SARDAR SWARAN SINGH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIO-ENERGY(Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India)

KAPURTHALA-144601 (PUNJAB)Email:profykyadav@yahoo.co.in +91-9888580366

Prof. (Dr.)Yogender Kumar YadavDirector General

Indian Energy  Scenarioo Over 230 GW power generation capacity ismainly based on thermal and hydro with about13% from renewables.

o Energy and peaking shortages 8 & 11%o 145 MT consumption of oil products. Importsabout 80%, and growing.

o Per capita energy use 911 kWh / Annum is1/4th of global average 2373 kWh / Annum

o Our electricity supply will need to grow 5 to 7times of our current consumption forsustaining growth of around 8% through nexttwo decades

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Indian Power Sector at a Glance

Thermal, 60.00%

Hydro , 16.53%

Nuclear , 1.95%

Renewable,12.93%

Gas,8.59%

Thermal1,47,875

Hydro 40,531

Gas 20,380

Renewable31,707

Nuclear4780

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Present Status‐Renewable EnergyTotal Installed capacity  31,707 MW 

Wind Power, 21136, 

67%

Small Hydro (Up to 25 MW) 3804, 12%

Biomass / Cogeneration 4120, 13%

Solar Power, 2647, 8.

3%

Renewable Energy: CredentialsHarnessed 11% of the estimated potential

5th Position in overall RE Capacity Installations 

world‐wide

5th largest Wind installed capacity world‐wide

2nd largest number of installed Biogas plants 

6 million decentralized systems in useRenewable is the second largest source of power generation  after thermal.

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Drivers for Bioenergy in India

o Demand for power and exhaustible fossilfuels increasing

o Problems in meeting even minimum energyneeds for cooking and lighting in manyareas

o About 80 million homes still withoutelectricity

o Power shortages felt even in cities and affectindustrial production

o Need to control GHG emissions

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Dimensions of Bio‐energySurplus biomass: 150 MT/Year biomass + bagasse + urban and industrial wastesBio‐energy potential:  17000+5000+4000 MWValue of biomass: Rs 1500 to 2000 / tonneBenefit to rural economy :  Rs 1.50 to 2.00 cr/MWEmployment ‐ About 200 M Mandays / Year

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Biomass Waste Sources

Availability Status(2009)

Surplus Available(2009)

Availability Projections 

(2015)

Projected Surplus(2015)

Crop & Agro‐ processwaste

523.44 127.27 680.47 226.01

Road Side Biomass 10.74 6.44 17.28 10.36

Wasteland Biomass 27.12 16.32 40.92 24.55

Forest Waste 157.18 94.31 196.79 118.08

Agro – Forestry Waste 9.06 5.44 9.18 5.51

Livestock Waste 267.76 ‐ 266.31 ‐

Poultry Droppings 4.87 ‐ 6.95 ‐

Total 1000.17 249.78 1217.90 384.51

Availability of Biomass (MT) in India

THE CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS

Storage in OpenRelease of CH4 which is 24 times more effective as green house gas, CO2

Loose Burning of StrawRelease of toxic Gases CO, CO2, NOX, SOX, CxHy, SPM, RSPM

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Uncontrolled burning of rice straw (Punjab) The smoke screen (Pb)

The charred field (Pb) Cotton stalks on fire (Gujarat)

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Problems of Biomass Conversion to EnergyComplexity is not only a problem to choose the correctlogistic chain for your specific situation, but there are otherproblem like:

low territorial density, it does not have homogenous geographical distribution

seasonality , it’s necessary to optimise the storage to have a constant feed to the plant of energy conversion

choice of correct energy conversion technique adapted to the territorial context

The project success of biomass utilization need interdisciplinaryapproach of several technical and scientific skills.

Bioenergy OptionsImproved solid fuels (Pellet, Briquettes, Char) Biomass Combustion / Co-generationGaseous Fuels

- Bio-chemical / Bio-methanation (Biogas)/Hydrogen- Thermo-chemical (Producer Gas)/Hydrogen

Liquid Fuels- Thermo-Chemical (Pyrolysis)- Bio-chemical (Ethanol, Butanol)- Extraction (Trans-esterification / biodiesel)

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Loose agriculturalresidues have low bulkdensity (30 to 100kg/m3) and difficult tohandle and use as fuel.

By briquetting thequality improves anddensity is increased to1000-1200 kg/m3 andbecome better qualityfuel.

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Biomass Briquetting

Bulk density of paddy straw

40-60 kg/m3

True density of briquettes

900-1100 kg/m3

Energy requirement

45-55 kWh/ton

Calorific Value 14 MJ/kg

Briquetting Operational Parameters

Biomass Briquetting

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POWER GENERATION VIA

BIOMASS COMBUSTION

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Sketch of Typical Biomass Power Generation Plant

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Salient FeaturesBiomass combustion is clearly a proventechnology, but design improvements over the pastcouple of decades have helped to increase itsefficiency, reduce emission levels and reduce costs.

