _J-- (b) 11, N • N" Nt_¢)
[] 1-5- @)
" "\-_._Lx-N .... __----" '..',_2 I ' _ ;-7,""-':'e:_120 "--" ...., _,4_._ ', -' : _.
-_ ._:__;,.__,_, ._..._':, _K---'.>-'i-- V---"-" _; ..... ..-:_./'./2_//._.,_._,._,._'--:-'_'-_-..:".___--,o.-,:u..;"_!-__7 _u/ ."'--_i_'_'s _"_ _- _.t_.zl_*_.._--s_ .2_-_=..%.,"_,--_4",'i' ," ,"li.k.')i,_ .. ,-s _ .._ .... li_ _-.21,-_l.s_. P .'_' , ._
,-_,_"<_-_...:'_:d__.__-'._'-_ -"" . t." .." ". ...0=7:::-2
b_ ....""._:._., ,c_.-_o..,.............__, -j_.-,"..'" "lI "-. , ,a_.-._s L_ .a "_" ._- 1
....I ' l t ...... _" I
1- 5-(_) 300kPai_l_Jl_i;/_[]
k\
i
-- 38 --
_,_!l'_'9-- _t_@_J36-N- 1998tg12,N
- _" .,t '
1- 6 -@ 200hPai_N%Nl
geF4J: _,litt. :f(i : -"¢_:/P"J -
t<>co_t,,70_"C. _Jil, ll_ll_)JIJLI',,ct,_ (_Jgl-6-@.
HI-6- @)o
ljiN4itltizR_ L toct,,.,'¢9 ;.'f9 - :
b+_Ce) :/_'9 --3?/5 9. _iJ_flti_-_t ?<¢_ (_igl-6- @.
[] 1-6- @)o
NIl-6 N • N • _fll_o):_,'Y:,'9"0--DCNl_,t<_tl (1997fg8 N24H00UTC)
39
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
3-3 _,__¢-'_,--7,-0----_,'_"]:/_9 --z_ab_t_J
(1997_11_9 H00UTC)(1_1-7)
_z_,,_ B,_,__) -- :
H _¢3i_¢3,_"7 :/_" 9 - (a)l_:, 300hPa'_-9480m¢)_
_/K_z _ o _':._J_ (_1-7- ®) 9._200hPa (1_
!-7- (j)) ¢)_J_,_lz _, b "_ __z_o
_--_ ...... _-._-::::: /-t
1- 7 -(j) 200hPa_,_[_
1- 7-_) __
_flJ:_. -_ : _o:_'9-
l_l -7
_9 _',) - (d) _Pl_l_l_o_/_z_ 5 -_,_ I-°
l_l"e,,_ O ".,"_ _) -¢_tz _: E _ _ , ,,_O :z _ 9 -¢)_
- "I.."K-:_--_" - .. 2n , -. _-_,_._.._ ._,-...._..,%,_..,,_...._...%-._:_ ---<_,;:_7%, __ :_.-.._
......... _)I , , , -_¢-'9".,I
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"-'_-._F\' ,,c'%_. _'_.--___--_" -'" "" -"- -,,-_,=_. - , ._ ........ ! , -" "T :,%',_-r-L%, '_ _--"-'_-. -- 2-"" . . 40 .-"
'_-=-\-i_....................:;L-.'" --"
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1- 7 -_) 300hPai_i,_l_
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"./4t_: _l,/_ll, - ff¢_61_: -'- ";,F, ¢0 :-"_ _)--
J
_Jl_._o¢'<- ;_ +)--'_ _e] >'_"9 -z5_5 _J (1997_11_ 9 H00UTC)
--4t) m
lElllztifim'lz_'Y- tl_lti_lt136_ 1998:_12g]
3-4 _¢9_J_¢_ (1997_- 2 JqI I [] 12UTC)(_1-8)
_J_¢_:__,_- _ _ _ :/_",) _ : _'_ 3 _,o 300hPaO)912Om_?_!_iJ_ (1_I1-8- @)
_200hPaO)_)ij{l,_ (1_I1-8- (_)) Sz_ U _ t,_ ;5 _.
I- 8 -(j_) 200hPa_l./_ l- 8-(_ 300hPa_l_
_:_
I_l 1 - 8 %-_¢9_¢_¢)f_1 (1997_2_llH12UTC)
--41 --
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
3- 5 __f_1`_] (1997_-10_] 8 H
00UTC) (I_1-9)
_i_t:._,1` _,¢ _] :z _,',) -- :
_I_J_D, _ _ (a). _h, B _ (b)
__b_ H_(c)¢)_ _e] y _,'t) _12. 300hPa
"d'912Omh, 69240m 9360mb 69480m_ UeF.9480mb e9
9600mO_i.J_¢_ (l_ll-9-@) _200hPaO_iJ_itt (_
1-9-@) _z_,L-d _ O, xc_z('¢_' t-_,
H _"C l_:. 300hPaO)912Omb _ 9240m(a) &9360mb
B9480m(b) O_t_h_._-_ L"C_ _) (_1-9- _), (b)
1-9- @)
1-9-@
. _ .,ll _ _ . _
", _ _, ,
O0 _--. .
