integrated pest management - ipmil.oired.vt.edu in nairobi, kenya, july 4, 2014. ... invasive weed...

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Integrated Pest ManagementInnovation Lab

FY 2014 Annual ReportOctober 1, 2013–September 30, 2014

December, 2014

Report CoordinatorsR. Muniappan

Amer FayadKelly Izlar

USAID Cooperative Agreement No: EPP-A-00-0400016-00

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IPM IL FY 2014 Annual Report

IPM IL Management EntityMichael Bertelsen, Administrative Principal InvestigatorR. Muniappan, DirectorAmer Fayad,, Associate DirectorMaria Elisa Christie, Women in Development DirectorMiriam Rich, Communications DirectorZara Shortt, Financial CoordinatorKelly Izlar, Communications CoordinatorMark Ohland, Web Design Specialist

IPM IL Program Advisory Board (PAB)Bruce A. McPheron, Chair, The Ohio State Uni-versityJoseph Culin Jr., Clemson UniversityAlan L. Grant, Virginia TechLarry Olsen, Michigan State UniversityLarry Thompson, Pennsylvania State UniversityJohn Bowman, AOR, USAIDMichael Bertelsen, Virginia TechR. Muniappan, Virginia TechAmer Fayad, Virginia Tech

IPM IL Technical CommitteeGeorge Norton, Virginia Tech (Chair)Jeffrey Alwang, Virginia TechMichael Bertelsen, Virginia TechJohn Bowman, AOR, USAIDKitty Cardwell, USDA, NIFAMaria Elisa Christie, Virginia TechMark Erbaugh, The Ohio State UniversityAmer Fayad, Virginia TechMichael Hammig, Clemson UniversityKarim Maredia, Michigan State UniversityWondi Mersie, Virginia State UniversitySally Miller, The Ohio State UniversityS. Mohankumar, TNAU, IndiaR. Muniappan, Virginia TechBob Gilbertson, UC DavisEdwin Rajotte, Pennsylvania State UniversityR. Srinivasan, AVRDCSue Tolin, Virginia Tech

personnel

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Table of Contents

Management Entity MessageHighlights and Achievements in 2013–2014 ........................................................................... 1

Regional ProgramsEast Africa .................................................................................................................................... 8West Africa .................................................................................................................................15South Asia ..................................................................................................................................18Southeast Asia ..........................................................................................................................24Central Asia ...............................................................................................................................30Latin America and the Caribbean ............................................................................................33

Global ProgramsInternational Plant Diagnostic Network (IPDN) .......................................................................40International Plant Virus Disease Network (IPVDN) ................................................................44Parthenium ................................................................................................................................ 51Gender Equity, Knowledge, and Capacity Building .................................................................54Impact Assessment ...................................................................................................................58

Associate & Buy-In AwardsIndonesia ...................................................................................................................................61Nepal ..........................................................................................................................................64Bangladesh ................................................................................................................................67

Training and PublicationsShort- and Long-Term Training .................................................................................................69Publications ...............................................................................................................................73

Appendices: Collaborating Institutions and Acronyms ...........................................................77

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Message from the Management EntityIPM IL FY 2014 Annual Report

The Integrated Pest Management has a universal appeal. Every country in the world – both developed

and developing countries – would like to participate, adopt, and implement IPM programs, which help reduce damage caused by pests without harming the environ-ment.

In the current phase, the Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab operates in 17 countries in six different regions of the tropical world. It has been primarily con-centrating on developing IPM packages for high value crops and tracking invasive species around the globe. To disseminate this information to scientists in the host countries and beyond, the IPM IL organized symposia, conferences, and workshops. We also conducted regional planning meetings to engage countries within each region.

In November 2013, the IPM IL acted proactively by conducting a workshop in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to sensitize countries in Eastern Africa and South Asia on the impending invasion of the South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta. Participating scientists trav-eled from Niger, Senegal, Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, India, Nepal, Kenya, and Tanzania.

In December 2013, the IPM IL participated in the Southeast Asia regional workshop on mealybugs orga-nized by the CIAT. We’re proud to report that USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah visited IPM IL field sites in Kathmandu, Nepal in February, 2014. During that month, the IPM IL also participated in the Global

Forum for Innovations in Agriculture in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Republic. In March 2014, members of the Innovation Lab Council and BFS-USAID visited IPM IL field sites in Nepal, and in April 2014, a workshop on seed-borne virus diseases of vegetable crops was con-ducted in Kathmandu, Nepal.

In May 2014, the IPM IL conducted a workshop on invasive species identification and management in the tropics, with a focus on bacterial wilt and papaya mealy-bug, in Dakar, Senegal. There were 30 participants, in-cluding representatives from CORAF, ISRA, DVP, and ERA from Senegal, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Guate-mala, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Ghana, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the U.S.

In June 2014, a workshop on the production and use of the beneficial fungus Trichoderma was conducted in Bharatpur, Chitwan district, Nepal. It was truly a South-South workshop as both instructors and partici-pants hailed from developing countries. Two faculty members of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India, conducted the training, and there were 30 participants from Nepal, Bangladesh, Honduras, Indonesia, and Cambodia. A workshop on seed-and-seedling-borne dis-eases of vegetable crops was conducted in Hyderabad, India, June 2-5, 2014. There were 50 participants from Indian universities, private companies, and government agencies, as well as scientists from Bangladesh, Cam-bodia, and Indonesia. Mr. Santosh A. Mulay, one of the participants from Bayer Crop Science, wrote, “It was a very good workshop, well arranged with healthy inter-

Current IPM IL countries

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action between industry, institution, and academia.”

A national stakeholders’ symposium on Tuta absoluta: Meeting the Challenge of the Tomato Leaf Miner, was held in Nairobi, Kenya, July 4, 2014. Tuta absoluta, a recently invaded destructive pest of tomato, is causing widespread crop loss across Kenya. This symposium gathered about 400 representatives from the Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, KAPHIS, local universities, private pesticide and bio-pesticide companies, and farmers.

A workshop on the biological control and management of Parthenium hysterophorus was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, July 14-17, 2014. The purpose of this four-day workshop was to review the current status of this invasive weed and discuss management practices that can be used to abate its adverse impacts. The workshop brought together scientists working on Parthenium from Africa and other parts of the world who shared information on its biology and management. The biocon-trol agent, a leaf feeding beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata was released in the field. Both the Ethiopian govern-ment and USAID have approved the environmental assessment for release.

An IPM Innovation Lab program-wide workshop was held in Entebbe, Uganda, July 9-11, 2014. It was at-tended by Dr. John Bowman, AOR; Simon Byabagambi, the USAID mission representative; the IPM IL ME; and the PIs of the regional and global theme projects. Also a few scientists from Nepal, India, Kenya, and Uganda participated. The workshop reviewed IPM IL’s achieve-

ments over the past ten years, and the PIs presented the accomplishments and challenges of their respective projects. The group identified successes and lessons learned. A one-day field visit was arranged to visit IPM IL field sites near Kampala.

A biopesticides workshop was conducted in Bharatpur, Nepal, July 28-30, 2014. There were 40 participants from Nepal, Bangladesh, Kenya, Tanzania, Cambodia, Indonesia, Honduras, and Guatemala. The purpose of this three-day workshop was to review current knowl-edge about fungal biocontrol agents and biopesticides. The workshop included demonstrations and practical exercises that provided valuable hands-on learning experiences on the production of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Each regional program conducted reviews and planning workshops for the host countries involved.

In addition, the IPM IL has established collaboration with the Sorghum and Millets and the Peanut and Mycotoxin Innovation Labs by obtaining projects to work on pearl millet headminer in Niger and groundnut leafminer in Uganda, respectively.

The following report presents research, outreach, scal-ing up activities and long- and short-term training conducted in six regional and five cross cutting projects.

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PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mark Erbaugh, Ohio State University

HOST COUNTRY PARTNERS: Uganda — S. Kyamanywa, J. Karungi. J. Bonabana-Wabbi | Kenya — J. Mbaka, R. Amata, S.Wepukhulu, S.

Kuria, J. Gitonga, M. Otipa, and Z. Kinyua| Tanzania — Amon Maerera

regional program: uganda | tanzania | kenyaEAST AFRICA

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East Africaprogram summary

Figure 1 . Whitefly population dynamics and severity of TYLCV as influenced by row covers

The East Africa regional project advanced IPM by developing IPM technologies and systems that im-

prove the productivity of marketed horticultural crops and incomes for small-scale growers in Kenya, Tanza-nia and Uganda. Activities include research, develop-ment, and dissemination of IPM strategies and human and institutional capacity building.

UGANDATOMATO A survey to assess adoption and impact of disseminated IPM technologies of tomato, especially mulching, and the bacterial wilt resistant variety MT56, was conduct-ed in Central Uganda. Also, a demonstration trial was set up for two consecutive seasons to showcase different combinations of IPM technologies for tomato production in the Wakiso district of Uganda.

Maximum adoption rate for variety MT56 and mulch-ing were 63% and 67%; and the technologies had benefit/cost ratios of 770 and 340, respectively. In the demo trial, results showed that combining resistant germplasm, mulching, staking, and three applications of chemical pesticides per season increased yield by an average of 80.7%.The demo also served as a practical training station for tomato farmers in the area, with a total of 54 farmers receiving training.

Effect of row covers, roguing and resistant germ-plasm in the management of insect transmitted viruses of tomato

The research assessed the effects of row covers imple-mented at different intervals of days after transplant-ing (DAT) on incidence and severity of insect-vectored viral diseases on tomato. All seedlings were raised in protected nurseries. There were four treatments: T1 – Insect proof covers implemented from transplanting to 14 days after transplanting; T2 – Insect proof covers implemented from transplanting to 28 DAT; T3 – In-sect proof covers implemented from transplanting to 36 DAP, and T4 – Uncovered control.

Row covers applied to plants for 28 and 36 DAT effectively lowered vector occurrence on tomato and reduced the severity of insect-transmitted viral diseases (see Figure 1). However, owing to yield re-ductions attributable to row covers, future research will examine alternative row cover materials.

PASSION FRUITEnvironmentally-friendly options for managing viral disease vectors of passion fruit

The research assessed the effects of weeding and mulching in management of passion fruit aphid vec-tors and associated viral diseases. It compared the effects of straw mulch, reflective plastic mulch, and no weeding alongside the weeded control on occur-rence of aphids, viral disease, and yield. The straw

mulch reduced disease incidence and increased

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passion fruit yields 16-fold. Weeding boosted yields 10-fold. Straw mulch or weeding are good building blocks for an IPM strategy in passion fruit production.

Efficacy of grafting, nutrition amendment and use of Trichoderma spp in the management of collar rot disease of passion fruit

Three passion fruit rootstocks were evaluated: Hard shell and two yellow types, a local cultivar and KPF-4 (variety received from Kenyan IPM-IL collaborators).

KPF-4 rootstock was compatible with the popular local cultivar, and yields were comparable to the local yellow cultivar (Table 1). KPF-4 showed more vigorous growth and resistance to collar rot. KPF-4 will be useful in the development of adaptable resistant collar rot varieties for Uganda. Table 1: Average growth parameters for grafted passion fruit

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of branches

Leaf area (cm2)

Mean weight of fruits (g)

Yellow-Local

123.2 9.62 63.1 37.45

Yellow-KPF-4

121.8 9.28 96.1 36.19

Hard shell 72.4 4.33 48.1 31.51LSD (5% P-value

19.06 <.001

1.964 <.001

18.76 <.001

1.561 <.001

COFFEETransfer of IPM Technologies for Management of Priority Insect Pests and Diseases.

IPM strategies for managing coffee root mealybugs and white stem borer, including field rehabilitation, stem smoothening, and fertility enhancement, were trans-ferred to farmers.

Results indicate that farmers who received IPM train-ing had higher yields than those who did not. The farmers that participated in IPM IL training obtained on average 547 kg of coffee as compared to the 293 kg by the untrained farmers.

Use of Innovative Approaches for Management of the Black Coffee Twig Borer (BCTB)

This study sought to identify indigenous natural ene-mies of Xylosandrus compactus, which can be developed into biological control agents against the pest. Coffee twigs infested with X. compactus were examined for presence of potential natural enemies. Ants collected from either the surface of X. compactus infested twigs or inside X. compactus galleries were identified. Laborato-ry and semi-field experiments were conducted to evalu-ate the impact of candidate biological control agents.

Two ants, Pheidole megacephala and Plagiolepsis sp, have been confirmed as predators of X. compactus using

laboratory predation tests. Currently, semi-field tests on their efficacy against X. compactus are on-going. Four fungal isolates have been isolated from field collected cadavers of X. compactus and are undergoing laboratory tests on their effect on mortality of X. compactus.

KENYA TOMATO Evaluation of Solanaceous germplasm rootstocks in tomato grafting for bacterial wilt management

Tomato field trials were conducted in a high tunnel in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Bacterial wilt had been recorded in this high tunnel.

Solanaceous germplasm selected as rootstock included tomato variety Mt56; cherry tomato collected from farms where it had shown no wilt despite the presence of wilt on other tomato plants; eggplant varieties Black beauty and Ravaya; and certified seed purchased from local seed traders. The scion was the commercial variety Anna F1. Seedlings for the scions and rootstock were raised in germination trays with coconut peat. Each treatment plot consisted of 10 seedlings replicated three times in a randomised complete block design using the recommended 60x45 cm spacing.

Incidence of bacterial wilt was lowest (mean 6.5 %) where Mt 56 was used as the rootstock. Incidence was highest where Anna F1 was grafted on itself (100 %), less where Cherry tomato was the rootstock (60.7 %), eggplant, Black beauty (48.4) and eggplant, Ravaya (44.4). Tomato plants grafted on Mt56 had significantly higher vigor among the treatments. Tomato plants grafted on Solanum melongena had the least vigour. There were significant differences in yield of the tomato plants grafted on different rootstocks. The highest yield (87 tons/ha) was obtained where Mt56 was the root-stock, and the lowest (22.8) was in plants where egg-plant was the rootstock.

The tomato variety Mt 56 has moderate-to-strong resistance to bacterial wilt disease and is recommended as rootstock in tomato grafting especially for production under high tunnel and in open fields where pathogen inoculum pressure is present. Despite some resistance expression from eggplant rootstock, the benefit is compromised by low seedling vigour and relatively low yields from the grafted plants.

PASSION FRUITFarmer participatory validation of technologies for the management of major passion fruit diseases

Major diseases observed included brown spot and dieback of passion fruit. Treatments where mulch and copper based fungicides and copper alone were used had

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the lowest disease incidences and severity. The mulch alone treatments were affected by both brown spot and dieback disease with incidences of 50%. The control treatments had the highest incidences of both diseases at 75% for dieback and 62.5% for brown spot. The re-sults indicated the importance of including a soft fungi-cide in the package for controlling above ground fungal diseases along with the use of Trichoderma harzianum and T. asperellum for controlling soilborne pathogens.

Geo-referencing of Passion fruit woodiness virus disease on Passion fruit crop in Rift valley province

A team of KARI IPM–IL and Technoserve staff visited passion fruit farmers in North Rift valley to ascertain the extent of damage by passion fruit woodiness virus caused by Cowpea aphid- borne mosaic virus and offer on-farm training to famers on the management of this disease. Incidences and severity of the passion fruit woodiness disease was recorded, and GIS coordinates were taken to be used in mapping out the disease in this region (Figure 2).

Uasin Gishu and Keiyo North districts had the higest (72) number of symptomatic plants that tested positive to potyvirus antisera, while Trans Nzoia district had the lowest (10).

There was a significant difference between districts in the life span of the crop with the highest (2.17 years) and lowest (1.57 years) in Uasin Gishu and Molo dis-tricts, respectively. The shortest life span of the crop was found in Molo distric, which also had the highest viral disease incidence

ONION Evaluation of onion accessions on bulb quality, yield, and pest resistance

A field trial to evaluate six onion accessions for bulb quality, yield, and pest and disease incidence was con-ducted in a farmer’s field in Mwea, Kirinyaga County. The varieties evaluated were: Red creole C-5, Bombay red, Red super, Red creole starke ayre, Hybrid Mercedes and Hybrid Jambar.

The major pest observed was thrips – Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis. The major disease recorded was downy mildew, Peronospora destructor. Other dis-eases observed but at very low incidences were, purple blotch, Alternalia porri, bacterial soft rot, and Erwinia caratovora.

The mean number of thrips per plant were significantly different among the onion accessions. Hybrid Jamber had the highest thrips infestation (9.1 per plant) while Hybrid mercedes had the lowest (5.6 per plant). Thrips damage, downy mildew severity, and yield were signifi-cantly different but did not tally with infestation. Bom-bay red had the least damage (1.1) and Hybrid Jambar had the highest (2.43). Hybrid Jambar, despite having the highest thrips infestation and downy mildew sever-ity, had the highest yield (68.7 tons/ha). Red super gave the lowest bulb yield (45.3 tons/ha)

Hybrid onion varieties, despite being more susceptible to pests such as thrips and downy mildew, gave higher yields. This indicates that the economic threshold levels for pests and diseases of these varieties are higher and require less need for pest control action.

TANZANIATOMATOTomato production under open field and high tun-nel growth conditions

Open field and high tunnel production environments were compared for pest and disease incidence and sever-ity on selected tomato varieties. Tomato plants in the high tunnel were more vigorous than those in the open field. Both tomato yellow leaf curl (ToYLC) and tomato early blight (TEB) diseases were significantly lower in the high tunnel compared to the open field. All varieties tested yielded more in the high tunnel compared to the open field.

Figure 2. Sites in the Rift Valley in Kenya geo-referenced for passion fruit woodiness virus disease

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Adoption assessment of recommended IPM strate-gies for tomato

Demonstration trials were set up in Mvomero district during two consecutive seasons to showcase the ap-plication of IPM technologies, mulching and pesticide application only when needed, in tomato production. Thereafter, a survey to assess adoption and impact of the disseminated IPM technologies was conducted. Both contact and non-contact farmers were surveyed.

In the Mateteni and Mlali villages, 70% of the contact farmers were applying the IPM package, and 58% of the surveyed non-contact farmers were using the IPM pack-age. The latter group had learned of the IPM package from the project contact farmers and neighbors. Almost 69% of the respondents now practice a reduced spray program comprised of one to four sprays per growing season, which corresponds to the recommended IPM practice of 3 – 4 times based on need as determined by pest scouting. This is a reduction in pesticide applica-tions compared to the average of 12 spays per season recorded during the baseline study in 2006. The survey indicated that 42% of respondents apply mulch, a prac-tice that was unknown to the tomato growers in 2006. At Msufini village (50 km from Mateteni village),12 farmers were found applying mulch and informed the survey team that they had learned the technique from Mateteni village. The common type of mulch material used by farmers was dry grass and rice straw.

Adoption of the IPM package has reduced production costs and increased returns. The IPM package has the potential to return $29 for every $1 invested. Reduced pesticide application also resulted in fewer contami-nated tomatoes and reduced pesticides in the environ-ment. Mulch reduced the occurrence of weeds and the frequency of weeding from three to one light weeding; reduced irrigation frequency from three to one per week and led to reduced pesticides applications. Use of rice straw as mulch has increased its value so that it is not burnt thus reducing carbon emissions. Adoption of the IPM package has diffused to areas outside the project village.

Tuta absoluta detection survey

Surveys to detect the presence of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae), were con-ducted between 5 -10 September, 2014, in Morogoro, Kilimanjaro and Arusha Regions of Tanzania. Ferolite and Delta traps with a sticky card were used.

