irrigation efficiency - texas a&m agrilife -...
TRANSCRIPT
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
Dr. Dotty WoodsonExtension Program Specialist- Water ResourcesBiological and Agricultural Engineering DepartmentDepartmentTexas AgriLife Research and Extension Urban Solutions CenterDallas, TXLI#0017381
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY• All Future landscapes must Conserve Water to be Sustainablep• Resource Efficient Plants• Irrigation efficiency is the planned management of water • Prevents
• Waste• Over use• Contamination of our most valuable resource - water
Effecti e irrigation efficienc plans to "do more ith less " itho t • Effective irrigation efficiency plans to "do more with less," without sacrificing a beautiful green landscape
• Least expensive method to conserve waterp
CURRENT WATER ISSUES• The cost of water & power to move water rises annuallyp y• Population growth can create a drought even when there is no
drought • Many cities have out grown infrastructure for water delivery and
treatment• Landscape irrigation is usually restricted during drought and • Landscape irrigation is usually restricted during drought and
other water shortage conditions because landscape water usage increases 30 to 60% during the summer months
THE COST OF WASTED WATER• Over watering the landscape creates additional problems g p p
beyond the cost of the wasted water:• Leaches nutrients from the root zone requiring the
application of additional fertilizerapplication of additional fertilizer• Causes fungus and attracts pests• Major cause of plant death• Major cause of plant death• Adds additional time and labor to maintain site• Water runoff can damage hardscapes Water runoff can damage hardscapes • Poor public relations
BREAKING DOWN THE PROBLEM• Landscape irrigation accounts for 60-75%
urban potable water consumptionurban potable water consumption• Excessive scheduling• System integrity – poor design and maintenance • Operation in rain/ wet conditions
• Landscapes blamed despite proven studies Landscapes blamed despite proven studies • indicating vital importance of landscapes to
human health and well-being • crime reduction• crime reduction• heat island reduction • filtering pollutants from stormwater runoff • increased property value
TEXAS DROUGHT MONITOR
30 MILLION ACRES30 MILLION ACRES• 85 million U.S.
households have a lawn • Average size landscape g p
one-fifth of an acre • 30 million acres of
grass, according to EPA and NASA
850 BILLION GALLONS OF WATER850 BILLION GALLONS OF WATER
• The typical landscape soaks up more than 10,000 gallons of water a year, not including rainwater and snowmelt rainwater and snowmelt, the EPA says.
• 10,000 x 85 million = 850 10,000 x 85 million 850 billion gallons of water annually
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCYIRRIGATION EFFICIENCY•• 89% of single family 89% of single family •• 89% of single family 89% of single family
households practice households practice irrigationirrigationgg
•• 95% is spray irrigation95% is spray irrigation92% of the 95% do not 92% of the 95% do not •• 92% of the 95% do not 92% of the 95% do not understand how an understand how an irrigation system runsirrigation system runsirrigation system runsirrigation system runs
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCYIRRIGATION EFFICIENCY• The Average Homeowner Over
W t Waters • Not because they want to waste
water and receive a high water water and receive a high water bill
• They just do not know• How Long• How Often
Plant Water Requirements• Plant Water Requirements• Precipitation Rate• How to set irrigation controllerg
PROACTIVE SCENARIOPROACTIVE SCENARIO
Comprehensive Irrigation Management:Comprehensive Irrigation Management:• Restoration of antiquated irrigation systems • Implementation of new control and sensor
technologiesg• Enhance system operating efficiencies• Direct changes in landscape management
cultural practices• Source non-potable water sources• Preserve beneficial landscapes
Saving energy, Saving energy, Saving water, Saving water,
Sustaining our environment.Sustaining our environment.