( "r "f I ,, ,. t. x.- i:
200hPa_/i_M
l- 9-(_ __
<
1- 9 -®
_]1-9 _iJ!ii,_¢R$_:1`_J (1997_10_J8H00UTC)
-- ,t9 --
._._m'tz_-- _j_36-_ 1998:_12,EJ
___4z _ _ --. 1993 :
NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 57 : _k.,_L_
_q)_ _ _i_o9 l'z _ 69_ L _)_. _II_
A ,B_
_,__z :/_--. 1995 :
-GOES • NOAA_ _) P3"--Tx_)eJ :, 1998 :
_il__$[_{_q _ 10-3-3. _[_i¢)_J_i_i:
II. F _ >'7,/_--7, _4 >'_
1. |_ U Y)Ic
]-] _qio) H _3
(1998) -Ol_, CAT-_q)_c_llCTv7 4 5/f_¢)}_ []
2. _:7-1_i
(2) Tv_:- I_¢) 5 _5. 200hPa_L_300hPai_/_
_-60kt l_AJ_ _9_i)_ _z_, L _ _ )5 _ _ _, _
(3) Tv_4 _/_@Ci_ I- ')--P ___._¢;5_.
III_ I o
Osamu Katou Yasuo Yamakawa
43
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
3. I]ll_JM_
3- 1 Tv_4 :/_CiZ I- ')--_ (1998_3_27H
12UTC)
3_27H121JTC¢)__(_2-1) _ _]1_]¢)
300hPa_._l_l(l_2-1) "_,_o _l_lh, B, /$_
_h_Eeo_t_ _, _ L < li_)_t_o)_CCiZ b
[] 2- 1 300hPaii_/i_l:_]
44
._,llk_mt>"_-- t_=_36_ ]998_12N
3-2 2 _1_1 A: ¢)Tv_: -- Izq)_lJ h_ _ _5I_ ¢) _]
(1997_10)q 29 Ft 12UTC)
b'o)_O(A--_B, C_--D)h_/_k _ ;5°
_N2-2 N_
45
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
3-3 Tv_4 :,'_ L'g_L_o¢_] (1998_5_
24H00UTC)
,_ (_Jg2-3) -_J_ff_j_ff_Jzb_ B H_
_2-3 _
--4B--
_,t_,_-I:z_-- t__36_ "1998_12_
3-4 -_J_cJ_alilLlc_@gTv94 :/ (1997_9_
15H 12UTC)
_19_ogBh,L, i2. 15HI2UTC t__l_t_i!!if_Jc
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_'t? l_:20--40kt _ ._, _z)_, _G)_ tf _ L _z_ -'3Tv
300hPaii_l_lO_l:_ L -C_, _Tv_ 4' :/
%@__-,
1976 : _tiI £ _¢_tiitiJ_
i!f_Ar0 l_]_ p60
1983 : _Iil7_ _ _b 17It.& _D_
P92-98.
__,
_,
1985 : _ID, 6 _,/:: _- No. 40 (_O¢_
P51-52
1998 : J_:_l__ p 4-41
_:,.;__.,_.._., ....... , . ,, ,-.... ,, ,,
t ,s ], ^^
7__ - '.,-'_ _ '-7::..-_-"_...' .-'1.>,
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-- 47 --
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
HI. ±mbO7 _
1. 1$U _lC.
1 - 1 _S0i:cr)N_
_ (N_Ne_-:1983)o
2. _--T-_
_fl._ (Weldon, R..B.and Holmes,S.J., : 1991) (IN
3-1, _N_IN) o
DARK
I-2 NNN
(1) N__6_¢_sb_ll.500hPa_ b _ 7_
(2) _N_lStz,___
N_N_Ng__N#IclI, b9711N_
Nobumshi Fuchi_ Sin-ichi _mazaki Hirotaka Kobayashi Hidehiro Okumura
_t_z2 - t__36_ 1998_12,E]
3. _
-:i,%. , --_-,
N 3 - 2 300hPaNNNx_IRI
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at::5, J
@ 500hPa©_fc _ b _ 7 (1N3-3)
500hPaO)_ft_Ezo &, _15 • OIN_;ll:Ni E _tz
"C1,_;5 o
i,""
N 3 - 3 500hPai_iNNNN
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METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
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Weldon,R.B.and Holmes,S.J., 1991 :Water vapor
imagery interpretation and application to weather
analysis and forecasting. NOAA Technical Report
NESDIS 57,U.S.Department of Commerce, P213.
--51 --
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
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Tokuei Uchiyama Akihiro Kikuchi Kazufumi Kanda
52
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METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
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METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
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57
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Shimamura, M., 1981 : The Upper-Tropos-
pheric Cold Lows in the Northwestern Pacificas
Revealed in the GMS Satellite Data. Geophys.
Mag., 39, Pl19-156
Weldon,R.B.and Holmes,S.J., 1991 :Water vapor
imagery interpretation and application to
weather analysis and forecasting. NOAA
Technical Report NESDIS 57,U.S.Department
of Commerce, P213.