The tomato leafminer was detected in four locations within Morogoro, Kilimanjaro, and Arusha regions. Catches using both types of traps were very high. Extensive damage was observed in survey tomato plots in Montara farm (Morogoro), Makuyuni (Moshi), Bomang’ombe (Hai) and AVRDC (Arusha).

ONIONEvaluation of different weed management options in onion

Field trials of cultural weed management options (mulching, stale bed technique, stale bed technique, and weeding once, twice, or thrice) were evaluated.

Weeding twice resulted in highest yields (16.5 t/ha) that were similar to mulching (15.3 t/ha) and stale seed bed (14.2 t/ha) (Table 2). Stale bed was most profitable weed management option with cost-benefit ratios ranging from 1.1 – 1.4.Table 2: The mean yield (t ha-1) of the studied onion varieties

Treatment Red Bombay

Red Creole

Mang’ola Red

Mean Cost/Benefit

Stale bed 13.1ab 11.5b 18.0c 14.2 0.07Mulching 15.9bc 14.0c 15.9bc 15.3 0.26Weeding once

6.4a 7.6a 7.2a 7.1 0.54

Weeding twice

21.5c 13.2bc 14.7b 16.5 0.43

Weeding thrice

14.5bc 15.1c 16.3bc 15.3 0.92

COFFEEEffect of shade on key coffee pests

Key coffee pests under natural shade and open field were assessed in respect to damage (infestation) level, impacts on yield and quality of coffee. Evaluation of shaded trees were conducted in established plantations intercropped with banana at various planting spacing resulting in shade of 0 to 2%.

Results for key Arabica coffee insect pests showed that the severity of Antestia bug (Antestiopsis spp.) was higher under shaded compared to un-shaded coffee. White coffee stem borer (WCSB) (Monochamus leucona-tus) was higher in un-shaded as compared to shaded cof-fee. The severity of coffee berry borer (Hypotehenemus hampei) was higher in un-shaded than in shaded coffee. The Coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae) was higher in coffee shaded by banana at the ratios 3:1 and 2:1 compared to the ratio of 1:1 (coffee: banana) and un-shaded coffee. No significant difference was observed for coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix).

Coffee Berry Borer management using traps

A field study was conducted in Lushoto district, Tanga region, Burka coffee estate, Arusha region on Arabica coffee and TaCRI-Maruku, Kagera region on Robusta coffee. Traps were painted with red, blue, and white paint and attractants, which included pheromone lures, methylated spirit, banana juice, local brews “mbege”(brewed using pre-germinated finger millet and

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fermented banana juice), “rubisi” (brewed from ferment-ed banana juice),“dengelua” (brewed from fermented sugar cane juice) and water (control).

There were significant differences between mean CBB trapped per location using the different treatments. Methylated spirit (standard) attracted higher numbers of CBB followed by “mbege”, banana juice, “rubisi”, “dengelua,” pheromones and water (control). Overall, banana juice and locally made alcohol traps were more effective compared to pheromones for mass trapping of CBB. Locally made traps suppressed adult CBB up to 18.74 % in the field per year. Use of colour traps, espe-cially red, improved the efficiency of the traps.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOMATOImpact of IPM Activities on Tomatoes in East Africa

Economic surplus modeling was used to estimate the benefits of adopting six integrated pest management technologies on tomato. Results indicate that IPM adop-tion results in yield increases ranging from 54% to 268% depending on the implemented technology. In addition, postharvest treatment of tomatoes with sodium hypo-chlorite resulted in a 35% reduction in yield loss (from the current 50% postharvest loss) thereby increasing the shelf-life and a marketable surplus of tomatoes. IPM technologies also reduce costs ranging from 70% (in the case of grafting and high tunnels in Kenya) to about 6% (mulching in Uganda). The study shows that the internal rates of return for all the six technologies considered exceeded the market interest rate, implying that all were worthwhile interventions with positive net present values that ranged from $820,000 to $29.5 mil-lion. Summing over the six interventions, the aggregate undiscounted impacts each computed over a 20-year period amount to $526 million achievable between 2000 and 2030. Policy interventions that foster the develop-ment and adoption of IPM technologies in the East Af-rican region will improve food and nutritional security, increase household incomes, and uplift the livelihoods of smallholder farmers.

Adoption of tomato IPM technologies in Kenya

Using a probit model, the study examined the deter-minants of adoption of a BW resistant tomato variety MT56 among Kenyan farmers. As expected, education of the household head positively influences the probability of adopting the resistant variety MT56. Experience in tomato production, number of extension visits received by the farmer and attendance in any IPM training positively and significantly influenced the probability of adopting the IPM resistant tomato variety.

Determinants of IPM awareness in tomato produc-tion in Kenya

Years of education in schooling negatively influenced IPM awareness perhaps because highly educated indi-viduals tend not to participate in agricultural activities and therefore in training activities from which aware-ness of IPM can be enhanced. Household size positively and significantly influenced the probability of aware-ness of IPM. A larger household size meant that at least one household member would be available to attend training and information sessions about IPM. As expect-ed, participation of household head in IPM demonstra-tions and attending IPM trainings significantly enhance awareness about IPM, especially when the household head is a full-time farmer.

Transfer of IPM Technologies

A cross-sectional survey of tomato farmers in Kirinyaga was carried out to establish the level of transfer of IPM technologies. There were significant differences between farmers who participated in the farmer field school and non-participants regarding awareness of IPM. The major source of awareness of IPM among the partici-pants was the IPM IL. The fact that the main source of awareness for IPM farmers is the IPM-IL shows the importance of research scientists in disseminating agri-cultural technologies.

Productivity of IPM technologies in Kenya

Soil solarization improved tomato yields by 13%, and there was a 10% difference in the yield increase between farmers who participated in the farmer field school and non-participants. High tunnels improved tomato yields by about 8%, and there was a 5% difference between participants and non-participants. Other IPM technolo-gies, such as grafting, improved tomato yields by 13%, while proper nursery bed management improved yields by 27%. The implication of the above results is that IPM technologies improve tomato yields and that farmers who adopt the technologies are better off compared to non-adopters. Therefore, there is need to disseminate IPM technologies among all tomato farmers so as to realize triple benefits of improved productivity, income and poverty reduction.

COFFEEAdoption of Coffee IPM technologies in Uganda

The IPM IL promoted/disseminated about nine pest management technologies: stem smoothening, stem wrapping, de-suckering, bean intercrop, organic ma-nure, use of fertilizer CAN, stumping, burning, and stem banding.

The source of agricultural information was found to significantly influence the adoption of IPM technolo-gies. For example, accessing information from neighbors positively and significantly influenced the probability of adopting stem smoothening, bean intercropping, use of

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fertilizer CAN and burning. On the other hand, access-ing information from neighbors negatively influenced the probability of adopting technologies such as stump-ing, de-suckering, stem wrapping and use of organic manure.

IPM meetings positively and significantly influenced the adoption of burning, while it negatively influenced the probability of adopting stumping and stem smoothen-ing, implying the importance of extension in adoption of agricultural technologies. Access to credit positively and significantly influenced the probability of adopting stem smoothening and burning, which is in line with findings of previous studies.

GENDERConstraints on female participation in IPM IL activities and strategies employed

A new constraint identified this year was that gender significantly influences farmer participation in group processes and IPM knowledge acquisition in Bugisu sub region, Uganda, with women being disadvantaged compared to men. Men’s superior position in society gives them more opportunities to attend group meetings, contribute ideas that are adopted, obtain and benefit from IPM knowledge. A suggested strategy to address this constraint was to sensitize the community (leaders, men, and women group members) about the issue and its implications for household welfare. One sensitization exercise was conducted at this research site.

Kenya: Women participation in IPM IL activities

Barriers to women’s participation in IPM IL activities identified included heavy workloads that left no time to participate in agricultural research and training activities, and timing of the activities that were not suitable for women. Women participating in research activities such as maintaining the trial (weeding, watering, harvesting, data recording) received casual wages. This enabled them to hire labor for their own activities, allowing them to participate. To address the issue of timing, there was participatory planning of activities between the women and the scientists to agree on what time women were available.

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West Africa

Vegetables are a critical source of nutrition and an important cash crop in West Africa. However,

vegetable crop production in West Africa is subject to numerous constraints, including losses due to ar-thropod pests, diseases and weeds; lack of up-to-date technology and varieties; and misuse and lack of avail-ability of pesticides. Here we develop comprehensive IPM packages for

SENEGALWhitefly in the cropping systems

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major insect pest and vector of plant virus diseases. The adult whiteflies collected from different host plants at Gorom, Mboro and Kolda were analyzed using molecu-lar techniques showed that whitefly biotypes B and Q are present. In some cases, both biotypes were found on the same host plant, indicating a certain level of coexistence of the two biotypes in the area.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of B. tabaci in Vegetable Cropping Systems.

Bemisia tabaci population at Mboro and Gorom, in-creased during the dry season from October to March and were lowest in September in the wet season. In contrast, whitefly population changes at Kolda oc-curred mainly during the wet season (March to Octo-ber) with densities increasing from July to September and generally lowest in May and June.

Bemisia tabaci parasitoids and Parasitism

Parasitism of whitefly B. tabaci was evaluated in veg-etable cropping systems in three sites: Gorom, Mboro and Kolda. Parasitoids encountered were Eretmocerus spp and Encarsia spp. The maximum rate of parasit-ization was observed in the rainy season and reached 42% at Kolda, 38% at Mboro and 35% at Gorom. Para-sitization levels in the dry season were 14% at Mboro, 15% at Gorom and 27% at Kolda.

Bemisia tabaci whitefly and its parasitoids rela-tionship

A positive exponential relationship was observed between B. tabaci and its natural enemies. Regression analysis of variance of overall observed parasitism in the Senegalese vegetable cropping system shows that parasitoids have the potential to regulate B. tabaci population. In the Niayes cropping areas, Gorom parasitism rate is 23.92 ± 0.94% and Mboro is 28.89 ± 1.08%. Parasitoids have relatively low B. tabaci popu-lation control in Niayes areas. Analysis of Variance of the regression indicates a low control effect over time at Gorom (DF = 29, F = 4.91, P <0.001) and Mboro (DF = 29, F = 5.72 P <0.001). We observed highest parasit-ism rates in the rainy cropping season in all cropping areas while in this cropping period Bemisia tabaci population is at its lowest level. Parasitoids population variability in time and or cropping period is not signifi-cantly different

The study focuses on the following main features of B. tabaci whitefly parasitism: Encarsia spp and Eretmo-cerus spp, which are the most important type of natu-ral enemies parasitizing B. tabaci vegetable cropping systems. Moreover, the seasonal abundance of Eretmo-cerus populations in particular and its presence in all gardens and or sites makes these parasitoids a biocon-trol agent to consider in plant protection interventions

Populations monitoring of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella

Trap data from experimental plots located in Kayar field and Notto Guouye Diama, indicated that potato tuber moth males were caught between February 12, 2014 and September 28, 2014. Moths per trap and per day averaged between 0.3 and 5.1. The tuber moth exhibited high incidence between the months Febru-ary and April. The lowest incidence was observed in the rainy season between June to September by which time potatoes had been harvested. We did not see a reliable relationship in population that was caught on pheromone traps and observed damages on leaves.

program summary

17

Determine catches of PTM males in potato plots

Delta sticky traps baited with P. operculella synthetic pheromone, IT053 ISCA lure, were used to monitor adult male moth populations. In each trapping year, four peaks were observed. Male moths continued to be trapped after potatoes were harvested, but the numbers decreased compared to captures before harvest. Labora-tory investigation revealed that abandoned tubers in the field were the source of sustained incidence of the moth on farms following the harvesting of potatoes.

MALIThe tomato varieties: Qwanto, Shasta, H9881, OPB-149 and OPB were planted at the Research station, Bagu-ineda and in farmers’ fields at Niono in Office du Niger and the Irrigated perimeter of Baguineda. The open pollinated cultivars (OPB-149 and OPB-155) were also planted for seed production. The variety OPB-155 was susceptible to root knot nematodes.

GHANAThe performances of four tomato varieties: Shasta, OP-155, Heinz, OP-149 and CRI-P034 were evaluated using IPM strategies in three locations namely Upper East (Pwalugu, Tono and Vea), Brong Ahafo (Tanoso and Tuobodom) and Ashanti (Agogo and Akumadan) re-gions. At each location, IPM fields (research field) were compared with farmers’ fields for comparison of yield and other parameters. Both at Pwalugu and Vea (Upper East region); there were significant differences among the five varieties for the parameters measured such as number of days to first flowering, number of days to 50% flowering, number of days to 100% flowering, plant height, marketable and non-marketable fruit weights, fruit weight as well as the average fruit weight. Gener-ally the local tomato variety (CRI tomato line) produced flowers and more fruits in less number of days than the other four tomato varieties. Shasta recorded the highest percentage decrease in the number of non-marketable fruits (64%) and number of fruits with borers (16%) over farmers’ practice.

At Akumadan (Ashanti region) the number of days to 100% flowering, plant height, marketable fruits, fruit weights, number of fruit borers per plot and number of dropped fruits per plot did not show major differences among the five varieties

At Tuobodom (Brong Ahafo region) all the parameters measured showed significant differences among the five varieties with the exception of average fruit weight. For parameters such as the number of days to first flowering and number of days to 50% flowering, OPB149 recorded the highest whilst the local was the least. Shasta pro-

duced the highest number of marketable fruits with the least being produced from Variety Heinz. The highest fruit weight was recorded from local variety followed by Shasta whilst the least was from Heinz.

Assessment of the incidence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in Tomato IPM trials in three regions of Ghana.

Five tomato lines namely Shasta, OP-155, Heinz, OP-149 and CRI-P034 were evaluated under farmer and research practices trials at Agogo and Aku-madan (Ashanti region), Tuobodom (Brong Ahafo region), Vea and Pwalugu (Upper East region).

Severity scores were based on a 5-point scale of 0-4 where 0 represents no symptoms, 1- slight yellowing (mild symptoms), 2 – leaf curling and yellowing (mod-erate symptoms), 3 – yellowing, curling and cupping (severe symptoms) and 4 – severe stunting, curling and cupping, plants stop growth.

Among the five cultivars, CRI-P034 showed the most tolerance to TYLCV in both farms followed by OPB155. Heinz was the most susceptible. Shasta and OP-B155 were most tolerant to the disease in both Researcher and Farmer managed plots. Farmers in Northern Ghana prefer Shasta and OP-B155 to the other varieties evaluated.

18

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ed Rajotte, Penn State University

HOST COUNTRY PARTNERS: india — Mohankumar, TNAU; N. Kaushik, TERI; Jayanth, BCRL | nepal — L. Colavito, IDE; S. Paudel, IDE|

Bangladesh— Y. Mian

regional program: india | nepal | bangladeshSOUTH ASIA

19

South Asia

The South Asia Region consists of India, Bangla-desh and Nepal. The main thrust of the IPM IL

initiative in this region has been to develop and test IPM packages for each crop that address all pests. While each country develops a work plan based on local needs, every effort is made to coordinate activi-ties among the countries by holding annual regional planning meetings in one of the collaborating countries on a rotational basis and ensuring that representatives from each country are present. In addition, scientists from each country have the opportunity to travel to other countries for special training, workshops and oth-er functions. As a result several technologies developed in one or the other of these countries has been trans-ferred and adapted to another country.

INDIATamil Nadu Agricultural University

Integrated Pest Management packages on vegetable crops with special emphasis on biocontrol have been field tested. Four IPM farmers’ participatory research experiments (one each in chili pepper, pumpkin, snakegourd and ashgourd) were conducted in different vegetable crops to evaluate and popularize the IPM packages developed. IPM plots showed less incidence of pests compared to farmer’s practice coupled with higher yield and benefit-cost ratio. Farmers’ knowledge on pheromone technology (for Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, Bactrocera and Leucinodes) has been considerably im-proved, and they are able to take timely plant protec-tion measures based on the monitoring through trap catches.

Twenty-eight training sessions on ‘IPM in Vegetable crops’ were conducted in various districts of Tamil Nadu through fourteen Krishi Vigyan kendras (KVKs). Around 1,406 farmers (282 Women) benefitted from this training. The IPM packages on onion, eggplant, okra tomato, and chilies were demonstrated to veg-etable growers under the IPM IL program during this period.

Seven programs on “Diagnosis and Integrated Manage-ment of Mite Pests of Vegetable Crops through Hands-on Training” have been organized by Trichy center for farmers and extension functionaries. In total, 140 farmers and 35 extension agents benefitted.

Diagnostic field visits (14) were made to solve pest, dis-ease, and nematode problems on vegetable crops. Farm advisory services were also extended to visiting farm-ers. 258 farmers visited the Institutes for pest manage-ment query, and 160 called in on mobile phones.

Field Days were organized to popularize vegetable IPM in different districts of Tamil Nadu. Exhibitions, method demonstrations, special lectures, and scientist-farmer interactions were organized. Bio-pesticides and IPM pamphlets were distributed to vegetable growers during those occasions. In addition, vegetable IPM technology was popularized through seminars orga-nized by Department of Agriculture / Horticulture and private agencies.

A National Symposium on Emerging Trends in Eco-friendly Insect Pest Management was also conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during January 22-24, 2014.

The Energy and Resources Institute, (TERI), New Delhi

TERI conducted 16 trials in Rabi season and 18 trials in Kharif season on different vegetables to demonstrate the IPM technologies in numerous villages of Hapur and Ghaziabad districts in Utter Pradesh, Northern India. During Rabi season, six trials of cabbage and cauliflower were conducted in both the regions while four trials were conducted on tomato. Eggplant, okra and cucurbits were other vegetables selected for dem-onstration.

The implementation of IPM practices have reduced chemical pesticides use for the control of pests and dis-eases by approximately 30-40% and reduced the crop production cost by 25-30%.

program summary

20

TERI implemented IPM practices for major vegetables crops in Chitoor and Kolar districts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states respectively in Southern India. The vegetable crops selected for the IPM practices were tomato, eggplant, okra, and cabbage. From each village, at least two farmers were selected for the project imple-mentation, and a minimum of five trials were carried out for each crop, except in the case of cabbage, where there were only three trials.

Implementations of IPM practices have reduced the amount of chemicals used in control of pest and diseases by approximately 40% and slashed the production cost of a particular crop in a given region by 30%.

As a result of this project, 34 farmers from Northern India and 25 farmers from Southern India have directly benefited by IPM practices. In addition, 383 farmers from the North and 46 farmers from the South were indirectly benefited through training programs, field visits, and workshops.

Bio-Control Research Laboratories

The studies carried out during Rabi season 2013-14 es-tablished that the population of thrips was significantly lower (9.7/ plant) in non-IPM plot, yielding 20,336 kg/ acre with a market return of around Rs.66,600. On the other hand, the population of thrips was much higher in the IPM plot (25.85/ plant), yielding 19,847 kg/ acre and fetched a market return of Rs.64526. However, on comparison of costs incurred for plant protection and final returns, it was evident that the cost-benefit ratio was higher in IPM plots (1:26) compared to non-IPM Plots (1:20).

This was made possible by delaying the spray schedule by a month, installing blue sticky traps, and introduc-ing the safer organic salt formulation LASTRAW when thrips population was just building up. Nevertheless, both blue sticky trap and LASTRAW have their limita-tions, which can be improved by introducing kairomone lures and improved formulation of LASTRAW.

NEPAL IDE-NEPAL

Most activities were focused on the expansion of pack-ages and components developed/verified in the last few years, and also on to improving the supply chain of bio-products through private companies.