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND WATERWATER
Population Water SupplyPopulation pp y
WATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT CHANGES LOCAL HYDROLOGY
• How we manage water resources and water use defines the available water sources
RUNOFF• Number One Non-Point
Source of Contamination• Preventable• Saves Money
• By using less• Expense to Clean up water
contamination• FertilizerFertilizer• Pesticides• ErosionErosion
PROJECTED DEMAND BY USEPROJECTED DEMAND BY USE
PROJECTED WATER USE
3000
3500
Conservation
2500
3000et
Conservation - irrigation
Reuse
2000
of a
cre-
fe
Groundwater
Surface water
1500
hous
ands
Surface water - majorreservoirsConjunctive use
500
1000Th Desalination
02010 2020 2030 2040 2050 20602010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Future Water Resources
CONSERVATION GOAL – 30%• New State Irrigation Rules• City Irrigation Rules• Water Planning Region
G d t C ti Di t i t• Groundwater Conservation District• Water District Conservation Plans• City Water Conservation Plany• City Landscape Ordinances• Home Owners Associations• Texas A&M Horticulture Earth Kind Program• Texas Nursery and Landscape Association• Irrigator Association • Irrigator Association
REUSE
Groundwater
GroundwaterGroundwater
WHAT IS THE RULE OF CAPTUREWHAT IS THE RULE OF CAPTURE
T t li bilit l th th t i ht• Tort liability rule rather than a property right• The rule stands only for the proposition that
landowners pumping groundwater beneath their own land owe no duty of care to prevent
i hb i l d ’ ll f i dneighboring landowner’s wells from going dry• Groundwater does not constitute private
property until it is pumped by a landowner
LIMITATIONS TO THE RULE OF CAPTURELIMITATIONS TO THE RULE OF CAPTURE• Judicial LimitationsJudicial Limitations• Statutory Restrictions
G d t C ti Di t i t• Groundwater Conservation Districts• Groundwater Export
GROUNDWATER CONSERVATION DISTRICTSGROUNDWATER CONSERVATION DISTRICTS
S ’ f d h d f G d M• State’s preferred method for Groundwater Management• Locally elected Board of Directors• Local decisions on how to manage groundwater • Difficult to actually decrease or limit groundwater use
NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS GROUND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICTSGROUND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICTS
•• 12 Counties12 Counties• Collin, Cook, Dallas,
Denton, Ellis, Fannin, Grayson, Hood, Johnson, Montague, Parker, Tarrant WiseTarrant, Wise
• Districts formed: Hood, Parker Wise MontagueParker, Wise Montague
• TarrantCollin Cook Denton• Collin, Cook, Denton
TRINITY RIVERTRINITY RIVER
TRINITY RIVER
AREA LAKESTARRANT REGIONAL WATER DISTRICTTARRANT REGIONAL WATER DISTRICT
DESALINATION
Groundwater Requiring Desalination
DESALINATION COST
TRWD AND CITY OF FORT WORTHWATER PLANSWATER PLANS
• Conservation and water reuse - Savings in water use due to water conservation and reuse are assumed in the projected demands
• Eagle Mountain Connection - This pipeline allows delivery of water from TRWD’s large east Texas reservoirs to Eagle Mountain Lake. Cost $170 million.
• Third Pipeline to Richland Chambers and Cedar Creek – This pipeline will l t d li f t f TRWD’ i ti t T i d supplement delivery of water from TRWD’s existing east Texas reservoirs and
additional water supply from water reuse projects. It will be operational in 2018. Cost $626.3 million.
• Marvin Nichols Reservoir and Pipeline – This proposed lake is in the Sulphur Marvin Nichols Reservoir and Pipeline This proposed lake is in the Sulphur River basin 115 miles north east of the Metroplex. Operational in 2030 TRWD share of Cost $1.5 million.
• Pipeline to the Toledo Bend Reservoir – This is an existing lake on the Sabine River that borders Texas and Louisiana. This supply would need to be pumped more than 200 miles to the Metroplex. Operational in 2050 TRWD share of Cost $1 billion.
• Importation of water from Oklahoma – At the present time the Oklahoma • Importation of water from Oklahoma – At the present time, the Oklahoma Legislature has enacted a moratorium on out of state water transfers. Operational in 2060 Cost $300 million.