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59
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Forest Fire observed by GMS-5 in the Maritime Province region
Nobutoshi Fuchita _ Koji Onosato _
Abstract
This report is to describe the forest fire and its smoke observed by GMS-5 in the maritime
province region.
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METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
Fig. 1 " The surface analysis and plotted observations at 06UTC on 7 August 1998.
Fig.1 1998_ 8 _ 7 IZt06UTCC)_]:J{_M _ __l:_l_l
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63
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
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METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998
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Fig.7 " GMS-5 Visible images every 24 hours from 00UTC on 13 July 1998 to 00UTC on
16 July 1998.
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00UTC on 16 July 1998.
Fig.8 " 7_ 13 H 00UTC_" 6 I6 H00UTC¢)-- H _¢)J_]=_[]
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Fig.9 : 1997_V 9 )_23H03UTC__
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER
(JANUARY - DECEMBER 1997)
_ _33_. 1-15. 1997
2) I_iH_J. XPtz_: r_t_t_¢_tc_ k{g_q_,L,c)_j _4z ;/9--_
_ _33_-. 17-28. 1997
3 ) _j_l]_. l_,: rSatellite Observation of Volcanic Ash Clouds3 _t_4z Z/_ --__
_33_. 29-48. 1997
4 ) Tokuno, M. rDevelopment of new products for MTSATj 1997 Meteorological Satellite
Data Users' Conference, 423-430, Brussels, Belgium 29th September-3rd October 1997
5 ) Tokuno, M. rThe present and future calibration of meteorological satellite sensors in
Japanj 1997 Meteorological Satellite Data Users' Conference, 615-622, Brussels,
Belgium 29th September-3ud October, 1997
6) _JKf_,: F_:_J_Lfc'Xlh_P_:o_CJ _fk 479, 10-14, 1997_3_1
7 ) Tokuno, M., H. Itaya, K. Tsuchiya and S. Kurihara rCalibration of VISSR on board
GMS-5j Adv. Space Res. 17, No.3 pp-(3) 199-(3) 206, 1997
8) _]E_: FGMS 57_P e') '_ Fe74 5/ F'e]_" :/#-,q/v-*--_cJ_ 70_i_6r)_t_[_J H_h:') :_
- b 4z :/-:/:/¢_'_22_iiii_(_!, 73-74, 1997_ 5
9) _Yg]J_J, _] : r_q_J_lJ_C)CD-ROM{_i_h_Zff-_:--')_j
_4z :/9--__33_-. 49-64, 1997
10) _¢ _g@_ : rNOAA_{_'_ Z -7-1_o)_j _g_4z :/¢_ --__33_. 65-90. 1997
11) _j__ : rA Rainfall Estimation with the GMS-5 Infrared Split-Window and Water
Vapour Measurementsj _4z >"¢--__33_, 91 - 101. 1997
12) _:]I[:_-_: rImaging System Design Performance of Multi-functional Transport
Satellitej __4z :/9 --__34-_, 1- 12, 1997
13) _V,Z, _]_{_: r_j_j_j_[_[_.--)l_--(j _g_yY-__i34_r, 13
-30, 1997
14) d_ _. _" r,t_.l_,!_llJl_._-J_J_O')l_}t_J _L{,_ii'lJ__ _--_[_34_. 31-
42. 1997
15) _¢¢_ : r.= H _l _d_t_ &_ __,,_,,_{_¢)_j H __1997_X@_;_,
163, 1997
16) __ : r_cOUpper Level Cold Low0")_ &J<_
_, 77. 1997
--6q--
_lO¢12_18H_
__0_3-235
___2-22-9
* $111_--_, Pamela C. Sullivan : _--,'_-9" :/7 °1) :/ff_O$1_ ...................................................... 1
,J,_ _i_._ _- Pqth _,_-_ _h._t _:
_/_1_1 $:-_ _;t_ _tf$_o9 :B_ ................................................................................................ 33
_IW _- .,J_!I_ : _t_o)__ ................................................................................. 61
_K_ >'_'-II_t$_l_ (1997_ 1 ,q----12_) ........................................................................ 69
.... ..,.***.,°.., .....................................................................................................................................
, _at_:I:. d_$_ • __
Contents°°°° ..... ° ........ ° ........ ° ...... ° ............ °.° ...... °° .... °°,°, ................... ° .... ° ..........................................................
* Kigawa, Seiichiro, Pamela C. Sullivan:
Study on Over-sampling for Imager .......................................................................................... l
Tanaka, Takeo, Masayuki Yamamoto, Makoto Sakai, Kouichi Hayasi,
Osamu Katou, Yasuo Yamakawa, Nobutoshi Fuchita, Shin-ichi Yamazaki,
Hirotaka Kobayashi, Hidehiro Okumura, Tokuei Uchiyama, Akihiro Kikuchi, Kazufumi Kanda;
Analysis Procedure for Some Cloud Patterns Informed in Satellite Cloud
Information Chart ......................................................................................................... 33
Fuchita, Nobutoshi, Koji Onosato:
Forest Fire observed by GMS-5 in the Maritime Province region ................................................ 61
LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS FROM METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER
(JANUARY-DECEMBER 1997) .................................................................................... 69
*Article Written in English