In the experiments conducted comparing IPM package technology and farmer’s practice in eggplant cultivation in farmers’ fields at the Basantapur village in Rupan-dehi District, the incidence of most insects and diseases in IPM plots were low in comparison with the farmers’ practice. There was significant reduction in the use of

chemical pesticides in IPM plots, reducing the overall cost and resulting in higher profit.

Coffee IPM was conducted in collaboration with Dis-trict Coffee Producers Association of Palpa. Some of the activities carried out were:

1. Testing pheromone traps and lures against the cof-fee white stem borer. Total participants – 65 (M/F: 27:38)

2. A training session was held in Madanpokhara on the technical and management aspects of coffee bean collection for 16 farmers (M/F: 10:6).

3. A day-long training was conducted for coffee grow-ers and technicians about the nursery management using biocontrol agents like Trichoderma and Pseu-domonas. Total participants – 48 (M/F: 17:31)

IPM package/technology training to farmer groups and participating households

To orient farmers about the IPM packages and compo-nents of eggplant and tomato, nine interactive programs were conducted in Rupandehi and Lalitpur and Kaski. Farmers were oriented about several cultivation prac-tices focused on the IPM components such as the use of resistant varieties of vegetables, seed treatment by using Trichoderma and Pseudomonas, soil solarization, the use of nylon nets to raise the healthy seedlings in nursery, clean cultivation, identification of harmful and beneficial insect-pests, the use of sticky traps and pheromone traps, and regular observation of fields. There were 177 (89:88 M/F), 112 (41:69 M/F), and 35 (12:23 M/F) participants in Rupandehi, Lalitpur, and Kaski, respectively.

Capacity building training of Community Business Facilitators (CBF)

Community Business Facilitator (CBF) is one of newer approaches in IPM-IL Program to strengthen the supply chain network of bio-products. The CBF will be respon-sible for creating the demand of agricultural inputs (seeds, fertilizers, and bio-products from Agricare) in the community and contacting district agro-vets to final-ize the demand. Additionally, they will also register the demand of bio-products by calling the KISAN call center (1660-5652-999), operated by Agricare. The main objec-tive of this CBF concept is to ensure the regular supply of bio-products and other agro-inputs in the local level and thus strengthening the supply chain.

21

BANGLADESH In Bangladesh, we primarily collaborate with the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. Outreach partners include several major non-governmental orga-nizations that support thousands of village-level train-ers. The IPM program in Bangladesh carried out both demonstration trials of mature IPM Packages in the farmers’ fields and on station research on potential IPM packages for major vegetable crops. MCC (an interna-tional NGO) and GKSS (a local NGO) disseminated the IPM technologies developed.

Screening eggplant rootstock for bacterial wilt resis-tance

Field experiments were conducted at two farmers’ fields in the villages Bhawal, Gazipur and Korpai, Comilla to assess the rootstock (EG203) and to popularize the IPM packages among the farmers. Four treatments were em-ployed in the study namely, T1 (Local eggplant cultivar & Farmers’ practice), T2 (Soil amended with Tricho-compost and use of local cultivar), T3 (Use of Trichocom-post + Wilt Resistant variety (BARI Begun 8) + Phero-mone + Braconids), T4 (Use of Tricho-compost + Grafted seedlings (EG203) + Pheromone + Braconid parasitoid release) with three replications in each farmer’s field.

The results revealed that wilt infection was highest in T1 (ranges 29.6-34.3%) and lowest in T4 (0.80%). In treatment T4 (EG203 grafted plot) and T3 (Wilt Resis-tant variety (BARI Begun-8)), yield was 24.2- 26.3 ton/ha and 22.5- 23.4 tons/ha, respectively. EG203 rootstock was found effective against bacterial wilt disease both the locations. Therefore, EG203 along with IPM pack-age will be recommended for quality eggplant produc-tion in Bangladesh.

Dissemination of IPM package for eggplant

Four disseminations activities (two per district) were conducted at Farmers’ fields in Jessore and Faridpur. IPM package consists of Tricho-compost + Grafted seed-lings (EG203 as rootstock and farmers variety as scion) + Pheromone + Braconid parasitod release. Farmers’ training on IPM practice was conducted before starting the field demonstration in all the districts. There was no wilt damaged plant in the plots, proving that EG203 is resistant to bacterial wilt.

Two field days were conducted in the demonstration plots to popularize the technology among the local farmers on 11 and 13 September 2014 in Faridpur and Jessore, respectively. One hundred farmers and media personnel (print and electronic) were invited to each field day. National and local dailies published the news of field day, and TV channels broadcasted the news of the field day during news hour.

IPM package for cucumber

An experiment using IPM package for cucumber pro-duction was conducted with cucumber lines - (CS 0079 and CS 0080) with two IPM production package (M1 = Tricho-compost @ 3t/ha + ½ CD + ½ chemical fertil-izer, M2 = Poultry refuse @ 3t/ha + ½ CD + ½ chemical fertilizer and a untreated control (M3 = control (10 tons cow dung, 175 kg Urea, 175 kg TSP, 150 kg MP, 100 kg Gypsum, 12 kg Zinc Oxide and 10 kg Borax/ha). Four locations in Gazipur, Jamalpur, Jessore and Rahmatpur were selected for this experiment.

The IPM package with CS 0080 variety with poultry refuse @ 3t/ha+½ CD + ½ chemical fertilizer gave the highest number of fruits per plant (7.01, 9.61, 7.89 and 7.26 in Gazipur, Jamalpur, Jessore and Rahamatpur, respectively).

IPM package for pointed gourd production

An experiment was conducted at Shahjahapur, Bogra (a) to establish a suitable IPM package for pointed gourd production in farmers’ field and (b) to examine the effectiveness of IPM tools to control insect pest and diseases to increase yield of pointed gourd.

IPM package 1 = Tricho-compost @2.5b t/ha for soil borne disease management + Cuelure trap for fruit fly control + Soap water spray & hand cleaning for mealy bug control + Tricho-leachate spray for foliar disease control

IPM package 2 = Talc base Trichoderma + mustard oil extract cake for soil borne disease management + culure trap for fruit fly control + Soap water spray & hand cleaning for mealy bug control + Tricho-leachate spray for foliar disease control

Control= Control (famers’ practices: chemical fertilizer & pesticides) Both IPM packages

Both pesticides showed reduction of disease incidence and increased yield of pointed gourd.

Demonstration of IPM packages for summer to-mato production

This study was conducted at the farmers’ fields in three villages viz. Mathpara, Noa Ullah Para and Tarakandi, in Dhunat upazila, Bogra to demonstrate IPM pack-age for summer tomato production and dissemination of IPM technology. The crop was grown with grafted seedlings (BARI Hybrid Tomato 4 grafted with Solanum sisymbriifolium) and tricho-compost.

There was 50% more early flowering in grafted plants compared to non-grafted one. Grafted plants produced more fruits, and no bacterial wilt or nematode infection was observed.

A field day was conducted on September 6, 2014. More

22

than 100 tomato growers attended the event. Electronic and print media also attended. Local newspaper The Daily Karatoa published the event on September 7, 2014.

The IPM practice consisting of grafting tomato seed-lings, applying tricho-compost, and spraying neem oil is recommended for tomato production in the bacterial wilt infected areas of Bangladesh.

Management strategies for Pythium diseases of summer tomato

This experiment was conducted in Horticulture Re-search Centre at Joydebpur to establish a suitable mea-sure for control of Pythium in summer tomato.

Treatments with compost @ 500 g /m2+ Tricho-leachate 300 ml/m2 and mustard oil cake @ 100 g /m2 + talc base Trichoderma @ 5 g/m2 reduced seedling mortality com-pared to conventional seedling production system.

Dissemination of IPM technology for summer bottle gourd cultivation

Demonstrations of an IPM package for cultivation of summer bottle gourd was conducted in five farmers’ fields at Jessore, Barisal, and Faridpur. The package consisted of seedlings grown in poly bags, application of Trichocompost @ 0.3t/ha + 5t/ha cowdung (1/2 of rec-ommended dose) + 1/2 recommended dose of chemical fertilizer, Cuelure traps, application of Bordeaux paste for stem blight, hand picking for pumpkin beetles and use of disease free seeds and clean cultivation.

Three field days were conducted at Faridpur, Barisal and Jessore on September 12, September 13 and Sep-tember 14, 2014, respectively. More than 100 summer bottle gourd growers attended. Local newspapers and TV channels covered this event.

Impact of Trichoderma from a gender perspective

At Shahjahanpur, Bogra, most of the farmers started production Tricho-compost in their backyards. One male farmer said “I am thankful to my wife for bring-ing the technology to my household. After gathering information from yard meetings she inspired me for making Tricho-compost. Neighbors come to my house and ask me about its production and application in the field.” One farmer said “My wife learned about Tricho-compost. She is helping the family to save some money spent on fertilizer.” One women farmer said “Tricho-compost increased my value in my family. It is helping in income generation. Now my husband pays attention to my suggestions, and I feel good.”

Gender participation in Trichoderma activities at Gaibandha area

The total number of participants was fifteen. Among the participants, 53% were female and 47% were male. The

tricho-compost sheds were typically prepared by men, spore suspension of Trichoderma was collected by men and children, and water hyacinth was collected by men. But processing was done by women. Poultry litter and sawdust were collected by men while cow dung and ash were collected by women. Mixing and loading of raw materials were done by men while compost manage-ment and leachate collection were done by women.

Dissemination of IPM Packages

IPM extension activities were conducted through farm-ers’ training, field demonstration of IPM packages and conducting field days. These activities are discussed briefly below.

Farmers’ training

In December, 2013, a training manual and training module on IPM packages for different vegetable crops like, eggplant, summer tomato, summer bottle gourd, pointed gourd, field bean, cabbage and cauliflower etc. was prepared for Farmers’ training. It also included grafting technology of eggplant and tomato and produc-tion of seedlings. Seven farmers’ trainings were con-ducted in different areas of the country such as Comilla, Barisal, Jessore and Faridpur. Each training program was attended by thirty farmers. In total 210 farmers (male-163 and female-47) received the training.

Demonstration of IPM packages in Farmers’ Fields

Demonstrations of IPM packages were done in fourteen farmers’ fields in Gazipur, Barisal, Jamalpur, Bogra, Comilla, Barisal, Jessore and Faridpur districts to dis-seminate and to popularize IPM packages of different vegetable crops among the farmers. Crops were cucum-ber, eggplant, pointed gourd, summer bottle gourd and summer tomato.

A total of nine field days were conducted on production of vegetables through IPM packages on different crops like, cucumber, eggplant pointed gourd, summer bottle gourd and summer tomato at Gazipur, Bogra, Faridpur, Barisal and Jessore. More than 900 farmers (male 666 and female 234) were present at field day programs. Some national and local newspapers, like Bangladesh Protidin, Dainik Karatoa, Uttarer Khabar, Saptahik Gonomon, Dainik Kalamer Kantha and Dainik Alokita Barisal etc., published articles about field days. Besides these, some TV channels like BTV, Channel i, nTV, Desh TV and Baishakhi TV telecasted the news of field days. Farmers were pleased to see the performance of IPM packages.

Farmers’ reaction:

Farmers requested more training on grafting technol-ogy and more access to Tricho-compost and pheromone traps in the markets. The owners of the demonstration fields told us that 50-70% infestation of pest and dis-

23

eases was reduced due to use of IPM packages. Some farmers, especially female farmers, took on the grafting technology of summer tomato and eggplant as a private business. They are now making grafted tomato and eggplant seedlings. Other farmers showed an interest in establishing pheromone trap business.

Support to Private Entrepreneurs

We also helped a local NGO named GKSS to produce tricho-compost by supplying stock solution of Tricoder-ma. Last year (up to December 31, 2013), they produced 315 tons tricho-compost, which covered approximately 504 hectors of land, and about 4,250 farmers benefited from 38 upazillas under ten districts. From January to August 2014, they produced 224 tons of tricho-compost.

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ecologically-based participatory IPM for SOUTHEAST ASIA

regional program: cambodia | indonesia | philippines

Principal Investigator: Michael Hammig, Clemson University

COLLABORATORS: Merle Shepard, Gerry Carner, Guido Schnabel, Eric Benson (Clemson University) | indonesia — Aunu Rauf, Dan

Sembel | philippines — Hermie Rapusas | CamBodia — Ngin Chhay

25

clubroot. This study was intended to develop a statisti-cal model to predict the effects of the use of the Tricho-derma on clubroot incidence and yield in three varieties of crucifers i.e. cabbage, broccoli, and bokchoy.

The model was built based on the following logical framework: 1) the use of a certain number of Tricho-derma can lower the clubroot disease, 2) reduction in the incidence of the disease will increase a certain amount of crop yield, and 3) the influence of the Tricho-derma application on the disease and also on the yield will vary among various crucifers. Thus, the model was defined as follows:

CrDI = f(Tricho, Var) (Disease model)

Yield = f(CrDI, Var) (Yield model)

where CrDI is the clubroot disease incidence, Tricho is the amount of Trichoderma application, and Var is the three cruciferous varieties, i.e. cabbage, broccoli, and bokchoy. Using a linear regression analysis, the best estimates of the above models were found as follows:

CrDI = 42.09 – 14.26 Ftricho + 1.47 Ftricho_sq – 4.9 Broc + 3.67 Cabg

(P-value = 0.0015; R2 = 37.14%; n = 42)

Yield = 17757.39 – 103.19 CrDI – 9656.78 Broc + 14703.19 Cabg

(P-value = 7.67 x 10-13; R2 = 78.72%; n = 42)

where Ftricho is the frequency of Trichoderma applica-tion, Ftricho_sq is squared Ftricho, and Broc and Cabg are the dummy variables for varieties (Broc = 1 for broc-coli, = 0 for others; Cabg = 1 for cabbage, = 0 for others).

The prediction results of the above model revealed that one time application of Trichoderma at a recommended dosage will reduce the clubroot disease incidence by 28%, 34%, and 30% in cabbage, broccoli, and bokchoy, respectively. Influence on the yield increase was not equal to the decrease in the disease incidence. One time application of Trichoderma in cabbage only increases a yield of by 5%, in broccoli by 31%, and in bokchoy by 10%. As the amount of Trichoderma usage increases

INDONESIA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR (IPB)Interactive keys for thrips associated with horticultural crops in West Java

Most thrips species are pests and vectors of diseases on horticultural crops. There is no identification keys for thrips available in Indonesia. Therefore a dichotomous identification and interactive key using a computer program was developed. The identification process began with sample slide preparations along with the documentation of the character from each species. The identification was done mainly by using the identifica-tion program Oztrips and other published identification keys. The identification key was built based on morpho-logical characters of each species and for interactive key processed by the computer program Lucid Key Phoenix (Lucid). We found 17 species of thrips, one of them was unidentified species that belongs to the family Phlaeo-thripidae (suborder Tubulifera), and the rest belong to the family Thripidae (suborder Terebrantia). The Thripidae were Ceratothripoides brunneus, Ceratothri-poides revelatus, Frankliniella intonsa, Megalurothrips typicus, Megalurothrips usitatus, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips aspinus, Thrips coloratus, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips javanicus, Thrips malloti, Thrips palmi, Thrips parvispinus, Thrips sp.1, Thrips sumatrensis, dan Thrips unispinus. The most dominant species were T. Parpisvinus, T. aspinus and C. revelatus. The last two species are new records for Indonesia. A dichotomous key written in Lucid program is now available for iden-tifying the thrips associated with horticultural crops.

Model of Trichoderma’s Usage by Crucifer Farmers

Clubroot is the most important disease of crucifers in Indonesia. The disease is caused by a fungus Plasmo-diophora brassicae. Our previous study has shown that application of biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum was able to lower disease incidence in green houses and fields. During the IPM IL project, researchers trained vegetable farmers to apply Tricoderma to control the

Southeast Asiaprogram summary

26

twice (2 times application in a planting season), the disease incidence reduction and also the yield increase rise almost double.

Quality of Trichoderma and other fungal biocontrol agents produced by provincial laboratories

Trichoderma sp. and other fungal biocontrol agents are being widely used in Indonesia to control plant pests and diseases. In each province, there is an IPM center called BPTPH, which is agency for plant protection for food and horticultural crops. BPTPH has a laboratory producing Trichoderma and other fungal biocontrol agents for use by farmers (Figure 1). These biocontrol agents are produced on various cereal grains, agricul-tural wastes and byproduct. However, there is no qual-ity assurance of the biocontrol agents produced by these laboratories. We asked several provincial laboratories to send samples voluntarily to the Department of Plant Protection of Bogor Agricultural University. During July 2014 we received samples from laboratories in West Java (Cianjur and Bandung), Banten, Lampung, and Aceh. The samples consisted of solid formulation on cereal grains and of pure isolates on agar medium. We determined the quality based on right species identifica-tion, purity or presence of contamination, and density of spores. Our examination showed that some samples were contaminated by bacteria. However of those not contaminated, the density of spores exceeded the mini-mum requirement (2x106 cfu/gram formulation) (Table 1).Table 1. Identification of biocontrol agents received as solid formulation

Formulation of biocontrol agents

Laboratories Identification Density (cfu/gram formula-tion)

Trichoderma Gading Rejo, Lampung

Bacterial con-tamination

-

Beauveria Gading Rejo, Lampung

Bacterial con-tamination

-

Trichoderma Aceh Trichoderma koningii

23.5 x 109

Trichoderma Serang, Banten

Trichoderma harzianum

7.7 x 109

Beauveria Serang, Banten

Beauveria bassiana

21.6 x 1010

Metarhizium Serang, Banten

Metarhizium anisopliae

11 x 109

Trichoderma (1)

Bandung, West Java

Trichoderma sp 31.5 x 109

Trichoderma (3)

Bandung, West Java

Trichoderma sp 2 x 109

Metarhizium (2)

Bandung, West Java

Metarhizium sp.

4 x 109

Metarhizium (4)

Bandung, West Java

Metarhizium sp.

4.5 x 109

South-South Collaboration: Biological control of the cassava mealybugs

Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, is an in-vasive pest that arrived in Indonesia in early 2010. The pest causes heavy damage on cassava in Java and Lampung. In collaboration with CIAT, FAO, Depart-ment of Agriculture and Department of Agricultural Extension -Thailand, and Thai Tapioca Development Institute (TTDI), the IPM IL introduced the parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi to control the cassava mealybug (Fig 2). About 1,500 pairs of parasitoids were obtained from the laboratories of Thai Tapioca Development Institute and Chonburi Pest Management Center – Thailand on 29 March, 2014. The parasitoids are currently being mass-reared at the IPB laboratory. Tests on host specificity were carried out so as to ensure that the wasps were not harmful to the environment, including in situ insects. While waiting for field release approval, project re-searchers conducted a restricted release of the parasit-oids into a cage (2m x 2m x 2m) on 24 September, 2014. This parasitoid release activity was attended by various journalists and had a worldwide press coverage.

Training for farmers on cassava mealybugs

IPM IL carried out a day-long training on cassava mealybug for 23 cassava farmers (all males) and 3 extension agents (1 female and 2 males) at village of

Fig 2. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi inserting egg into mealybug Figure 1. Provincial laboratories producing biocontrol agents (red star)

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Cikeas, Subdistrict of Sukaraja, District of Bogor on 18 September 2014. The farmers received practical training on field recognition and biology and ecology of the cassava mealybug. All farmers participated in the training expressed interest in biological control of the cassava mealybug.

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITYEffect of Barringtonia asiatica and Lantana camara extracts on cabbage pests and natural enemies

The major pests of cabbage are Crocidolomia pavonana (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) and Plutella xylostella (Lepi-doptera: Plutellidae) in Northern Sulawesi. Diadegma semiclausem is an important parasitoid of P. xylostella. Extracts of Barringtonia asiatica and Lantana camara were tested for control of these pests.