At the same time, the creation of professionalcertification programs for installers and inspectorsmight help to boost the safety of biomass combustionsystems.

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Bagasse Co-generation in Sugar Industry

Potential : 5000 MW for about 620 sugar millsInstalled about 2400 MW (48% of potential)Under installation 1000 MW (20% ofpotential)

o Biomass Co-generation Projects for meeting thermal andelectrical energy requirements

o Installed 130 projects of over 500 MW- 45 projects in Paper Mills- 50 projects in Rice Mills- 15 projects in Solvent extraction plants- Others in Textile, Alcohol, Food processing

Biomass Co-generation in other industries

BIOMASS GASIFICATION

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Biomass Gasification

Biomass gasifier systems in the range of 5 kw to 500 kw for thermal and electrical applications

Ankur, Vadodara and IISc, Bangalore are major technology developers

About 120 MWeq systems installed for electrical and thermal applications.

About 100 MWth, in the range of 2-6 MWth, have been deployed for thermal application

Four Grid connected biomass gasifier systems in the range of 1.0-1.5 MWe are under installation

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It is a thermo-chemical conversion process in which biomass reactswith limited air to produce gaseous fuel called producer gas.

Thermal Application of Gasifier

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20 kW Gasifier Power Plant

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BIOGAS GENERATION

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Biomethanationo Household biogas plants mainly based oncattle manure for cooking and lighting

o Biogas plants based on cattle manure andother segregated wastes for heat, electricityor motive power

o Biogas from urban and industrial wastesand effluents

o Co‐digestion of farm / agricultural residueswith urban and industrial wastes

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Floating Drum Biogas Plant

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Kitchen waste biogas plant

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Biogas for Domestic Cooking

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Global Methane Initiative – Meeting of Agr. Sub‐Committee November 12, 2010

1.0 MW power project based on cattle dung at a Dairy Complex Ludhiana, Punjab

Municipal Solid Waste to Energy ProgrammePotential: 2600 MW

Project in operation: 16 MW project atOkhla, Delhi

Projects under installation: 41 MW12 MW at Ghazipur, Delhi8 MW at Bangalore11 MW at Hyderabad10 MW at Pune

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Solid Waste Based Bio-gas Plant

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Floating drum Bio‐gas plant

BIO-DIESEL/GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION

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o 1st generation Biofuels - From starch and sugars - mainly ethanol- From oil bearing seeds (SVO and biodiesel)

o 2nd generation Biofuels: from ligno-cellulosic substrates- Ethanol through enzymatic fermentation- bio-crude, bio-oil (Thermo-chemical route)

o 3rd generation Biofuels - Algae based bio-oils, green diesel/jet fuel

o 4th generation Biofuels: CO2 sequestration …….

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Vegetable OilsVegetable oils represent one of thepremium renewable resources that canbe potentially used for fuel production.

Vegetable oil being renewable in natureis also useful to earn carbon credit asenvisaged from Kyoto protocol.

They can be used as substitutepetrochemicals due to their similarity tothe traditional crude oil products.

Due to high density andviscosity, vegetable oil can not be useddirectly in engines.

They can be efficiently used in engineafter appropriate processing.

Edible oils areCoconut, Olive, Soy, Canola, Sunflower, Safflower, Peanut, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Corn, Soybean, Sesame etc.

Non-edible oils are processed Linseedoil, Tung oil, Castoroil, Jatropha, Mahua, Neem, Karanja, palmMesua ferrea L. etc.

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Oil Content of Some Oil Bearing Seeds

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Species Oil fraction (%) NatureCastor 45-50 Non-edible

Jatropha 40-50Mahua 35-40

Sal 10-12Linseed 35-45Neem 20-30

Pongamia (karanja) 30-40Mesua Ferrea L. 75-79

Mustered 27-35% EdibleSunflower 35-40%

Peanut 35-50%Olive 35-38%

Rice Bran 20-25%

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JATROPHA CURCAS

Mesua ferrea L.

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37KARANJA

Non-edible Vegetable Seeds

Trans-esterification

Biodiesel (FAME) + Glycerol

Biodiesel & Characterization

Pure Biodiesel Green Diesel, Bio-petrol,

TBP Distillation

Bio-crude & Characterization

Hydro-processing

Extraction & Analysis of Oil

Catalysts

Separation Washing

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Transesterification Process

Vegetable oil

+ Alcohol + Catalyst

H2 Gas

HydrogenCylinder

Crude Biodiesel

Batch Reacto

r

Separator-1

Condenser

Filtration

Catalyst

Alcohol Recycling

Separator-2

Glycerol

Biodiesel

Activation & Recycling

Condenser

Washing & Purification

Washing & Purification

Pure Biodiesel

Pure Glycerol

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MBCUS Catalyst

LPT Catalyst

Biodiesel from Jatropha oil

SEM Image TEM Micrograph

Biodiesel from Bitter apricot oil

Hydroprocessing

Gases

Residue

Green Diesel

Bio-ATF

Bio-petrol

Vegetable oil+ Catalyst

H2 Gas

Hydrogen Cylinder

Biocrude

Batch Reacto

r

TBP Distillation Unit

Condenser

Water

Settler

Gases

Biocrude

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Various Bio-crudes and Distillates Fractions

Green Hydrocarbons

Liquid bio-fueldistillates obtainedfrom Hydroprocessingof vegetable oils andTBP distillation.