FUTURE WATERFUTURE WATERPROJECTED TOTAL COSTPROJECTED TOTAL COSTPROJECTED TOTAL COSTPROJECTED TOTAL COST
Total capital costs : $30.7 Total capital costs : $30.7 Total capital costs : $30.7 Total capital costs : $30.7 billionbillion
Today’s DollarsToday’s DollarsToday s DollarsToday s Dollars
$$$130 Billion$130 BillionFuture DollarsFuture Dollars
IRRIGATION REGULATION• Irrigation in Texas is regulated by the Texas g g y
Commission on Environmental Quality (TECQ) • TCEQ
P.O. Box 13087Austin, TX 78711-3087
• TCEQ website www.tecq.state.tx.us • TCEQ Irrigation staff can be reached at (512)239-6956,
(512)239 1451 i ll @t t t t (512)239-1451 or [email protected] or [email protected]
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
• Surface/Subsurface drip – 90%Surface/Subsurface drip 90%• Surface micro drip irrigation – 85%
L t 70%• Large rotors – 70%• Small rotors – 65%• Spray heads - 50%
During the summer, it is estimated that 25 t 60 % f t d b id ti lto 60 % of water used by residential customers is applied to the landscape
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)WATER LOSS TO THE ATMOSPHERE DUE TO EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM THE SOIL + EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM THE SOIL + TRANSPIRATION OF WATER FROM THE PLANTS
ET Factors:• Solar radiationSo a ad a o• Relative humidity• Wind run• TemperatureRain
Soil Reservoir
• Rain
On-site ET Factors:• Plant typePlant type• Slope• Sun/shade• Sprinkler typePl t d it• Plant density
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Since evapotranspiration p pexceeds rainfall in almost all areas of Texas during the Texas during the growing season, irrigation is required to g qsustain growth, form and function desired in many landscapemany landscape
Example of City
Water Conservation ProgramWater Conservation Program
WaterWise Landscape Rebate Program
Austin, Texas
PROGRAM GOALS• To Replace water-thirsty turf with trees and shrubs • To save time by installing low maintenance shrubs and mulch• To choose the right plant for the right place• To reduce future demand on the water utility and createTo reduce future demand on the water utility and create
beautiful, drought tolerant landscapes.
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY PRACTICES
• Encourage native, g ,drought tolerant and adapted resource efficient plantsplants
• Irrigation Audit• Seasonal Adjustment• Adapt new irrigation
t h l i technologies
NEW IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
• Smart Controllers• ET• Soil Moisture Sensor
NEW IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
• Multi-stream NozzlesMulti stream Nozzles• Distributes water in large
dropletsdroplets• MP Rotator (Hunter)• Precision (Toro)• Rotary Nozzle (RN
Rainbird)
EFFICIENT IRRIGATION TIPSEFFICIENT IRRIGATION TIPS• Use ultra low volume • Use ultra-low-volume
distribution devices • Irrigate according plant water
req irements requirements • Water requirements vary by
• Plant selectionPlant selection• Season• Maturity of landscape
• Use rain and freeze sensors • Use harvested rainwater off
home or office building roofs gfor irrigation
DRIP IRRIGATION• Drip irrigation is 90%p g• Good for entire landscape
including lawn• Micro-irrigation works to water
individual landscape plants, containerscontainers
• Less water loss to evaporation or runoffor runoff
• Drip tubing is easy to hide under mulch
TRENDS IN LOW VOLUME DRIP IRRIGATION
• Dripline Irrigation has grown p g gconsistently over the past ten years
• Low Volume Landscape Irrigation using Point-Source emitters and inline dripline will emitters and inline dripline will continue to increase in the future
• For ‘Sustainable Designs’ drip is required
NARROW LANDSCAPE PLANT BEDS
VERY EFFECTIVE IN SEASONAL BEDSVERY EFFECTIVE IN SEASONAL BEDS
HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS
ELIMINATE OVERSPRAY ONTO HARDSCAPE AREAS
ELIMINATE BROKEN SPRINKLERS OR ROTORS WITH MISSING NOZZLESROTORS WITH MISSING NOZZLES
DRIP IRRIGATION SET UP FOR TURF AREAAREA
HAND WATERING
• Garden hose or hose-end Garden hose or hose end sprinkler
• Avoid under or over Avoid under or over watering
• Control the flow• Control the flow• Pressure regulator
F t ti• Faucet timer
• Avoid runoff
KNOW HOW MUCH
• How much water your How much water your plants need?• EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
• How much water each station apply?station apply?• Catch can test
• Match your system output • Match your system output to your plants’ need
HOW MUCH WATER DOES YOUR SYSTEM APPLY?DOES YOUR SYSTEM APPLY?
• Drip Emitter – ½ to 2 gallons per hour.• Bubblers – ½ to 2 gallons per minute.
P ½ t 3 ll i t• Pop-up – ½ to 3 gallons per minute.• Rotors – 1 to 14 gallons per minuteRotors 1 to 14 gallons per minute.