An experiment was conducted in the sub district Ku-melembuay, East Tomohon District, North Sulawesi, where these botanical insecticides were applied, and pest and parasitoid populations were monitored. Ex-tracts of both plants controlled C. pavonana and P. xylostella but did not have any adverse impact on the parasitoid. Treatments with these botanicals also gave higher yields than the control.

CAMBODIAField Demonstration on Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer Management in Farmers’ Fields

The eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) can be a serious pest in certain areas of Cambodia. Few control measures are available and chemical insecticides are neither effective nor practical. A field test was designed to determine if removal of the infested shoot could con-trol EFSB. Nuth Socheath in Po Pealkhe village, Dey Ith commune, Kien Svay district, Kandal province was instrumental during this test. Farmer practice was com-pared with weekly mechanical removal infested fruits and shoots.

Overall, the farmer’s practice treatment, using chemi-cal control, had a mean infestation in the eggplant fruit of 40%. The mechanical removal/IPM plots had a mean EFSB infestation level of 20%. In the farmer’s practice plots, the mean number of EFSB larvae was 19/plant while the mean number of EFSB larvae was 11/plant in the Mechanical Removal/IPM plots. Mechanical re-moval/IPM plants produced a higher marketable yield of fruit at 30.80 t/ha. The farmer’s practice plants only produced 18.40 t/ ha. Farmer practice plants did have a higher yield of unmarketable fruit at 5.00 t/ ha while mechanical removal/IPM plants had a lower yield of unmarketable fruit at 3.50 t/ ha.

Farmers in the village where this study was conducted are now interested in growing eggplants using the Me-chanical Removal/IPM strategies to control EFSB and have recommended this practice to other farmers for eggplant production in the area.

Field Demonstration on use of Trichoderna har-zianum in a variety of vegetable crops in different regions.

A field demonstration was carried out to introduce biological control of diseases using Trichoderma har-zianum on crucifer, chili, cucumber and tomato crops in Siem Reap, Kampong Cham, Kandal and Battambang provinces.

Out of the 13 trials conducted in four provinces on to-mato, cucumber, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, Chinese kale, eggplant, and yard long been, Trichoderma treated plots gave more yield than the control.

Production of Trichoderma harzianum at the community level.

Technical training on production and use of Trichoder-ma was provided to farmers in the targeted provinces.

Kandal province

• Dey Eth Koh Phos village, Dey Eth commune, Kien Svay District, Kandal province: 31 kg of Trichoder-ma was produced at village level and distributed to 11 neighboring farmers.

• Prek Ta Ong Pang village, Teuk vil commune, Saang District, Kandal province: 28 kg of Tricho-derma was produced at village level and distributed to 25 neighboring farmers.

Siem Reap province

• Kok Chen village, Chan Sar commune, Sotr Nikum District, Siem Reap province: 55 kg of Trichoderma was produced at village level and distributed to 53 neighboring farmers.

• Ov Laok village, Bakorng commune, Prasat Ba-korng District, Siem Reap province: 30 kg of Tricho-derma was produced at village level and distributed to 28 neighboring farmers.

Organization of a Farmer Field Day

A field day was organized at Kampong Sima village, Vat Kor commune, Battambang city, Battambang province on 10 September 2014 involving with 63 farmers from three villages namely Toul Mates, Kamong Sima and Chhork Thnung where Trichoderma demonstrations were set up on Yard- Long Bean and Chines kale.

The participants of the field day were interested in Trichoderma application and most of them plan to ap-ply Trichoderma in their next season crop production

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instead of using chemical fungicide.

Recommendations

The Trichoderma production at the community level should be countinued for strengthening IPM trainers as well as farmers on the production and distribution of Trichoderma to community members. The demonstra-tion on Trichoderma application in vegetable production should be conducted in other areas in the target prov-inces to raise farmers‘ awareness on the effectiveness of Trichoderma to control soil-borne diseases. The Tricho-derma application and production should be extended to other provinces for educating farmers on this biocontrol agent.

The shoot/fruit borer management and other IPM prac-tices should be expanded to more field demonstration plots in other areas of Kandal province and wherever eggplant is grown in Cambodia.

Overall, the IPM IL should continue to support the na-tional IPM program in Cambodia by establishing more demonstration research projects to establish effective methods for controlling pests and diseases in vegetable crops. These measures should be expanded to include rice.

THE PHILIPPINESPHILRICEVesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) soil treatment has been very effective in the management of onion dis-eases like damping-off, bulb rots, anthracnose and pink root. On other vegetables, VAM was also found effective against damping-off, Fusarium wilt and other diseases.

A study was conducted from November 2013 to March 2014 in Bunol, Guimba, Nueva Ecija where the domi-nant cropping pattern is rice in the wet season and onion in the dry season. Onion variety used was Red Pinoy. Two blocks were used in the study plot for the IPM field (with IPM IL developed technologies) com-pared with the usual farmers’ practice. Data on disease incidence, disease severity and yield were gathered and net income was calculated thereafter.

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, LOS BAÑOS Results of the field demonstration trial at SAGE (the Sustainable Agriculture and Entrepreneurship Net-work) Demo farm was shared with the members of SAGE and the Organic Farmers Associations of Malvar and Tanauan Batangas during the end-of-season meet-ing held at San Jose Malvar Muti Purpose Hall after the half day field day followed by an enrichment seminar. The event was well attended despite the heavy down-

pour in the area a few hours before the event.

A total of 270 farmers attended the separate dry and wet season end-of-season activities held near the dem-onstration farm of SAGE. Ten farmer leaders and LGU officers were trained on earwig mass rearing and field release.

In an effort to widen the reach of project generated technologies, we partnered with TONFA - The Tanauan Organic and Natural Farmers Association and SAGE based in Malvar Batangas.

Another initiative done for this activity target was the linkage with ABS CBN in DZMM, a national radio and TV station, which also airs the program globally through its TFC channel. Dr Adalla volunteered to be the resident expert of the program aired every weekend (Saturday and Sunday, 4 to 6 am). IPM technologies were given 15 minutes airtime at no cost to the project.

Another venue that we explored was the print option. We partnered with the Pangkat Kaunlarans’ magazine and the project was given a regular column titled “Usa-pang peste” devoted to IPM component technologies, updates on pest outbreaks, and recommended control measures. The magazine also serve as the projects’ print communication medium.

The project conducted a farmers’ summit and training in Occidental Mindoro last Sept 27, 2014, and a total of 725 farmers attended the event.

IPM IL DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGIES Weeds: Stale-seedbed technique – Mechanical stale seedbed was applied two weeks after the last harrow-ing during land preparation to allow weeds to sprout and grow. Plots were harrowed two to three times with rotavator at the depth of 10-15 cm. Rice straw mulch was scattered evenly in onion plots prior to transplant-ing. The use of rice straw mulch in combination of stale seedbed technique is one of the pest management op-tions in onion production. It controls weeds, preserves soil moisture, prevents soil erosion and provides a refuge for predators.

Insects: Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) was applied based on the trend in the number of Spodoptera litura male moths caught in sex pheromone traps. No insec-ticides was applied for the first 20 days after planting/transplanting. Movement and colonization of beneficial organisms was recorded during the first 20 days after transplanting. In addition onion plants were able to compensate for early season damage by defoliators. Hence, avoiding insecticide application during this period not only reduced pesticide costs but more im-portantly allowed the build-up of natural enemies in the field. Sex pheromone-baited traps were installed in onion fields to monitor population of S. litura. Trends in

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the number of male moths caught were used for timing of NPV applications. Yellow board sticky traps measur-ing 16cm x 16cm were installed at a height of 60 cm from ground level in fields infested with leafminer to monitor populations and mass trap leafminer adults. Flies caught on each board were counted weekly, after which the boards were cleaned and re-applied with the sticky material. This activity continued until harvest.

The number of male moths caught in sex pheromone traps showed three peaks recorded at 27, 41, and 58 DAT. These peaks were used as bases for the applica-tion of NPV. The percent of damaged leaves recorded every week was always higher in farmers’ practice than in IPM IL plot. This indicated that the application of NPV against S. litura was more effective than three applications of insecticides. The number of leafminers and thrips caught in yellow and blue sticky board traps were both low. The mean number of flies recorded was less than three flies per week. The incidence of damaged leaves and number of mine per leaf were also low and in most cases less damage was recorded in the IPM IL plots. This suggests that the use of yellow sticky board traps could be important in the management of the pest. Damaged due to thrips was not observed. This was also shown in the number adults caught in the blue sticky board trap. No significant differences were noted in yield, but the net profit was computed to be 12% higher in the IPM IL plot compared to farmers’ practice. This indicates that the use of IPM technologies generated higher income as compared to the usual farmers’ prac-tices. The study demonstrated that although different pesticides were applied by the farmer in his field, the IPM IL field gave slightly higher yields and therefore was more profitable. The IPM technologies used in the IPM IL field were safe to farmers, the environment and non-target organisms like predators and parasitoids that attack insect pests.

Diseases: Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) soil was broadcasted thinly on the seedbed and covered with a thin layer of soil before sowing. Before transplanting, VAM was also used as root dip after dipping in Tricho-derma suspension. It is a beneficial fungus used as soil amendment and protection against diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens.

A mixture of 15 grams of Trichoderma mixed in 16 liters of water was used during seed sowing and before irrigation. The suspension was also used as root dip for seedlings before transplanting and sprayed at 7 to 14 days interval or as needed.

During the seedling stage of onion, minimal infection of damping-off disease was observed in the IPM plot. Disease incidence was slightly higher in the farmers’ plot compared to IPM plot. The build-up of disease started 30 days after transplanting (DAT) until 75 DAT. Disease incidence was low in the IPM plot (2.88%) at

30 DAT reaching 5.13% at 75 DAT. The incidence was higher in the farmers’ fields with a rate ranging from 2.75% - 7.25% (Fig.5). Disease severity recorded in the IPM field was low at 3% from 30 DAT to 75 DAT while disease severity from the farmers’ practice plots ranged from 3% to 4%.

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ecologically-based participatory IPM for CENTRAL ASIA

regional program: Principal Investigator: Karim Maredia ,

Michigan State UniversityCOORDINATOR: Jozef Turok, Coordinator, CGIAR/ICARDA-

Project Facilitation Unit, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

COLLABORATORS: Nurali Saidov, Zamon Sulangov, Anwar Jalilov, Tajikistan | Doug Landis, Michigan State University | Mustapha Bohssini, ICARDA,

Syria | Megan Kennelly, Kansas State University | David Douches, Michigan State University

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Central Asiaprogram summary

Farmer practice plot located 100 m far from IPM Prac-tice Plot

Location: Zarzamin Jamoat of the Bobojon Gafurov district of Sogd region.

Farmer: Mr. Yakhe Abduvaliev

Date of demo establishment: November 3, 2013

Date of rust evaluation: April 28, May 14, 2014

Date of Sunn pest evaluations: April 15, April 28, May 14, 2014

Date of yield evaluation: June 10, 2014

Seed sowing rate: 200 kg/ha

Replication: Plots of 0.75 ha, 3 reps (each replication size 0.25 ha without of strip of flowering plants.

Farmer variety: “Krasnodar 99”

Key Pest Problems: At this site, the focus was on the Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) and diseases include the wheat rusts: yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and brown rust (Puccinia recondit). Yellow rust infection in May was high 40% in the Farmer Practice Plots and 0-10% in the IPM Demo plots. Brown rust infec-tion in May was low to moderate averaging 15-20% in the Farmer Practice Plots and 0-5% in the IPM Demo plot. Sunn pest pressure was high with an average of 5-7 adults and 6-8 larvae per m2 in the Farmer Prac-tice Plots and 3-4 m2 and 4-6 larvae per m2 in the IPM Demo plots in May. Starting from the beginning of migration of Sunn pest to wheat fields, in IPM demo plot, hand collection of Sunn pest adults was regularly conducted by the farmer. In the IPM plots, an average yield of the wheat was 1433.4 kg compared with 1093.4 kg in Farmers practice plots. The yield in IPM plots was 340.0 kg more than the Farmers practice plots.

Wheat IPM Package for Southern part of Tajikistan

Location: Kara Pijok village of Sharora Jamoat of the Hissor district.

Farmer: Collective farm land

TAJIKISTAN

One of the main activities of the Tajikistan IPM In-novation Lab is to establish IPM applied research

and demonstration sites for testing and evaluating the existing and new approaches and technologies for IPM packages for wheat and potato in Tajikistan. The IPM packages include cultural practices, biological control agents/products, resistant varieties, etc.

WHEAT The Wheat IPM Research and Demonstration sites were established at two locations in Tajikistan. One in the Sogd region in the North, a second in the Hissor district in southern Tajikistan.

Wheat IPM Package for Northern part of Tajikistan

Location: Zarzamin Jamoat of the Bobojon Gafurov district of Sogd region.

Farmer: Mr. Yakhe Abduvaliev

Date of demo establishment: November 3, 2013

Date of rust evaluation: April 28, May 14, 2014

Date of Sunn pest evaluations: April 15, April 28, May 14, 2014



Replication: Plots of 0.75 ha planted to a resistant variety to yellow and brown rusts, 3 reps (each repli-cation size 0.25 ha with one strip of flowering plants 50 m including coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), colza (Brassica napus L.) alongside the wheat plots to enhance Sunn pest egg parasitoids.

IPM Demo Variety: “Ormon”

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Date of demo establishment: December 01, 2013

Date of rust evaluation: May 2, May 16, 2014

Date of CLB evaluations: April 10, April 30 and May 16, 2014



Replication: Plots of 0.75 ha planted to a resistant variety to yellow and brown rusts, 3 reps (each replica-tion size 0.25 ha with one strip of flowering plants 60 m including coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), dill (An-ethum graveolens L.), colza (Brassica napus L.) along-side the wheat plots to enhance CLB natural enemies.

IPM Demo Variety: “Ormon”

Farmer practice plot located 100 m far from IPM Prac-tice Plot

Location: Kara Pijok village of Sharora Jamoat of the Hissor district.

Farmer: Collective farm land

Date of demo establishment: December 01, 2013

Date of rust evaluation: May 2, May 16, 2014

Date of CLB evaluations: April 10, April 30 and May 16, 2014



Replication: Plots of 0.75 ha, 3 reps (each replication size 0.25 ha without of strip of flowering plants.

Farmer variety: “Jager”

Treatments: Wheat seeds weren’t treatment by pesti-cides.

Key Pest Problems: At this site, the focus is on the cere-al leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) and diseases include the wheat rusts: yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and brown rust (Puccinia recondit). Yellow rust infection in May was high 25-30% in the Farmer Practice Plots and 0-5% in the IPM Demo plots. Brown rust infection in May was low to 0-5% in the both fields. Cereal leaf beetle pressure was high with 25-30 adults and larvae per m2 in the Farmer Practice Plots and moderate with an average of 8-14 adults and larvae per m2 in the IPM Demo plot in May. IPM Demo plots were sprayed on May 2, with Biopesticide “Neem” for Cereal leaf beetle control. In the IPM plots, an average yield of the wheat was 1766.6 kg compared with 1348.8 kg in Farmers practice plots. The average yield in IPM plots was 417.8 kg more than the Farmers practice plots.

Potato: The Tajikistan IPM IL potato project was de-signed to evaluate modern potato varieties/lines with pest resistance under Tajikistan’s growing conditions. The key pests on potato include golden nematode, Colorado potato beetle, late blight, and potato scab. Although potato is a very important crop in Tajikistan and often referred to as the “second bread,” potato is a relatively recent crop in Tajikistan. It was first intro-duced to the country about 150 years ago. Because of the dynamics of pre-, during, and post-Soviet times, there is an extremely limited modern agronomic or IPM research base in relation to potato production in Tajiki-stan.

In 2014, the potato team conducted a Potato variety-line evaluation trial in Jirgatol District of Tajikistan. The trial was planted on May 28, 2014 and harvested on October 17, 2014. Ten varieties/lines were evaluated for tuber productivity at both locations. Eight of the variet-ies/lines used in the 2014 evaluation represent germ-plasm with resistance to golden nematode, late blight, potato scab, and Colorado potato beetle, while the other two are commonly grown, local varieties. The 2014 yield results show that the Kalkaska and Dakota Dia-mond were the highest yielding cultivars. The growth and development of Dakota Diamond was superior to that of the other cultivars evaluated. The results indi-cate that the pest resistant potato cultivars grow well under Central Asian production conditions and yield as much as three to four fold more than local cultivars.

Farmers Field Schools for Wheat:

One of the important objectives of Tajikistan IPM In-novation Lab is to transfer IPM knowledge and dem-onstrate existing and new IPM technologies to local farmers through Farmers Field Schools (FFS) in col-laboration with local agriculture ministries, local NGOs, universities. In FY 2014, a total of 225 farmers were trained in various aspects of Wheat IPM (128 male farmers and 67 female farmers trained).

CENTRAL ASIA REGIONAL IPM WORKSHOP: A regional IPM workshop was organized in Dushanbe, Tajikistan from August 22 - 24, 2014. The purpose of this workshop was to share the experiences and achievements of Tajikistan IPM IL with key stakehold-ers from Tajikistan and Central Asia.

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Principal Investigator: Jeffrey Alwang, Virginia Tech

CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: George W. Norton, Virginia Tech | Stephen Weller, Purdue University | Sue Tolin, Virginia Tech | Paul Backman, Penn State University | Beth Gugino, Penn State University|

|Ricky E. Foster, Purdue University | Judith K. Brown, The University of Arizona

HOST COUNTRY COLLABORATORS: eCUador — Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIIAP): Victor Barrera, Jose Ochoa, Patricio Gallegos | hondUras — Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agropecuaria (FHIA): Hernan Espinoza, J. Mauricio Rivera C., and F. Javier Diaz; Escuela

Panamericana de Agricultura (Zamorano): Yordana Valenzuela (Gender Coordinator) | gUaTemala — Universidad del Valle de Guatemala: Margarita Palmieri;

AGROEXPERTOS Marco Arévalo

regional program: guatemala | ecuador | honduras

science for agricultural growth in LATIN AMERICA AND

THE CARIBBEAN

34

Latin America and the Caribbeanprogram summary

in open field and treatments F and H in micro-tunnels.

Macro-tunnels gave better yield and quality of tomato than micro-tunnels and open fields. Trichoderma is a valuable bio- agent for seed treatment.

In Central America, the IPM IL project focused on solanaceous crops and important Andean fruits. It

has built on a long track record of research accomplish-ments, and combined successful practices into IPM packages for key crops.

Research on IPM packages is at different stages across the LAC region. In Honduras and Ecuador, project re-searchers are moving toward refinement of IPM packag-es, and are at various stages depending on the crop. In Guatemala, trials on farmers’ fields and several accom-panying greenhouse experiments were oriented toward validating components of IPM packages for tomatoes and peppers.

GUATEMALA Trials were conducted to integrate the beneficial fungus Trichoderma into IPM packages in three different areas of Sololá, namely, UVG campus Sololá, Santa María El Tablón and San Andrés Semetabaj.

In all these areas, tests were carried out in the open field, macro-tunnels, and micro-tunnels. Treatments are shown in Table 1. There were four replications.

On the UVG campus, treatment F that had seedlings treated with commercial Trichoderma gave better qual-ity tomato in the open field trials. In macro-tunnels, treatments G and A gave higher yields. In micro-tun-nels, treatments E and H produced more fruits.