GasolineAviation turbine Fuel 

Diesel  Lube oil 

Wax  Bitumen 

Biocrude

Thrust Areas for Biofuel R&DLigno-cellulosic ethanol / biobutanol production

Pre-treatmentDevelopment of engineered micro-organisms forhigher yields of ethanol utilizing C5 and C6 sugars.Saccharification and fermentation - development ofmicroorganism and optimization of conditions.Identification and development of strains/processesfor bio-butanol

Thermo-chemical

Thermo chemical platform for production of secondgeneration biofuelsGasification - upgradation of bio-oil

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Process development for bioethanol production from agricultural residues

Enzyme production for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass using isolated bacteria

Isolation of yeast for fermentation of sugars (hexoses and pentoses) to bioethanol

Microscopic viewIsolate NIRE-GX1Pentose Fermenting Yeast

Isolate NIRE-K1 Microscopic viewHexose Fermenting Yeast

NIR

E A

1

Xylanase activity

NIR

E A

1

Ligninase activity

NIR

E A

1

Cellulase activity

Hexose Sugar Fermentation

Ethanol Yield of NIRE K1 0.41Yield increased to 0.49 afteroptimisation of growth andfermentation conditions

Batch Fermentation in Bench-scale Bioreactor

Optimisation of maximum specific growth rateusing Design Expert software

Ethanol Fermentation by NIRE-K1 at 430C

Pentose Sugar Fermentation

Ethanol Yield of NIRE GX1 – 0.29 g/g at 400C

C. Genetic Engineering for ethanol production

A. Bioethanol production from xylose sugar using naturally fermenting yeast

B. Adaptation of yeast to increase ethanol production

10Kb8 Kb6 Kb4 Kb3 Kb

K1 K320 Kb appx

3000 bp2000 bp1000 bp500 bp

300 bp

100 bpK3K1K1 K3

K1 K1K1K1

Amplified

Unamplified

DNA isolation of NIRE-K1 PCR of genomic DNA

xylose utilization increased by 88%Xylitol production increasedGrowth of yeast increased

Identified Thrust Areas for R&DAlgal biofuels

Identification of efficient and engineered strains foralgaeCultivation and harvesting of micro-algae, dryingand conversion into biofuels.

Bio-refinery

Value addition to the biofuel production

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Microalgal BiodieselMicroalgae have been suggested asvery good candidates for fuelproduction because of theiradvantages of higher photosyntheticefficiency, higher biomass productionand faster growth compared to otherenergy crops.

Microalgae commonly double theirbiomass within 24 hours.

Biomass doubling times duringexponential growth are commonly asshort as 3.5 hours.

Oil content in microalgae can exceed80% byweight of dry biomass.

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BIOMASS

Thermo-chemical Transformation

Biochemical Transformation

Chemicals

BiofuelsMaterials

Basic concept of Bio-refinery?

Oilseed based BiorefineryCombustion &Process 

heat, electricitybiogasbiogas

Lignocellulosic based Bio-refinery

Cellulose or paper products

Catalytic Synthesis

Gasification

Heat/Steam

Electric power

Adhesives

Surfactants

Other aromatic compounds

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis Oil

Coke

Volatiles

Burning/CHP

Lig

noce

llulo

sic

Bio

mas

s

Condensates

Coke

H2, CO (Syngas)

Chemicals

Liquid fuels

Acetic acid

Other acids

Ethanol

Butanol

Acetone

Hydrogen

PHA

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Acids

Sugars

Ferm

enta

tion

Thermal-Chemical Dissembling

Extractive

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Aromatics

Algae based Bio-refinery

Residue

Green Diesel

Green ATF

Green Gasoline

Green Propane

Vent

Bio-crudeSeparator

Water

HPHT Reactor

Catalyst

H2

Catalyst

Recycle

Algal biomass Biomass Pro

Filter

ABE Fermentation

butanol. E. coli gene mod

Butanol

Biogas

Challenge of the Bio-refinery DevelopmentDevelopment of feasible process and technology.

To study the pros and cons of every process.

To upscale the process up to pilot scale level.

Techno-economic study of different individual units.

Integration of different units to realize biorefinery.

Economic assessment of the whole set up (output-input).

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Biomass has several advantage but: a competitive fuel

It requires necessary planning

Barriers to the promotion of biomass energy use are:

The lack of an efficient and cost-effective supply chain system (harvesting, transportation, and delivery of biomass resources)

If each step of bioenergy chain is not optimised the final cost ofproduced energy may not result to be competitive in comparison withenergy from traditional fossil fuel.

Biomass: A Competitive Fuel

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Thank You