MULCHMULCH• Maintain 2 to 4 inches of mulch Maintain 2 to 4 inches of mulch • Allows water to enter soil efficiently
R t i il i t • Retains soil moisture • Slows evaporation • Moderates temperature• Mulch breaks down into plant nutrients Mulch breaks down into plant nutrients • Helps control soil surface tension
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY PRACTICES
• Encourage native, g ,drought tolerant and adapted resource efficient plantsplants
• Irrigation Audit• Seasonal Adjustment• Adapt new irrigation
t h l i technologies
NEW IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
• Smart Controllers• ET• Soil Moisture Sensor
NEW IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
• Multi-stream NozzlesMulti stream Nozzles• Distributes water in large
dropletsdroplets• MP Rotator (Hunter)• Precision (Toro)• Rotary Nozzle (RN
Rainbird)
EFFICIENT IRRIGATION TIPSEFFICIENT IRRIGATION TIPS• Use ultra low volume • Use ultra-low-volume
distribution devices • Irrigate according plant water
req irements requirements • Water requirements vary by
• Plant selectionPlant selection• Season• Maturity of landscape
• Use rain and freeze sensors • Use harvested rainwater off
home or office building roofs gfor irrigation
DRIP IRRIGATION• Drip irrigation is 90%p g• Good for entire landscape
including lawn• Micro-irrigation works to water
individual landscape plants, containerscontainers
• Less water loss to evaporation or runoffor runoff
• Drip tubing is easy to hide under mulch
TRENDS IN LOW VOLUME DRIP IRRIGATION
• Dripline Irrigation has grown p g gconsistently over the past ten years
• Low Volume Landscape Irrigation using Point-Source emitters and inline dripline will emitters and inline dripline will continue to increase in the future
• For ‘Sustainable Designs’ drip is required
S i kl t 50 t 70 t ffi i t• Sprinkler systems are 50 to 70 percent efficient• only as efficient as the design, schedule and
maintenance • Drip irrigation 90 percent efficiencyDrip irrigation 90 percent efficiency
• many water utilities exempt landscapes irrigated with d i f t i ti d i d ht drip from restrictions during drought.
DRIP IRRIGATION QUICK FACTS...• People interested in water conservation will like drip irrigation p p g• Odd-shaped and narrow areas are easily irrigated with drip systems• Drip irrigation stretches water supplies • May be exempt from water restrictions imposed during drought..• Drip irrigation equipment is readily available and easily installed by do-it-
o rselfersyourselfers• Drip, or micro-irrigation, technology uses a network of plastic pipes to carry
a low flow of water under low pressure to plants.• Water is applied more slowly and efficiently than with sprinkler irrigation
DRIP IRRIGATION
Fl b d • Flower beds
• Foundations
• Lawns
• Use less water
• Less likely to be banned or restricted during droughts
Conforms to any landscape• Conforms to any landscape
• Increases plant growth
COMMON IRRIGATION PROBLEMSCOMMON IRRIGATION PROBLEMS
SAMPLE OF A LEAKY VALVESAMPLE OF A LEAKY VALVE
AFTER VALVE WAS FIXEDAFTER VALVE WAS FIXED
EFFICIENCY IRRIGATION • Healthier plant materialp• Less disease and plant loss• Shorter irrigation run timesShorter irrigation run times• Less water waste (wet areas are eliminated)• Lower irrigation water billsLower irrigation water bills• Sites are easier to maintain• Use less fertilizer & pesticides• Use less fertilizer & pesticides• Makes you a better steward of the environment
WATER FOOTPRINT
Reduce Your Water Footprint and Save Landscapes…
RESOURCES
• Aggie-HorticultureAggie Horticulture• Texas SmartScape
T S St• Texas Super Stars• Extension Office• Master Gardeners• Plant SocietiesPlant Societies• Local Nurseries
RESOURCEShtt //t t• http://txsmartscape.com
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/• http://urbanlandscapeguide.tamu.edu/• http://www.trwd.com/prod/index.asp• http://texaset.tamu.edu/• http://turf.tamu.edu/• http://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/• http://irrigation.tamu.edu/• http://earthkindroses.tamu.edu/• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/earthkind/index.html• http://dallas.tamu.edu/
For More InformationDotty WoodsonExtension Program Specialist- Water ResourcesTexas AgriLife ExtensionTexas AgriLife Extension17360 Coit RoadDallas, Texas 75252972 952 [email protected]