In San Andrés Semetabaj, the plants in macro-tunnels had the best growth. Treatments H and D were effective in macro- and micro-tunnels and yielded more fruit. In the open field, treatments E and A were effective.

The quality of the fruit from macro-tunnels was the best, and treatments B, D, F and H gave similar re-sults. In micro-tunnels, treatment H gave better quality fruits.

In Santa María El Tablón, the plant height was low, 75.1 cm in open field and 71 cm in micro-tunnels. The highest growth was obtained with treatments A and C

Fig. 1. Plant growth in cm in the different environments and treatments in San Andrés Semetabaj, Sololá.

ECUADORManagement of Fusarium oxysporum, root-knot nema-tode (Meloidogine incognita), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatun), bac-terial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis) and naranjilla fruit borer (Neoleucinodes elegantalis) for narnjilla has been strategized and implemented. Tree tomato and blackberry research led to promising package compo-nents. The main pest problems are: anthracnose (Col-letotrichum sp.), late blight (P. infestans) and various leaf feeding insect pests in tree tomato; and botrytis (Botrytis cinerea), mildew (Peronospora sp.) and scarab larvae feeding in the roots in blackberry; and late blight (P. infestans), white worm (Premnotypes vorax), Central American tuber moth (Tecia solanivora) and a nematode (Globodera pallida) in potato.

NARANJILLA Evaluation of resistance of inter-species crosses of Solanum quitoense with Solanum hyporhodium, Solanum vestissimun.

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Treatments Trichoderma applications

Before planting Plant seedlings Transplant Grower treatmentNone To soil Seed treat-

mentDrench 2 weeks after planting

Drench 1 month after planting

Drench 2 weeks after transplants

A Control no Trichoderma

B Trichoderma to soil

C Trichoderma at seed and two weeks after planting

D Trichoderma 2 weeks after transplant

E Trichoderma to soil, to seed, 2 wk after planting and 1 month after planting

F Trichoderma to soil, to seed, 2 wk after planting and 1 month after planting amd 2 wk after trans-plant

G Grower treat-ment, no Trichoderma

H Seed treat-ment, 2 wk after planting and one month after planting.

Table 1. Trichoderma sp. treatments for the macrotunnels, microtunnels and open field, used at campus Altiplano in Sololá (2014).

Naranjilla is highly susceptible to two important soil-borne diseases: vascular wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. quitoense and root-knot nematode. Genetic resistance is the best management alternative for both. Following the studies of resistance among the Lasiocarpa section, project researchers have identi-fied good levels of resistance in several species, but the best resistance was found in the accession ECU-6442 of S. hirtum. In past cycles of this research, research-ers identified good levels of productivity in naranjilla grafted into this accession; yields up to 24 t/ha have been achieved. This grafted product has been accepted by producers and is being cultivated in Tandapi-Pich-incha, Nanegalito-Pichincha, Chillanes-Bolívar and in Maldonado-Carchi, on the Colombian border.

In addition to the two above-mentioned diseases, late blight, caused by P. infestans is an important one. Re-searchers are evaluating resistance to these three dis-eases with segregants of interspecies crosses of S. qui-toense with S. hyporodium, S. vestissimun and Solanum felinum. In prior cycles, they evaluated in greenhouses

resistance to F. oxysporum of P. infestans from the F3 and F4 crosses, and they are now evaluating in farmer fields the F5 crosses, including the evaluation resistance to M. incognita. In Chillanes, as in Tandapi the C2-67 line has been most promising, maintaining resistance principally to F. oxysporum.

Resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. quitoense and P.infestans found in the evaluated crosses is inde-pendent and is mainly controlled by major genes, but evidence exists of quantitative resistance, most likely controlled by minor genes. Up to now, we have intro-duced in the crosses resistance to M. incognita, and we continue to investigate promising rootstock for resis-tance to all three pathogens. In the current year we tested S. vestissimun, S. hyporodium, S. felinum and S. hirtum. In addition to resistance against the key patho-gens, these species may provide resistance to drought and other agronomic constraints. The research is mov-ing beyond disease resistance into other dimensions that may be important to producers and consumers.

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Validation of IPM package for naranjilla

INIAP and the IPM IL have developed technologies for controlling naranjilla vascular wilt, anthracnose, late blight, and fruit borer.

Experimental plots with 200 common naranjilla grafted onto resistant rootstock (S. hirtum) and controls were laid out. Grafting was expected to control fusarium and root knot nematode. Control of late blight requires judicious use of low-toxicity fungicides. Table 2 shows results of fruits per plant, fruit weight and yield/ha.Table 2. Number of fruits, weight and yield of Naranjilla Bola de Oro-Bolívar and Tandapi-Pichincha.

Patrones Fruits/plant Fruit weight (g)

Yield kg/ha

Bola de OroGrafted 161.0 a 142.8a 34,486.2aNon-grafted 36.8b 97.4b 5376.5bTandapi (grafted)

127.2 164.2 31,329.4

Control of naranjilla fruit borer

One of the major problems encountered in naranjilla production is the fruit borer. The presence of larvae of this insect and insecticide residues is a problem for export and marketing of fruits. The female insect lays eggs in the trichomes of the fruit, and after emergence, the larva bores into the fruit. Control strategies tested include pheromones, exploration of natural enemies, microbial control, targeting sprays on fruits, application of biological and low toxicity insecticide sprays alone and mixed with vegetable oils in attracting adults to light traps.

TREE TOMATOValidation of the technology developed for the man-agement of diseases of tree tomato in Bola de Oro, Chillanes

The main pests limiting tree tomato crop are the root knot nematode, anthracnose, and late blight. Anthrac-nose is the most important disease due to its wide dis-tribution and the magnitude of the losses it causes.

For knot nematode, grafted varieties were validated. The yellow variety is susceptible to eye puntón chicken and late blight, management practices developed by the National Department of Plant Protection lNlAP were validated.

Yellow tomato plants grafted on resistant rootstock were planted, and 20 plants from seed plants (w/o graft-ing) were included as controls.

Production followed a cyclical pattern, with uniform flowering and maturity. In the first year flowering started in October 2011, and maturity was reached in

the month of March-April 2012. The second pruning was conducted in April 2013 and the third bloom occurred in June 2013 and matured in December 2013 - January 2014. Under these operating conditions, the severity of anthracnose and tomato yield was evaluated. To evalu-ate the performance, the number of fruits per plant was multiplied by the average fruit weight and multiplied by the number of plants per ha were 1500 plants. The number of boxes per ha was also evaluated, considering that each box contains 115 fruits (Table 3). Table 3. Results: fruit / plant, fruit weight, yield (kg / ha ) and number of boxes / ha of tree tomato to study the agronomic performance of the yel-low variety grafted auriculatum puntón in S. auriculatum and N. glauca . Bola de Oro, Bolivar, 2011-2014.

Patrones** S. auriculatumYear Fruits/

plantFruit weight (g)

Yield (kg/ha)

N° cajas/ha1

2011 67.8b 181.3 18438.2 884.32012 136.7a 142.3 29178.6 17832013 82.5b 137.5 17015.6 1076.1Promedio 287.0 153.7 21544.1 1247.8

Patrones** N. glaucaYear Fruits/

plantFruit weight (g)

Yield (kg/ha)

N° cajas/ha1

2011 27.3b 145.1 5941.8 3562012 62.6a 122.3 11483.1 816.52013 32.8b 119.5 5879.4 427.8Promedio 40.9 128.9 7768.1 533.4

1 Se calculó considerando que cada caja posee 115 frutos ** = diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas entre patrones (t student)

BLACKBERRY Validation of an IPM program for blackberry (Rubus glaucus) in Bola de Oro, Chillanes

The IPM package to address mildew (Peronospora sp.) and botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) had two specific objec-tives: 1) Determine the optimal IPM strategy, and 2) conduct an economic analysis of IPM. Three treatments were assessed: T1 (IPM package); T2 (Organic produc-tion); and T3 (Conventional management). Manage-ment practices were comprised of three components: 1) Nutrition, 2) Cultural management, and 3) Clean pest management. Data collected relate to the percentage of plants in production, plant height (found between 1.5 to 2 m high), presence of pests and presence of diseases. The plantation is 3 years old; and yields have reached 15 kg /plant /year (Table 4).Table 4 Percentage of incidence of downy mildew and Botrytis, per plant and yield in kg / plant /year. Bola de Oro -Bolívar

Peronóspera (%) Botrytis (%)

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Healthy buds

Diseased buds

Healthy fruit

Diseased fruit

Yield kg/plant/year

T1 2200 200 2200 200 17T2 1200 300 1200 300 9.6T3 1350 250 1350 250 10

The incidence of downy mildew in buds showed a higher percentage in the organic management. Differences in the incidence of Peronospora in buds between treat-ments is due to genetic factors of plants, and relative humidity, precipitation, and high temperatures, which create an optimal environment for the proliferation of this disease.

POTATOValidation of CA and IPM programs in potato-pas-ture (Illangama)

The farmer field research on conservation agriculture (CA) practices and IPM in potato production systems in the potato-pasture Illangama River watershed showed that mixture of CA and IPM can lead to important im-provements.

Establishment of drainage ditches and native species

In each 500 m2 with CC-IPM practices, diversion ditches were established, located in the upper, middle and lower slope. Each trench has a length of 20 m, with a width of 0.50 m and a height of 0.50 m, giving a total of 5 m3 for diversion ditch. At the top of each trench, grass cuttings were planted (Millin grass) and shrub species as yagual (Buddleja incana), were planted at 1.5 m between plants. Soil samples from the two treatments and five repetitions were taken and subjected to nutri-ent analysis.

Planting and crop management practices potato with CA- IPM

Potatoes were planted using the local reduced tillage method, similar to the system of “Huacho Rozado”. This tillage system reduces soil erosion and costs, and can be shown to increase production and improve pest control. The hoe was crossed to a depth of 20 inches contour and row spacing of 1 m. Soil samples were taken at the start of the experiment at a depth of 25 cm. At seeding, fertil-izer was applied to the bottom of the groove in a contin-uous stream (40% of N and 100% of P2O5, K2O and S, with 18-46-0 fertilizer, potassium chloride). The other 60% N was applied at hilling with 8-20-20 fertilizer and Urea side dressed and covered with soil. 180 kg of certi-fied potato seeds were used per treatment. Sowing was done by hand and the seed is covered with a thin layer of soil. Mechanical weed control was carried out by hand

hoe at 70 days after planting. The hilling was performed at 80 days after sowing, leading to the lowest possible ground disturbance.

IPM controls consisted of the following. For white worm: (1) Five traps to monitor populations; (2) Bait plants with acephate insecticide; (3) Pronofos or acephate spraying at bottom of plants. In addition, spraying at the bottom of the plant reduces pesticide exposure. For Guatemalan tuber moth: (1) application of baculovirus to seeds at 250g per 100lbs of seed in green silos (technology validated by the IPM IL). For late blight: (1) use of INIAP-Nativity seed with horizontal resistance; (2) limited use of low-toxicity fungicides (Cy-moxanil and Mancozeb) and Acrobat and Sulphur. For Rhizoctonia: (1) application of trichoderma to seed upon planting. All chemicals have been approved in the IPM IL PERSUAP.

Potato yields

The analysis of variance for variable potato yield shows statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01), indicating that the average T1 treatment (CA-IPM) was different than the T2 treatment (control) as shown in Table 5Table 5. Means and significance of potato yields CA-IPM treatments compared to farmer practices. Illangama-Ecuador, 2013.

Treatments Yields t/ha

Signifi-cance

DMS P≤0.05T1= Deviation ditches, covered with native species and milin grass, reduced tillage, contour plowing; IPM package for White worm (Premnotrypes vorax), Andean potato weevil (Tecia solanivora), late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and Rhizoctonia.

18.18 a

T2= Conventional tillage, conventional pest management (control).

16.47 b

In relation to the percentage of incidence and severity of white grub damage, T1 had 3 to 9% tuber damage, whereas T2 (control) had 12% to 46%. In the five locali-ties tested, on average, the CA-IPM plots had 6% dam-aged tubers, whereas the control had 23%. Potato yields in the CA-IPM plots were 10.4% higher with 94% undamaged tubers compared to 77% undamaged in the controls.

ECONOMIC ANALYSISThe economic analysis showed a 4.5% increase in costs in T1. This higher cost was due to higher costs of fertil-izer and cultivation; the conventional practice implied a more than 50% increase in tillage costs and more expen-sive chemical controls (Table 6).

Table 6. Costs of production CA-IPM. Illangama-Ecuador, 2013.

Costs of production CA-IPM. Illangama-Ecuador, 2013.

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Description Treatments ($/ha)T1 T2= Contional

Direct costs:Deviation ditches 88 0Tillage 153 335Planting 874 814Fertilization 643 420Cultivation 202 186Chemical controls 138 180Harvest 298 269Land rental 100 100Total Direct Costs 2,496 2,303Indirect Costs:Interest 9% (6 months)

150 138

Administration 5% 125 115Total Indirect: 275 253Total Costs 2,771 2,557Yield (kg/ha) 18,180 16,470Average price ($/kg) 0.30 0.25Gross benefit ($/ha) 5,454 4,118Net benefit ($/ha) 2,683 1,561Cost/benefit 1.96 1.60Profitability (%) 96 60

HONDURASSWEET POTATODevelopment of the diagnostics for the sweet po-tato viruses in Honduras.

The Arizona lab has assembled all of the necessary posi-tive controls for RNA and DNA viruses that could be present in sweet potato fields in Honduras and Guate-mala. Using the plant viral RNA and DNA sequence databases assembled from GenBank , sequences were aligned and compared to identify regions that might be conducive to the design of broad-spectrum primers to detect multiple closely related viruses (swepoviruses and potyviruses), and virus species-specific primers. The diagnostic RT-PCR and PCR (coat protein) primers were synthesized and then validated using positive and negative controls. The PCR products were cloned and the DNA sequence for three inserts per PCR product was determined for each virus-primer combination. All positive controls produced the expected sequence of the respective virus, thereby validating the assays.

The viruses for which a diagnostic test is now available using ‘universal primers’ are swepoviruses (begomovi-ruses) and potyviruses (known to infect sweet potato); Virus-specific primers were developed for the Carlavi-rus: Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus; Crinivirus: Sweet potato chlorotic stunt (SPCSV); Ipomovirus: Sweet po-

tato mild mottle virus; and the Potyvirus: Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV).

Symptomatic sweet potato samples were collected in Honduras during 2012-13. Results of 19 samples ana-lyzed from Comayagua and San Pedro Sula, Honduras indicated that five samples were positive for potyvirus (general primers), and of those all were infected with SPFMV. Six samples were infected with SPCSV. Of the latter samples, one also was positive for SPFMV. These viruses are aphid and whitefly-transmitted, respec-tively.

Management of the vector early in the season when plants are most susceptible to virus is essential to reducing disease incidence. Monitoring aphids and whiteflies have been stressed during field visits. In addition, planting clean seed has been stressed. One large grower (Monte Farms) has taken advice from our project to increase their seed in a location some distance from commercial production areas. They have moved their seed production to the highlands, near the potato seed production area and successfully reduced infection of virus-infected seed to less than 1% at the beginning of the season.

The combined results have demonstrated that the ma-jority of viruses infecting sweet potato originates from local sources of virus and vector (locally occurring wild hosts), and that producing seed away from infected wild hosts can yield nearly clean seed to start the crop each year. It also demonstrates that seed purchased from the U.S. as certified is clean when purchased. Therefore the management of these diseases resides at the level of vector control to reduce primary and then secondary spread. Rouging could be beneficial, and is being consid-ered together with insecticide applications timed during aphid and whitefly flights.

Dynamics of Bactericera cockerelli and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in Intibucá.

In 2013, 17 commercial potato fields were monitored weekly from plant emergence to harvest. Migrant psyl-lids were monitored with five yellow sticky traps per field. Psyllid adults on foliage were monitored with a vacuum device adapted for insect scouting. Five 10 row-m samples per field were taken weekly. All psyl-lids captured were sent to Dr. J. Brown lab in Arizona for biological assay. Psyllid captures in the sentinel traps were sporadic throughout the study. The highest number of trapped psyllids was recorded in Siguate-peque, Comayagua, associated to tomato crop remains. Fields planted in January and February and September through December had only sporadic captures of PP in traps and foliage and no ZC infected tubers were detect-ed. Results indicate that potatoes planted between Octo-ber and February have significantly lower risk of PP/ZC damage. Analysis of climatic data indicate that rainfall

39

in August and September determines the population size that goes into the cool temperatures of November through February, which further restrict PP population growth. In general, PP population is not particularly high in the surveyed areas. The main sources of PP/ZC seem to be potato volunteer plants, abandoned potato fields and pepper and tomato crop remains.

Effect of Planting Date on Incidence and Severity of Potato Psyllid and Zebra-chip Disease.

The effect of three planting dates (January 8, February 19, and March 18, 2014) was evaluated at the Santa Catarina Experimental Station, La Esperanza Intibucá. Management practices were similar for all planting dates. Results indicate that insect and disease pressures increase as the dry season progresses. The last two planting dates had, practically, 70% ZC infected tubers.

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INTERNATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK (IPDN):

gateway to IPM implementation and enhanced trade

global programPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Sally Miller,

The Ohio State University

CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Robert Gilbertson, UC-Davis |HOST COUNTRY COLLABORATORS: Marco Arevalo, Agroexpertos, Guatemala | Z. Kinyua, KARI, Kenya | Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula, Uganda | R. Banyopadhyay, Lava Kumar, IITA, Nigeria | Fen Beed,

IITA Tanzania | S. Mohankumar and G. Karthikeyan, TNAU, India

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program summary

The goal of the project is to increase the capacity for disease and pest diagnostics among scientists,

extension personnel and others in IPM IL countries through training, technology development, and in-creased awareness of endemic and invasive pathogens and pests.

NETWORKS AND DIGITAL DIAGNOSTICS There was no significant use of the DDIS-CIMS web portal for digital diagnostics or data management in participating countries. Informal network expansion continued among IPM IL collaborators through training programs and collaborative projects. Use of digital diag-nostics was demonstrated in Tamil Nadu, India, where farm advisory services were provided to 160 farmers over mobile phones.

DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS AND PROTOCOLSComparison of absorption strips and FTA cards for the detection of viroids by RT-PCR and recovery of infectious viroid RNA.

Multiple viroid species were identified in 2012/2013 in tomatoes with symptoms of rasta disease in Ghana. Because it appears that viroid infection of tomatoes is widespread in West Africa, it is important to develop a standard procedure of preparing samples for viroid testing. To this end, the Gilbertson Lab (UC-Davis) conducted a study to compare the reliability of the FTA cards (Whatman) and Absorption Strips (ABS; Agdia, Inc.) sampling methods for viroid diagnostics, includ-ing determining how long viroid RNA remains stable on FTA cards and ABS. Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)-in-fected tomato leaf tissue collected from plants that were maintained in growth chamber at UC Davis were used as source material.

RT-PCR and tomato inoculation experiments indicated that the CLVd RNA genome remained intact and infec-

International Plant Diagnostic Network (IPDN)

tious on both FTA cards and ABS for at least 30 days. However, the quantity and quality of the viroid RNA (titer) for both methods appeared to decline over time, especially after 20 days. Nonetheless, upon inoculation of a susceptible tomato plant, infectious CLVd-RNA was recovered from both FTA cards and ABS for at least up to 30 days after storage at room temperature under our experimental conditions. It is likely that the weak symptom development in tomatoes inoculated with ABS10, 20 and 30 extracts or frozen tissue as a CLVd source material (positive control) was due, at least in part, to the low titer and/or quality of viroid RNA ex-tracts from these sources. Another possible explanation for these differences could be the fact that only small amounts of buffer-diluted sap extracts are applied to ABS, whereas much more (and not diluted) tissue was applied on FTA cards. Thus, considerably more viroid RNA was likely to be on FTA cards. This would also explain why it was possible to detect CLVd in extracts from FTA at least up to 30 dpa and only from extracts from ABS for 20 days.

REPORT NEW DISEASES AND PESTSThe IPDN Central America through Agroexpertos col-laborated with FASAGUA (Federation of Tomato and Pepper growers in Guatemala) to conduct a survey, including sampling and identification, of important plant parasitic nematodes of tomato, pepper, and potato in Guatemala.

A survey was conducted in September 2014 in Tanzania for the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta. It was found in Morogoro, Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions. Tuta absoluta was also detected for the first time in Kenya in June, 2014 by IPM IL collaborators. R. Muniappan led a workshop on the pest in Kenya on July 4, 2014. IPM IL first reported this pest in Senegal as well in 2013.

Choanephora cucurbitarum was found on cabbage for the first time in Ghana. The pathogen was cultured and DNA samples prepared at the University of Ghana and shipped to The Ohio State University for sequencing. The pathogen was confirmed as C. cucurbitarum, which

42

has become a serious problem in cabbage production in Ghana.

Tomato disease surveys were conducted in the Moro-goro region of Tanzania in collaboration with the iAGRI project. Pith necrosis, caused by Pseudomonas sp., and tomato big bud (Candidatus Phytoplasma sp.) were found sporadically in several field in the region. Spe-cies identification through PCR and DNA sequencing is underway. Other significant diseases of tomato were root knot nematode, early blight, late blight, bacterial wilt, Tomato leaf curl virus and several other diseases caused by viruses.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS)SOPs for ten plant pathogens and pests were finalized and prepared for online publication (websites to be determined). These SOPs contain advanced diagnostic/detection protocols suitable for use in IPM IL countries.Table 1. SOPs for ten plant pathogens

SOP Authors PagesDiagnosis of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)

Z.M. Kinyua, S.A. Miller, A. Chin and N. Subedi

24

Diagnosis of root knot nema-todes (Meloidogyne spp.)

G.M. Kariuki, D. L. Coyne, Z. M. Kinyua, A. Mweke and E. M. Onkendi

31

Diagnosis of passion fruit-woodiness

M.J. Otipa, P. Sseruwagi, J. Ndunguru, M. Kasina, S. Tolin and F.Qu

17

Identification of fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens Drew Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae).

M. Kasina, M. Mwatawala, K. Mutambuki, E. Kimani and A. Mweke

26

Identification of fruit fly, Cer-atitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

M. Kasina, M. Mwatawala, K. Mutambuki, E. Kimani and A. Mweke

24

Identification of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

M. Waiganjo, J. Karungi, P. Sseruwagi and M. Kasina

23

Diagnosis of banana Xan-thomonas wilt (Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum)

Z.M. Kinyua, I. Ra-mathani, S. Miller, J. Smith, G. Tusiime and F. Beed

29

Diagnosis of Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLCV)

P. Sseruwagi, J. Nd-unguru, D. Mamiro, I. Ramathani, S. Tolin and F. Qu

19

Diagnosis of banana Fu-sarium wilt/Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense)

I. Ramathani, F. Beed, and Z.M. Kinyua

48

Diagnosis of onion purple blotch disease, Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.

D. Mamiro, Z.M. Kinyua and M. Waiganjo

18

IPM RECOMMENDATIONSThe IPDN worked with USDA-Foreign Agriculture Service to produce two sets of color, laminated cards for potato and snow pea/French bean disease identifica-tion and management. The laminated cards are easy to carry, with pictures of the disease or pest on one side and description of the biology, identification features and management strategies and on the other. They are in Spanish and have become important practical tools for Central American growers, agricultural advisers and government officials.

CAPACITY BUILDINGA workshop entitled “Invasive Species Identification and Management in the Tropics” was held in Dakar, Senegal, May 10-16, 2014. The event drew 33 partici-pants (eight women, 25 men) from 11 countries: Bangla-desh, Burundi, the Congo, Ghana, Guatemala, Kenya, Mali, Nepal, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The Central America IPDN collaborated closely with USDA, AGEXPORT (Guatemalan Association of Export Crops), the Guatemalan Grower’s Federation of protect-ed horticulture (ANAPI), Growers cooperatives such as FEDCOAG, ANACAFE (National Association of Coffee Growers) and several local and international NGOs for training in IPM.

In Kenya, training workshops were held at KALRO Thika (17-28 February 2014) and KALRO Mwea (17-19 June 2014). The training held at KALRO Thika was attended by a total of 64 participants (28 males and 36 females) while 36 males and 34 females (total of 70 par-ticipants) were trained. In cooperation with the iAGRI project, S. Miller presented two webinars on diagnosis of tomato diseases and seedborne bacterial pathogens to students and faculty of Sokoine University of Agricul-ture, Morogoro, Tanzania.

The Ohio State University international short course “Pest and Disease Diagnostics for International Trade and Food Security” was held September 1-12, 2014 on the OSU OARDC campus in Wooster. Of the nine trainees, five were supported by IPM IL. Three train-ees were from Tanzania, one from Ghana, and one from Nepal.

LESSONS LEARNEDAs a result of climate change, pest and pathogen adap-tation and globalization, invasive species continue to be a serious threat to agricultural productivity worldwide. Therefore, it is critical that the capacity to identify and manage these threats is strengthened. A major les-

43

son of this project is that networking and cooperation among pest and disease specialists leads to rapid and effective diagnosis of invasive and endemic pests and diseases. Training events such as the Invasive Spe-cies workshop in Senegal served to strengthen informal networks as much as to gain knowledge and practical experience. Less successful was our attempt to enhance networking and distance diagnosis through an online web portal, in favor of in-house data management, digi-tal diagnosis via email and mobile phones, and physical sample diagnosis.

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global program

INTERNATIONAL PLANT VIRUS DISEASE NETWORK (IPVDN):

toward the effective integrated pest management of plant diseases

caused by viruses in developing countries

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Sue A. Tolin, Virginia Tech

CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Judith Brown, University of Arizona | Robert Gilbertson, University of California-Davis | Naidu Rayapati, Washington State University

HOST COUNTRY COLLABORATORS: CenTral asia — Nurali Saidov (Tajikistan) | soUTh asia — G. Karthikeyan, N. Balakrishnan, K. Manoranjitham (TNAU); A. Muqit, Z. Karim, M. Muzahid-E-Rahman, M. Afroz, M. Mahfuzur Rahman, T.K. Dey (Bangladesh) | soUTheasT asia — Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, Tri Asmira Damayanti (Bogor Agricultural University) (Indonesia); C. Cheythyrith

(Cambodia) | laTin ameriCa and The CariBBean — Margarita Palmieri, University del Valle de Guatemala (Guatemala); Mauricio Rivera, J. Melgar, H. Espinoza (FHIA), Alfredo Reuda (Zamorano) (Honduras); Jose Ochoa, R. Delgado, M. Insuasti, V. Barrera

(INIAP) (Ecuador) | easT afriCa — J. Karungi, M. Ochwo-Ssemakula, S. Kyamanywa (Uganda); M. Otipa, Z. Kinyua (Kenya); P. Sseruwagi, D. Mamiro (Tanzania) | WesT afriCa: Moussa Noussourou (IER Ghana), Michael Osei (CRI), Eric Cornelius

(University of Ghana) (Ghana)

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INTERNATIONAL PLANT VIRUS DISEASE NETWORK (IPVDN):program summary

Plant virus diseases transmitted by insect vectors and through seed or germplasm remain major constraints to sustainable production of fruits and vegetables in IPM IL countries. The focus continued on identification and documentation of viruses in target crops, building capacity in-country for working with viruses and viral diseases, and designing IPM approaches to manage diseases based on ecology of viruses and transmission mechanisms.

SOUTH ASIANEPALA survey of family-owned farms was carried out in April and July of 2014 in Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Surkhet and Kathmandu regions. Virus sequences highly similar to the potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus in yardlong beans and cowpeas, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in pumpkin, squash, bottle gourd, bitter gourd and snake gourd, Chili veinal mottle virus in chili peppers. These viruses are aphid-transmitted and also seed-transmit-ted, and were discussed in a workshop on seed-borne viruses held in Kathmandu for an audience of govern-ment scientists, NGOs, seedsmen, and others.

Begomovirus sequences detected were similar to Tomato leaf curl virus in tomato and potato, Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus in okra, and Ageratum enation virus in Ag-eratum sp., a common weed prevalent on boundaries of farmers’ fields, and in chili peppers. Further analysis of sequences has begun to determine the precise identity of the begomoviruses.

From four tomato plants showing leaf curl symptoms, two each from Sitapur (Banke) and B-Gaun (Banke) col-lected in April 2014, a second method was used. Buffer-extracted leaf sap was applied to nucleic acid absorption strips supplied by Agdia, Inc. which were taken to the Gilbertson lab (UC-Davis) for total DNA extraction from absorbent pads. PCR analysis was performed using two degenerate begomovirus primer pairs and a betasatel-lite primer pair. Two other plants showing virus-like symptoms, a weed (Ageratum spp.) near the field in

Guras and an ornamental plant near the Nepalgung airport were also sampled and processed similarly.

Sequencing of a larger amplicon confirmed begomovirus DNA in all samples. The bipartite begomovirus Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Chilli pepper strain) was de-tected in a plant from Sitapur. In B-Gaun, a plant had a monopartite begomovirus closest to Tomato leaf curl Pakistan virus with one primer, but closest to Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus with the second primer, indi-cating it may be recombinant or a new strain of either virus. Ageratum enation virus (AEV) was identified in the second tomato leaf curl samples from each loca-tion. AEV was also detected in the ageratum showing yellow vein symptoms from Guras. The DNA from both tomato and ageratum at Guras was amplified by both begomovirus primer pairs, but only one primer pair amplified DNA from tomato at Sitapur. No betasatel-lites were detected, indicating the symptoms observed were likely due to infection by the begomoviruses alone. By cloning and sequencing complete viral genomes at UC-Davis, the AEV from B-Gaun tomato (AEV-G1) was determined to be most closely related to an AEV isolate identified from soybean in India (97%, GenBank acces-sion number HE861940) and to have high identity (94-97%) to other AEV isolates identified from tomato and ornamental plants. AEV-G1 has 99% identity with AEV from Ageratum at B-Gaun, but only 83-83% identity with the AEV isolated from tomato in Sitapur.

INDIAVirus diseases in cucurbitaceous crops in Tamil Nadu

A survey of cucurbitaceous crops was completed to docu-ment viruses infecting cucurbitaceous crops in seven agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu state. Symptom-atic samples were tested by serological (immunostrip diagnostic kits and dot immunobinding assays) and molecular assays (PCR for DNA-viruses and RT-PCR for RNA viruses) to document and characterize the causal viruses in these crops. Nucleotide sequences of begomovirus-specific amplicons were highly similar to

46

geminiviruses Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToL-CNDV) and Squash leaf curl China virus. Nucleotide sequencing of potyvirus-specific amplicons indicated the presence of sequences highly similar to Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), Cucumber green mosaic mottle virus (CGMMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Nucleotide sequencing of tospovirus-specific ampli-cons gave sequences highly similar to Watermelon bud necrosis virus. Only a few symptomatic samples tested positive for Cucumber mosaic virus. Molecular charac-terization of the coding regions of RNA1, RNA 2, and RNA3 of CMV with corresponding sequences available in GenBank indicated that the virus is aligned closely with CMV Subgroup 1 isolates previously reported from India, Iran, Japan, Indonesia and Italy. In addition, Capsicum chlorosis virus (genus Tospovirus) was docu-mented in chili peppers in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu. The overall data from the survey indicate that the majority of symptomatic samples from cucur-bitaceous crops tested positive for whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses, followed by seed- and aphid-borne poty-viruses and thrips-borne tospoviruses.

Diagnosis of viruses on weed plants in vegetable ecosystems of Tamil Nadu.

As part of elucidating the ecology of viruses infecting vegetables, samples showing virus-like symptoms in foliage were collected from Parthenium, Passiflora sp., Malvastrum coromandelinum, and Crotons sparsiflorus. Molecular testing by PCR or RT-PCR using diagnostic primers detected begomovirus sequences in Parthenium sp. and Passiflora sp. that were highly similar to ToL-CNDV. Sequences highly similar to Malvastrum yellow vein virus and Cotton leaf curl Bangalore virus were detected in M. coromandelinum and C. sparsiflorus, respectively.

SOUTHEAST ASIACAMBODIAInitial survey for viruses in vegetable crops – tomato, eggplant, cucurbits

In collaboration with Southeast Asia Regional Program, a small-scale survey of tomato, eggplant and cucurbits was conducted in Kandal Province. Farmers’ fields growing these crops were observed for virus symptoms. Samples from plants showing virus-like symptoms were pressed on FTA® cards and brought to Rayapati’s lab for further processing and testing for different viruses by PCR and RT-PCR as described above. Geminivirus sequences with high similarity to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus were detected in tomato and eggplant and to Tomato leaf curl virus in cucurbits. Further analysis of sequences is being pursued to determine the precise identity of these viruses and establish their phyloge-netic relationships with begomoviruses infecting solana-

ceous crops.

INDONESIAIdentification of viruses in vegetable crops

Surveys of vegetable crops) were conducted in North Sulawesi and West Java regions of Indonesia. Samples from plants showing virus-like symptoms were pressed on FTA® cards for further processing in the Rayapati lab at WSU and testing for different viruses by PCR and RT-PCR. Begomovirus sequences having a high similar-ity to Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus were detected in chili peppers and tomato.

The following virus identifications made by the Bogar Agricultural University lab. PYLCV was identified from five locations in Central Java and Yogyakarta, together with lower levels of CMV and Chili veinal mottle virus (genus Potyvirus). For tomato in West Java, begomo-virus disease frequency was nearly 60%. In Central Java, begomoviruses were less frequent, but CMV, PVY, and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV; genus Tobamovirus) were present at a 10-20% level. In North Sumatra prevalence in tomato for CMV was near 80%, and for PVY was 60%. Yard long bean was infected with BCMV strain Blackeye, CMV, and Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (genus Begomovirus). Seed-transmitted viruses that have been identified include Turnip mosaic virus (genus Potyvirus) in Chinese cabbage and Squash mosaic virus (genus Comovirus) in cucumber and zuc-chini, and ToMV in tomato.

Field surveys were conducted in Pasir Sarongge, Bogor (West Java), and Jogyakarta. Samples were collected from chili pepper, tomato, eggplant, potato, and spin-ach. Chilli veinal mottle virus (genus Potyvirus) and Begomovirus spp. were detected on chili pepper from all locations. Eggplant and tomato from Jogyakarta were infected by Begomovirus spp. Two samples of tomato leaves from Pasir Sarongge gave a positive reaction in ELISA to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which is an interesting result since infection of TSWV in vegetables in Indonesia is very rare. Cloning and sequence analysis of genomic RNA is warranted to confirm the viruses as TSWV and identify the strain.

A survey was conducted in West Java (Bandung, Bogor and Cirebon), Central Java (Brebes), and Yogyakarta (Bantul) to document major viruses from leaves and bulbs of shallot and garlic. Based on ELISA using spe-cific virus and the generic potyvirus antibodies, single as well as mixed infections were detected of two carla-viruses, Garlic common latent virus and Shallot latent virus, and also a potyvirus. The average incidence of vi-rus infection in the crop ranged from 11.22% to 14.29%, whereas incidence was 9.18% to 13.27% in bulbs.

A severe mosaic disease on pumpkin recently observed

47

at Darmaga, Bogor, was positive for Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV; genus Potyvirus) in immunoas-says. Amplification of 750 bp DNA fragment was suc-cessfully obtained by RT-PCR using ZYMV specific coat protein primers. Host range conducted by mechanical inoculation to several host plants gave results typical for ZYMV. Systemic infection was observed on Cucur-bitaceae plants, local lesions developed on Chenopodia-ceae and Amaranthaceae plants, whereas Leguminosae and Solanaceae plants showed symptoms. Cloning of the ZYMV isolate originating in Indonesia is in progress for sequence characterization of the virus.

A severe mosaic on ridged luffa (Luffa acutangula) was observed at Dramaga, Bogor that was identified as SqMV. In host range studies the virus was mechanically inoculated to several test plants. Systemic symptoms were observed on most inoculated members of the Cu-curbitaceae, Solanaceae (Nicotiana tabacum, Physalis sp., Datura sp.), and Amaranthaceae families, and local lesions developed on Chenopodiaceae plants. Plants in Leguminosae, Solanaceae (tomato, chili pepper), and Cucurbita pepo showed no symptoms. Detection of SqMV, a seed-borne virus, suggests the need to assess seed lots for presence of SqMV, which is not commonly known in ridged luffa.

Virus documentation and prevalence in potato in West Java

Symptoms of viral infection in potato were observed in centers of cultivation in West Java (Rancabali, Pen-galengan, and Bayongbong). Potato virus Y (PVY) was identified and reported last year, and the current survey was done to assess the prevalence of PVY and other viruses. The aphid-transmitted viruses CMV, PVY, and Potato virus S (PVS; genus Carlavirus), and mechani-cally transmitted Potato virus X (PVX) were detected. PVX was detected only from Pengalengan in 24% of the samples. PVS was detected in 2% of the samples from Pengalengan and in 6% from Bayongbong, but was not detected from Rancabali. CMV and PVY were most prevalent viruses at all three locations, and often occurred in mixed infections. Samples from Rancabali were 28% CMV-positive and 28% PVY-positive, and those from Pengalengan were 82% and 80% positive for CMV and PVY, respectively. From Bayongbong, 74% were positive for CMV and 82% for PVY. Using spe-cific primers, nucleic acid sequences encoding the coat protein for CMV and for PVY were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced to confirm identification. A potato isolate of CMV from Bayongbong had highest homology to the soybean strain of CMV from Indonesia (Bogor). A PVY from potato in Bayongbong was closest to the NTN strain of PVY from China and Japan, but additional viral sequences are needed for confirmation.

Management of Bean common mosaic virus in yard long bean

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV; genus Potyvirus) is aphid-transmitted and is seed-transmitted at 70% or more in many seed lots. Research was conducted to test the effectiveness of a barrier crop and biologicals, ap-plied either singly or in combination, to suppress BCMV incidence and impact in the field. Maize as barrier crop was planted at four weeks prior to planting yard long bean. An extract of leaves from Pagoda (Clerodendrum japonicum) was applied by spraying leaves one day prior exposure to BCMV, which was achieved by release of viruliferous alatae of Aphis craccivora at four points in the field. The incubation period, disease incidence, severity and BCMV titer in leaves were observed. The symptoms varied from mild to severe mosaic, then to yellow mosaic, yellowing, leaf vein netting, and leaf and pod malformation. Symptoms in treated plants tended to appear 1-2 days later than untreated control plants. The disease incidence, symptom severity and BCMV titer of the treated plants were significantly lower than for untreated control plants. Among treatments tested, use of barrier crop in combination with pagoda leaf ex-tract was the best treatment for significant suppression of BCMV in the field.

WEST AFRICA GHANACharacterization of begomoviruses and betasatel-lites associated with tomato leaf curl disease in Ghana

Surveys for tomato diseases were conducted in Ghana (Agogo, Toubodon and Akomandam). Tomato samples showing geminivirus-like symptoms were frequently observed and collected for analysis in order to study their relationship with other begomoviruses associated with tomato leaf curl disease in West Africa. Our results revealed a greater level of genetic diversity in begomovi-ruses associated with tomato leaf curl disease in Ghana than was previously known. In addition to a number of recombinant begomoviruses, the predominant viruses from 27 samples, as determined by sequence identity of PCR-amplified fragments, 12 were most closely related to Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), six to Tomato leaf curl Ghana virus (ToLCGhV), and three to Tomato leaf curl Kumasi virus (ToLCKuV), all of which had been previously isolated in Ghana. One begomovi-rus not known to Ghana, Tomato leaf curl Cameroon virus (ToLCCMV) was detected in two samples. Betasat-ellite DNA was detected in only eight of the positive samples, and was most closely related to Tomato leaf curl Togo betasatellite (i.e., >78% identity). The betasat-ellite was not detected in all the samples or in associa-tion with a single begomovirus, indicating that it is not essential for development of tomato leaf curl disease, nor is it virus-specific.

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To confirm that these begomoviruses and betasatellites have the capacity to cause tomato leaf curl disease, infectious clones of these viruses and betasatellites are required. To this end, we developed multimeric clones of one virus isolate representing each of three viruses, ToLCGV, ToLCKuV and ToLCCMV, and one betasatellite. All three viral multimeric virus clones were infectious and induced symptoms in N. benthami-ana plants, including mild leaf curl (ToLCKuV and ToLCCMV) or leaf curl and epinasty (ToLCGV). When co-inoculated with the betasatellite, considerably more severe symptoms developed, including downward leaf curling, crumpling, epinasty and stunted growth. These results established the infectivity of virus clones and the betasatellite, and that the betasatellite was non-specific and increased virulence of the viruses in the N. ben-thamiana test. Infectivity experiments in tomato have shown that agroinfection with clones of the begomovirus isolate with identity to ToLCCMV can induce leaf curl disease in tomato, and that the betasatellite enhances symptom severity.

Together, these results expand our understanding of the diversity of begomoviruses and betasatellites that cause tomato leaf curl disease in Ghana. This information will be used in the development of an IPM program for these damaging viruses in Ghana, as well as to screen tomato varieties for disease resistance.

MALIVirus infecting Sida spp. weeds

Sida spp. are very common invasive weeds growing in and around cotton and okra fields. These weeds often show symptoms of leaf upcurling and vein swelling, which have been previously shown to be caused by a monopartite begomovirus and an associated betasatel-lite. Because Sida spp. is in the family Malvaceae and virus-infected plants are so widespread in Mali, there is concern that it could serve as a reservoir host for be-gomoviruses that could infect okra or cotton. In a study initiated in prior years, genomic DNA of a begomovirus and DNA of an associated betasatellite from leaves of symptomatic Sida spp. in Sikasso, Mali were ampli-fied from DNA extracted from sap dried on absorption strips, in the Gilbertson lab at UC-Davis. New sequence comparisons performed this year showed that the be-gomovirus from Sida spp. is a distinct species, with the proposed name of Sida yellow leaf curl virus (SiYLCV). The betasatellite from Sida spp. is also a new species with the proposed name Sida yellow leaf curl betasatel-lite (SiYLCB).

Multimeric infectious clones of the SiYLCV and the as-sociated betasatellite DNA were constructed and used for agroinoculation studies to test host range. Sida spp. inoculated with the cloned DNAs developed symptoms that were indistinguishable from those observed in Sida

spp. plants in the field in Mali. Inoculations of okra, cotton, and tomato were unsuccessful, suggesting that it is highly unlikely that SiYLCV and SiYLCB are able to infect these crops in the field. Thus Sida spp. would not be a reservoir host for a begomoviruses that can infect these crops, and its control would not be effective in virus disease management. It may be that SiYLCV is constrained to a sole host, Sida spp., similar to other endemic begomovirus species. Given the vigor and fecundity of B. tabaci biotype B and the prevalence of other begomovirus species in West Africa, it is possible that this virus may acquire the capacity to infect other species, including agricultural crops, via mutation or re-combination. It is also possible that this virus served as the progenitor of the CLCuGV strain that infects okra in Mali. Interestingly, CLCuGV also has a narrow host range as it does not infect cotton. It will be important to monitor cotton plants in Mali and throughout the region for the emergence of a cotton-infecting begomovirus.

EAST AFRICA TANZANIACharacterization and epidemiology of virus com-plexes in tomato in Tanzania

About 120 virus isolates were collected from smallholder farmers’ fields in six major tomato growing regions of Tanzania, interacting with over 100 farmers in 2013 and 2014. Molecular analysis was conducted to detect viruses at Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The PCR products from primers designed to detect Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses (TYLCV) were sequenced at BecA, Kenya. Full-length sequence has been obtained from 16 TYLCV isolates, and their distribution has been mapped over the regions in Tanzania

UGANDADetection and ecology of Passion fruit viruses in Uganda

More than 250 seedlings in five commercial passionfruit nurseries in Central Uganda were sampled and assayed for potyviruses using the ACP/PTA ELISA with the broad-spectrum potyvirus antibody AS-0573/1 (DSMZ, 2012), which detects Cowpea aphid-borne virus among other potyviruses. Ninety percent of the seedlings were found to be infected with potyviruses, confirming that nurseries are channels of distributing diseased seed-lings to farmers. In order to address this problem, a clean seed production manual for passion fruit was developed for use by nursery producers and farmers.

LATIN AMERICA AND

49

CARIBBEANECUADORDetection and Identification of Viruses in Tree-To-mato in Ecuador

Potyviruses have long been considered the most com-mon viruses in tree tomato in Ecuador. This assertion has been confirmed by sequencing shotgun clones of dsRNA obtained from symptomatic leaves collected from several locations in Pichincha and Tungurahua. Approx-imately 70% of sequenced clones (transformed plasmids) represented partial fragments of the PVY genome. These results suggest the presence of two potyviruses Potato virus Y (PVY) (~80% nucleotide identity with the closest NCBI hit) and Peru tomato mosaic virus (~75% nucleotide identity with the closest NCBI hit), with PVY being predominant. Potato leaf roll virus (genus Polero-virus) was detected occasionally, often co-infecting with PVY. To determine the frequency of each virus (PVY, PerTMV and PLRV) several specific detection primers were designed. After selecting the best set of primers of specific identification and relative prevalence, PerTMV seems to be the most common. Tamarillo mosaic virus, a potyvirus reported in Colombia and found at high inci-dence in New Zealand in tree tomato, was not detected in Ecuador either by shotgun cloning or PCR using spe-cific primers. These viruses are all aphid-transmitted, and aphids were the common insects noted on samples plants.

Other viruses may also affect tree tomato, as symptoms are common. At INIAP, tree tomato plants that were inoculated or selected to be infected with only individual viruses revealed that PLRV and Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) are asymptomatic. Pepino mosaic virus (Po-texvirus) was detected by ELISA, but not by PCR using specific primers. PepMV, a quarantine pest in Europe, has been only reported in Peru and Chile in South America, its presumed origin.

Identification of Viruses in Cucurbit Crops in Coastal Areas of Ecuador

RNA viruses in cucurbit crops

Extensive sampling of watermelon and melon leaves showing virus-like symptoms was conducted in dif-ferent growing areas of Manabí and Santa Elena. In watermelon, sequencing revealed the presence of Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), a thrips-borne tospovirus. Se-quence comparisons showed nucleotide identities of 97% and 94% for the RdRp and the nucleocapsid protein, respectively, between the Ecuadorean MYSV (MYSV-Ec) isolate, and that reported originally from Japan. In melon, a recently reported and partially sequenced endornavirus (MelEV) was found in addition to MYSV. MelEV was not associated with any leaf symptoms. The

partial sequence obtained for each virus was used to de-sign primers for the amplification of a 578 nt fragment corresponding to the S segment of MYSV and a 413 nt fragment of MelEV. Alignments between the Ecuador-ian sequences of MelEV and those available in the Gen-Bank, showed 98% identity at the nucleotide level.

MYSV was detected in 40%, 67%, and 64% of watermel-on, melon, and cucumber samples, respectively. Melon endornavirus was detected in 95% of melon plants tested, but was not detected in watermelon or cucum-ber, suggesting its seed-transmitted nature, a known property of other endornaviruses.

Since some other common cucurbit viruses are elusive to dsRNA extraction, individually collected samples were tested by ELISA for the seed- and beetle-transmitted Squash mosaic virus (SqMV, genus Comovirus) and the thrips-transmitted Watermelon silver mottle virus (WS-MoV, genus Tospovirus)]. Specific primers were used in RT-PCR to test specifically for aphid-transmitted Cu-cumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potyviruses using po-tyvirus-generic Nib primers. All plants tested negative for SqMV and WSMoV. CMV was detected in 13%, 73% and 68% of watermelon, melon and cucumber samples, respectively. Only one potyvirus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), identified by sequencing the Nib product, was detected in 50%, 13% and 14% of watermelon, melon and cucumber samples, respectively (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1. Common symptoms observed in melon and watermelon

Begomovirus detection and provisional identifica-tion from cucurbit crops and weeds

A survey was made in three coastal provinces of Ecua-dor- Guayas, Manabí and Santa Elena - and a subtropi-cal agricultural area in the province of Chimborazo.

The begomoviruses most prevalent in the samples were more closely related (nt identities > 90 %) to Tobacco yellow crinkle virus (TYCV) and Pepper leafroll virus (PpLRV), and a partially characterized begomovirus found in tobacco plants in Cuba, indicated herein as TB-C. In Guayas, TYCV was detected in pepper and pa-paya, PpLRV in papaya and pepino, and TB-C in Yuca (cassava). All three begomoviruses were detected in weeds at this location. In Manabí, sampling was limited to melon and watermelon because of their importance in the province, in which only TYCV was detected. Pas-sion fruit and papaya cultivated in surrounding area were also positive for TYCV. In Chimborazo, the only begomovirus found was in pepper samples and was related to the Tobacco begomovirus reported in Cuba. In Santa Elena, where cucurbits, pepper and weeds were sampled and tested, sequences of begomovirus species closely related to PpLRV, TYCV and Tobacco begomovirus, but a greater diversity of begomoviruses was evident. Sequences having close relationships were detected in pepper for Bean golden mosaic virus (85% nt identity) and Tomato rugose yellow leaf curl virus (85% identity) , in watermelon for Blainvillea yellow spot virus (91% nt identity). A sequence from a weed was re-lated to Sida golden mosaic Braco virus (75% nt level), which is likely to be a new species.

GUATEMALADetection of viruses in vegetable crops in the west-ern highlands of Guatemala

Multiple viruses were found in the samples from the western highlands of Guatemala, a high priority region

that had not previously been included in surveys or analyses for viruses. Of 21 samples from weeds, ten were infected with TMV, one with potyvirus, and two with begomovirus. All potato samples were negative for begomoviruses, and Liberibacter, the causal agent of Zebra chip in potato.

Potato was sampled over two years in field and green-house-grown plantings. Viruses detected varied by year in the field, with mechanically-transmitted viruses, Potato virus X (PVX) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) more prevalent in 2013, and in 2014, aphid-transmitted viruses appeared, including Potato leafroll virus (Genus Polerovirus), PVY, Potato virus A (Genus Potyvirus), Potato virus M and Potato virus S (Genus Carlavirus). Mixed infections were detected in 18% of the infections from greenhouses, with TMV+PVX the most common, and over half having more than two viruses.

Beans and peas were tested for the potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV, Genus Sobemovirus), and Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV, Genus Fabavirus), as well as the generic potyvirus and TMV. Peas (n=26) were negative to all viruses. Of 56 bean samples, 44 were infected, with 38 positive for BCMV and for potyvirus. In addition, BBWV was detected in three bean samples, TMV in two, and SBMV in one.

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global program

PARTHENIUMabating parthenium (Parthenium

hysterophorus L.) weed damage in eastern africa using integrated cultural

and biological measures

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Wondi Mersie, Virginia State University

HOST COUNTRIES: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

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In Ethiopia, the project maintains the bioagents, Zygogramma bicolorata and Listronotus setosipennis,

under quarantine at Ambo, Ethiopia. The rearing center for bioagents at Wollenchiti is now fully operational.

MASS REARING AND RELEASE OF ZYGOGRAMMA Researchers used a combination of two approaches for mass rearing. In the first approach, mating adults were released on vigorous and healthy pot-grown parthenium plants, twenty-four hours later they were removed. The same pair of adults was then released on another set of plants, repeating the cycle several times before replac-ing them with a new pair of mating adults.

In the second approach, the surface of a breeding cage measuring 5 x 7 m was divided into three plots, each being one meter in width. Each plot was ploughed, and a mixture of top soil, sand and compost was placed on top at a depth of 10-15 cm. The plots were sowed with parthenium seeds; three months afterwards, adult Zy-gogramma were released on each plot. The beetles were left to reproduce, and emerging adults were removed and released in the field.

Over ten thousand adult Zygogramma were produced. Following the two official releases on July 16, 2014, researchers made further releases at two farmers’ training centers west of Wollinchiti town on side roads leading to Adama town. Releases occurred from mid-July to mid-September 2014. Researchers have observed first-generation adults emerging from the early release sites.

MONITORING THE IMPACT OF THE AGENTResearchers have selected four sites, each measuring 20 m x 20 m, for impact assessment. One is located within a school; second one is in a farmer’s field in Wollenchiti town; the remaining two are inside farmers’ training centers in the villages of Tedecha and Borchetta, which are located 7 km and 20 km east of Wollenchiti, respec-

tively. Researchers will compile the baseline data from these sites and will use them in future monitoring. The data include germination and density of parthenium in the soil seed bank and information on perception of the community towards parthenium.

OUTREACHA development agent has been working three days per week for more than a year. She has learned everything from land preparation and growing parthenium to mass rearing and release of Zygogramma to the care of the agent before and after release.

More than 200 farmers and around 80 Wollinchiti town members have visited the site and learned about the agent Zygogramma through explanations given to

No. Place of release Release date

Number Released

Coordinates

1 On a farmer’s field Jul 16, 2014

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2 Near a sugar estate Jul 16, 2014

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3 Tedecha Aug 29, 2014

1000 N 08 40.641 E 039 28.503

4 Borcheta Sept 2, 2014

500 N 08 43.691 E 039 33.596

5 Around sugar estate, 6km from multiplication ctr on way to Nazret

Sept 3,4 & 9, 2014

1350 N 08 36.675 E 039 22.622

6 1 km to 3.1 km from multiplication center on way to Nazret

Sept 3,15 & 16 2014

1800 N 08 38.019 E 039 24.138

7 Borcheta inside church

Sept 4, 2014

300 N 08 43.473

8 Inside & outside of compound of multi-plication center

Sept.14, 2014

1250 N 08 39.106 E 039 25.200

PARTHENIUMprogram summary

Table 1. Adult Zygogramma released around Wollinchiti town from July 16 to September 30, 2014

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them by project employees. Three individuals, one each from the Amhara and the Tigray Regional Agricultural Research Institutes and a staff member of Haramaya University, were trained in mass rearing, release and post-release evaluation of Zygogramma from August 18 to 21, 2014. Each visitor received a training manual and a hard copy of relevant literature.

Twenty-six employees, including an extension team leader from the district agriculture office and ten farm-ers’ representatives, took part in a one-day forum to create awareness of parthenium, during which lessons were given on biological control. Presenters provided information regarding the process of evaluating the two biological control agents that have been introduced to Ethiopia. The lessons on Zygogramma included: care before and after its release; how it multiplies; method of release; and information on its safety to crops and plants other than parthenium. Participants were di-vided into four groups, each of which visited five places arranged within the rearing site. At each place, four parthenium plants were on display, each representing mating adults, eggs, larva of different age groups, pupa and emerging adults and finally damage done to parthe-nium by adults and larva. They then visited the differ-ent cages in which Zygogramma are raised, and they again viewed adults, eggs, larva and the damage done to parthenium. Visitors were also briefed on multiplying the insect and the approaches that scientists follow. At the end of the visit, participants took part in question and answer sessions regarding issues related to the life cycle and rearing of Zygogramma.

Participants also visited the demonstration site to see test crops. Researchers explained the need for conduct-ing host range tests before participants were permitted to open cages containing parthenium and other crops (e.g., noog (Guizotia abyssinica, Asteraceae) and sun-flower (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae)) that had been exposed to Zygogramma feeding for about a month-and-a-half. Participants witnessed first-hand the damage that Zygogramma did to parthenium, while leaving the other crops in the same cage unaffected.

Researchers conducted a general discussion based on the questions raised by participants and other issues, including the identification of release sites. Participants agreed to inform project leaders of locations that are free from human and animal interference so that they may be considered as release sites.

International Workshop

The project conducted a workshop on the biological control and management of parthenium in Addis Ababa and Adama, Ethiopia, on July 13 – 17, 2014. The first part of the workshop, held in Addis Ababa from July 13-15, 2014, consisted of paper presentations, while the second and last parts consisted of visits to farmers’

fields and a rearing site. General discussions took place in Adama and Wollinchiti towns, the latter being the location of the rearing site.

ACHIEVEMENTSTechnology and knowledge transfer

The biological control agent, Zygogramma bicolorata, has now been officially released after years of effort.

The project facilitated the building of a mass rearing facility at Wollinchiti, which can serve in the future to mass-rear Zygogramma and other agents. The facil-ity can also serve as a source of culture for anyone who wants to further increase other biological control agents.

Several local farmers, extension agents and technicians have received training in culturing Zygogramma and identifying the various life stages of the insect.

The project is in the process of establishing two mul-tiplication facilities for biological control agents at Kobo, to serve Amhara and Tigray Regional States, and at Haramaya University, to serve eastern Ethiopia, particularly the Somali Regional State. The project has provided some materials and training to three individu-als, and each site is expected to mass-rear Zygogramma for release in their respective areas during the coming years.

Researchers with the project have prepared a training manual on mass rearing, which is currently in use. This will also serve as a reference for the people who will take over the work at Wollinchiti.

54

global program

GENDER GLOBAL THEME: gender equity, knowledge, and

capacity buildingPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Maria Elisa Christie

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR: Emily Van Houweling GENDER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE: Mary Parks

GRADUATE ASSISTANT FOR IPM IL GGT: Sarah Jonson, Kinsey Blumenthal

HOST COUNTRY COLLABORATORS: Joyce Haleegoah, Margaret Mangheni, Justar Gitonga, K. Uma, S. Thiyageshwari, M. Anjugam, Alifah Lestari,

Jahangir Mohammed Alam, Herien Puspitawati, Mam Sitha, Helen Dayo, Mossammat Shamsunnahar

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This year, the activity was concentrated in four regions—East and West Africa, and Southeast

and South Asia—focusing primarily on the following countries: Uganda, Ghana, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Bangladesh. The Women’s Participation Checklist was implemented in several countries and served to inte-grate gender into technical program activities as well as to continue to raise awareness about how to increase women’s participation in IPM IL activities.

PROGRAM ACTIVITIES The GGT made progress in its three areas: gender equity, capacity building, and research. The countries with active gender point persons (Uganda, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Ghana) carried out activities in those areas. Short term training took place in Ghana, Cambo-dia, and Indonesia, while long term training took place in the latter and Uganda. Research continued with students completing their work and with various papers and posters presented, one paper published in a peer-reviewed journal, and another revised and resubmitted. Research has been conducted on knowledge and partici-pation with IPM and the coffee stem borer in Uganda, as well as on gendered space in Tricho-compost produc-tion in Bangladesh.

KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTSThe gender checklist developed to track and encourage women’s participation served as an awareness rais-ing tool and as a means to integrate the gender team activities with the technical program. It was presented to all the regions in the third year of the current IPM IL phase, and has been used to varying degrees and with differing success since then. It was used in SE Asia, and West and East Africa this year. The SE Asia team reported success in this area. This checklist was intro-duced to all partners during the SEA Annual Planning Workshop in July 2013. The gender coordinator sends the checklist to all partners in three countries (Indone-sia, Cambodia, and the Philippines) every six months. This approach produced big improvements in tracking and monitoring the involvement of male and female par-

ticipants in the IPM IL program activities. The success was supported by increasing awareness of the partners on the importance of gender integration in their activi-ties. Using the checklist, the SEA team identified the following barriers to women participation in IPM IL activities:

• Heavy workload that leaves no time to participate in agricultural research and training activities

• Timing of the activity is not suited to women

• Information about activity does not reach women

• Women lack confidence to speak in public, especially in mixed sex groups

The strategies implemented to overcome these barriers were as follows:

• Specifically invited women to participate in the activity

• Specifically invited/encouraged women to lead the activity

• Work with women’s organizations to reach women

• Work with female extension agents

• Ask women what time they were available to meet

• Ask women what location would be convenient for them to meet

• Change the time of the activity according to women’s availability

• Change the location of the activity according to women’s needs

• Ensure that the language, format, and level of information in the activity were suitable for women

• Motivate women to actively participate in the activity

• Specifically make sure field trials included women farmers

In East Africa, the GGT coordinator periodically re-minded scientists and gender focal persons to use the checklist to track women’s participation and to iden-tify gender based constraints along with strategies to address them. However, it has not been possible to get country reports on the assessment with the exception of Uganda. She writes: “A new constraint identified this year was that gender significantly influences farmer

GENDER GLOBAL THEMEprogram summary

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participation in group processes and IPM knowledge acquisition in Bugisu sub region, Uganda, with women being disadvantaged compared to men. Men’s superior position in society gives them greater opportunity to attend group meetings, contribute ideas that are ad-opted, obtain IPM knowledge and benefit from it. A suggested strategy to address this constraint was sen-sitization of the community (leaders, men and women group members) about the issue and its implications for household welfare. One sensitization was conducted at this research site. However, for greater effectiveness, this should be an ongoing activity over a long period of time.”

One scientist in Ghana marked the following as barriers to women’s participation in IPM IL activities related to cabbage and tomato:

• Heavy workload leaves no time to participate in agricultural research and training activities

• Duration/length of activity

• Husbands (or culture) restrict women’s movement/participation

• Women lack confidence to speak in public, especially in mixed sex groups

• Lack of incentive for women’s participation (e.g. no access to or control over land and income)

In addition, he noted that: “In most instances women were late in attending activities, some were nursing mothers carrying babies to the farm, and some were very old. Some challenges were that the women were always eager to go home when activities are delayed because they have to leave to do the cooking and other house chores for the family.

Women, being most vulnerable, should be allowed to set times that best suit them for training, group them sepa-rately from the men during training. Women scientists should also lead training sessions if possible. The men were always allowed to do the difficult jobs e.g. applica-tion of insecticides, cutting of pegs for field layouts, etc.”

RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTSBangladesh: The research on gendered perspectives from the house-lot garden regarding Trichoderma was completed with the analysis of the men and women centered approaches. Men are targeted in an IPM program due to their primary role using pesticides in vegetable production while women are targeted in a livelihood approach that aims to increase their incomes through various components including raising animals and making Tricho-compost, all in the house-lot garden. We considered gender roles and farmer’s perspectives on the production of Trichoderma through interviews of both men and women in over 40 households. Findings include:

Tricho-compost production tasks are gendered, with men being responsible for procuring the materials found outside of the house-lot garden (water hyacinth, saw-dust, poultry litter, and materials for constructing the shed) and women for those found within it (collecting cow dung, water, and ash from the cooking fire). This division of labor is dependent on how far away each in-gredient is from the home. For example, women cannot travel far from the home due to cultural appropriations and safety risks, thus the men are the ones responsible for collecting many ingredients. The mixing of ingredi-ents is usually done by multiple family members or by men alone. Women are then responsible for the manage-ment of the compost.

On average, each household had produced Tricho-com-post between two to three times, with some up to five times. Every interviewee reported that Tricho-compost or the use of its leachate had reduced the expense of and reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides while simultaneously improving crop yields and quality. Of the 31 households interviewed, only six of them had sold the leachate collected from compost production. The money earned from selling the leachate was spent on food for breakfast, cooking ware, covering the cost of visiting relatives, and to reinvest in further production of Tricho-compost.

About a quarter of the respondents from Shajahanpur and Saghata reported that working with Trichoderma has improved their relationships with their family.

Uganda: Gender, knowledge acquisition, and coffee pest management

Gender research in Uganda explored the level of men and women farmers’ knowledge of the Coffee Stem Borer IPM practices and the socio-economic factors that influence farmers’ knowledge acquisition in Bugisu, Eastern Uganda. It was found that men had significant-ly higher average scores on the IPM knowledge index compared to women. In addition, there was a significant correlation between knowledge of CSB IPM and gender, education level, marital status, household labor, coffee acreage, years in the coffee group, access to transport, women’s mobility, and level of participation in group ac-tivities. The factors that significantly influenced farmer knowledge of CSB IPM included gender, age, number of extension farm visits, membership in other farmer groups. Older men who had more network connections with community groups and access to the IPM IL exten-sion agents attained more knowledge about CSB IPM practices. Knowledge was enhanced when group train-ings were complemented with more personal extension methods such as on farm visits by the IPM IL agent. So-cial groups such as women, youth, and those with fewer community network connections showed lower CSB IPM knowledge levels.

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The Uganda research also sought to understand the de-terminants of farmer participation in coffee IPM group processes. Respondents were asked how often they had attended coffee IPM group meetings; how often they contributed ideas; how often the ideas were accepted; and how they rate benefits obtained from such groups in the last six months. Membership in economic groups, gender, age, number of IPM IL extension agents’ visits, family labor and marital status were determinants to farmer participation. There was a significant gender gap in level of participation. Being a man increases farmer participation in coffee IPM group processes by about 21%. More men (about 25%) as opposed to women (about 14%) rated higher on the group participation index due to women’s lower position in society. Men’s position in the society gives them a greater opportunity to attend group meetings, contribute ideas that are taken during such meetings, obtain more knowledge of CSB IPM practices and benefit from it. The older mar-ried men with more family labor, who were members of economic groups and frequently visited by IPM IL extension agents, participated more in coffee groups.

Results reveal that over half (about 53%) of sampled re-spondents had frequently attended groups meetings but attendance mainly skewed in favor of men (about 31% men and about 23% women). Contribution of ideas in group meetings was reported as frequently (about 49%) though in favor of men (about 32%). There was also a gap in the implementation of the contributed ideas during the group meetings. Men’s ideas were more fre-quently implemented (about 33%) compared to women’s.

A majority of group members had benefited from coffee IPM groups (about 81%) but slightly over half (about 49%) were men. The major benefit was knowledge/skills or attended trainings (about 98%) with men benefiting more (about 59%). Men’s knowledge was reported as fair (about 20%), as opposed to average for women (about 14%). Significant differences were seen from who had benefited, type of benefit, and rating.

Key informant interviews revealed that women are not allowed by their husbands to join mixed groups for fear of being taken away by other men as wives. Some men felt their wives would learn and pick up bad habits from other women and the end result will be disobeying them. In addition men thought their wives will share family secrets with other members in the group. Men also feared that women may not be able to carry out their home chores if they join such groups.

Women could only move freely to water points and trad-ing centers to either sell or purchase items for home consumption. Very few could move freely to the train-ings venues, attend meetings, visit someone in another village which are major points for IPM information dis-semination. Other constraints to women’s participation include membership fees, meeting time, lack of sensiti-

zation to gender issues and workloads, lack of land own-ership and lack of women’s involvement in commercial crops. Women mostly grew maize (about 30%), beans or soy beans (about 24%) and banana (about 23%), vegeta-bles (about 17%) and coffee (about 7%). 54% of the men made all decisions related to use of coffee revenue. Men also had more access (56%) to and control over (69%) coffee revenue than women. The results reveal that older farmers participate in coffee group processes more often than younger ones.

A SUCCESS STORYIn Bangladesh Trichoderma research, every woman interviewed responded that involvement with Tricho-derma had somehow increased either her knowledge, honor, self-confidence, position, or pride. While men and women both expressed sentiments of this type, altered perceptions of a woman’s value because of her involvement with the technology are increasing her status both within the household and the community. Also, while men have more opportunities for recognition outside of the house and as the household “head,” this provides unique opportunities for women to be recog-nized for their contributions.

The majority of people interviewed from both sites cited the acquisition of new knowledge and the attention re-ceived for it as a main benefit of their work with Tricho-derma. Several respondents commented that they were seen as leaders in the community due to their Tricho-derma expertise. Some villagers have been sought out as a source of information by family members, neigh-bors, and various government and agribusiness employ-ees, which is generally reported as contributing towards an increased sense of pride, status, or honor. Women’s status also benefited from involvement with Trichoder-ma. Some women were able to share their knowledge and experience with others during the yard meetings, like the woman who was valued for her education and ability to distill the technological information received at yard meetings to the illiterate women also in atten-dance. Another woman was described as working like an extension agent for Trichoderma, always advising people on their production and processes.

Figure 1. Tricho-compost in Bangladeshi house-lot garden.

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global programIMPACT ASSESSMENT

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: George Norton

CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Jeffrey Alwang and Daniel Taylor

HOST COUNTRY COLLABORATORS: india R. Selvaraj, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University | Bangladesh Quazi Md. Shafiqul Islam, BARI |

nepal Luke Colavito | Uganda J. Bonabona-Wabbi | ghana Awere Dankyi | eCUador V. Barrera

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IMPACT ASSESSMENTprogram summary

The Impact Assessment Global Theme interacted with the Regional Programs and Gender Global

Theme on impact work. Surveys were completed in Ban-gladesh and Ecuador for adoption of IPM practices with the data being used in a series of theses and papers. One Ph.D. dissertation (Ahsanuzzaman) is in process for South Asia to assess the economic impacts of the pheromone traps and factors influencing IPM adoption in Bangladesh. An M.S. thesis (Evan McCarthy) is also in process to evaluate the impacts of the IPM technol-ogy transfer program in Bangladesh using data from a randomized control trial. A second survey in a random-ized control trial was completed in 2014 and the data are currently being analyzed. A sandwich Ph.D. student (Saddique Rahman) in Bangladesh is also conducting his research using data from the randomized control trial to assess the economic and pesticide impacts of IPM. Two papers were completed on impacts of higher yielding, disease resistant rice by the short term trainee from Bangladesh.

Two analyses are still underway on the impacts of the Naranjilla IPM program in Ecuador in conjunction with the LAC regional program. One study is examining the overall impacts of the program, and the other is focused on the grafting technology. One involves a student at Virginia Tech (Corinna Clements), and the other in-volves a student at the Central University in Ecuador (Mareya Guanga).

Two studies are examining the impacts of text messag-ing as a follow-up strategy after field days to encourage adoption of IPM practices. One study on potato IPM is the focus of an MS thesis by Elli Travis (Virginia Tech) and the other on Blackberry IPM is the focus of a Ph.D. paper by Vanessa Carrion.

A paper was completed and sent to a journal that analyzes adoption, economic impacts, and pesticide use associated with IPM technologies on potato production in the province of Carchi, Ecuador. Pesticide expendi-tures were estimated as a function of education, farm-ing experience, wealth, plot size and pesticide-induced sickness for each level of IPM adoption. Results indicate that farmers who were exposed to certain IPM infor-

mation sources increased adoption of IPM practices on potatoes, and used fewer pesticides.

Brief planning sessions on impact assessment were held in Bangladesh, Nepal, Ecuador, and Uganda.

A five-month impact assessment training program was completed at Virginia Tech for an economist from Mak-erere in Uganda. Short-term (four-month) training was completed for a Bangladesh economist (Habibur Rah-man) from BINA at Virginia Tech.

A paper was published on factors affecting the willing-ness to pay in Uganda to avoid consuming pesticide residues. Education had no effect on the willingness to pay in the urban population and a negative effect on the willingness to pay in rural population. Men had a higher willingness to pay than women.

A journal article manuscript was published that quanti-fies the economic benefits of the classical biological con-trol program for papaya mealybug in Southern India. The annual economic benefits for the five most impor-tant crops affected by the biocontrol program ranged from $121 million to $309 million, and the net present value of benefits over five years totaled $524 million to $1.34 billion. A journal article manuscript was prepared on the economic impact of integrated pest management (IPM) for onion production in southern India. Adoption of onion IPM exerts a positive and significant impact on onion yield and net income, and a significantly negative effect on pesticide expenditures.

On-site visits were made by PIs to Bangladesh, Nepal, Ecuador, and Uganda.

A two-day regional impact assessment workshop con-ducted at East Africa in March.

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ASSOCIATE & BUY-IN AWARDS

indonesia | nepal | bangladesh

INDONESIA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mike Hammig, Clemson University NEPAL PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:

BANGLADESH SITE COORDINATORS: Md. Yousuf Mian, and Dr. Md. Shahadath Hossainn CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Jeffrey Alwang and Daniel Taylor

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Associate AwardsIndonesia

This project is managed by Clemson University through the IPM IL Management Entity at Virginia

Tech University. Through this project, Clemson scien-tists collaborated with Indonesian institutions Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Sam Ratulangi University, Udayana University, FIELD/Indonesia, Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute, and Indonesia Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute and provided technical as-sistance to coffee and citrus growers in Pakpak Bharat, North Sumatera.

UDAYANA UNIVERSITYBased on the field trials conducted in Bali, it was found that Trichoderma was effective in controlling soil borne diseases such as club root and Fusarium of cabbage. The use of grafted tomato seedlings with the rootstock of EG302 was able to reduce late blight disease inci-dence. The Application of Bacillus thuringiensis on cabbage plants suppressed the population of the insect pest, Crocidolomia pavanona. The use of Trichoderma and grafting controlled late blight disease on tomato, and Trichoderma also controlled Fusarium wilt disease of chili.

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR (BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYA simple and rapid iodine-based starch test for detection of huanglongbing disease

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as greening or citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD), is the most impor-tant disease of citrus caused by a phloem-limited bacte-rium, Ca. Liberobacter asiaticum. The disease has been reported to devastate citrus in Indonesia since the early 1970s. Disease detection and diagnosis solely based on its external symptoms is not reliable since it resembles those caused by nutrient deficiencies. Detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an accurate tech-nique for many plant pathogens including the HLB causal agent. However, PCR analysis is time consuming

and expensive, and is not suitable for large numbers of samples. Thus, a rapid, simple field diagnostic test that could be used to pre-screen samples intended for PCR analysis would be useful.

Studies have shown accumulation of starch in leaf sam-ples collected from HLB-infected trees. Starch readily reacts with iodine, resulting in a very dark grey to black stain. A number of researchers in Vietnam and Japan have worked to adapt this starch/iodine reaction into a diagnostic tool for HLB, and they reported up to 90% agreement between PCR analysis and starch tests with iodine. This is a report of diagnosis and detection of HLB disease of citrus in Bogor, based on leaf symptoms and starch test, and disease confirmation by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Eight citrus plants were selected to be considered as infected plants based on external symptoms. Those infected plants showed stagnant growth and pale green appearance, and the leaves were chlorotic and more lancet-shaped (Figure 1). A healthy plant was also included in this observation. Other reports have shown that stunt and chlorotic symptoms are not necessarily HLB disease, but may be caused by nutrient deficien-cies, such as zinc and iron.

Further examination of these samples through ob-servation of internal symptoms (starch accumulation within phloem tissue) was accomplished using a simple staining technique and microscopic examination. This showed that seven symptomatic samples (# 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) had starch accumulation, whereas the healthy plant and a symptomatic sample (# 3) showed no stark accumulation within phloem.

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from all over Indonesia. Seven presentations were made during the seminar.

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITYCycad pests and Papaya Mealybug in North Sulawesi

The cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (He-miptera: Diaspididae) and the orange cycad beetle, Lilioceris canstanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were collected on cycad trees in Manado, North Sulawesi in June 2012. These two pests have established at various locations within the Province of N. Sulawesi.

The accidentally introduced papaya mealy bug, Paracoc-cus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), was first recorded at Bogor in May 2008, and then in Manado, North Sulawesi in August 2009. A survey, which was carried out in 2012-2013, showed that this pest has es-tablished in some parts of North Sulawesi, but its level of infestation and rate of damage was low.

Trans 7 National TV coverage of IPM-IL Activities at UNSRAT, 1-3 July 2014

The Trans 7 TV sent a team to North Sulawesi to interview Unsrat scientists about their IPM activities for national broadcast. Three topics were covered and interviews were conducted at the field sites for the pa-paya mealybug, pests and diseases of chilies, and pests of cabbages.

Figure 2 Dr. Sembel being interviewed by Trans 7 TV

FIELD/INDONESIANorth Sumatera: pakpak bharat - Farmer Field School and Field Studies on Coffee and Citrus

A Farmer Field School (FFS) was held in Sitellu Tali Urang Julu Sub-district from February to August 2014. The demonstration exhibited IPM techniques on citrus, which compared an IPM Treatment (organic fertilizers

Table 1. Result of diagnosis of citrus HLB disease based on leaf symp-toms, iodine test and PCR technique

Examination Diagnosis result of sample numberH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Leaf symptoms - + + + + + + + +

Iodine test - + + - + + + + +

PCR (standard) - + + - + + + _ _

PCR (optimized)

- + + - + + + + +

H = healthy plant, - = negative result, + = positive result

Detection of the presence of the causal agent bacterium of huanglongbing (Ca. L. asiaticus) in infected plants by PCR technique employing specific primers to the patho-gen showed that only five samples (# 1, 2, 4, 5, 6) were positive, while healthy samples and samples # 3, 7 and 8 were negative when PCR standard applied. Optimiza-tion of PCR by serial diluting of the DNA sample and tuning PCR parameters (optimized PCR) showed that samples # 7 and 8 were in fact positive. Sample # 3 remained negative (Table 1). Later on, it was observed that plant # 3 in the field showed symptom recovery and became healthier. It is suggested that the plant was not infected with HLB but was undergoing nutrient deficiency. In this study, there was agreement between PCR analysis and starch test with iodine. Therefore, the iodine-based starch test could be considered a useful tool for HLB diagnosis in the field.

Figure 1. Healthy (top) and symptomatic (bottom) citrus leaf samples.

National seminar on biological control of the cas-sava mealybug

In collaboration with CIAT-Asia, a national seminar was organized in Bogor on 24 September 2014. There were 60 participants (27 males and 33 females) coming

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and use of Trichoderma) vs the local practice (chemical fertilizers and pesticides). Another Farmer Field School took place in Siempat Rube Sub-district. This time, the demonstration focues on coffee, comparing IPM Treatment (organic fertilizers and use of Beauveria) vs the local practice (chemical fertilizers and pesticides). The FFS on coffee had 30 participants (24 male and 6 female), and FFS on citrus had 25 participants (15 male and 10 female).

Farmer Field Day

The Farmer Field Day (FFD) was conducted in Lae Langge Namuseng village, Sitelu Tali Urang Julu sub-district, Pakpak Bharat district, and was organized by two Farmer Field School (FFS) groups (FFS of Coffee and Citrus). 300 participants attended the FFD.

INDONESIA COFFEE AND COCOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ICCRI)Control of coffee berry borer (CBB) using B. bassi-ana and an attractant in Pakpak Bharat

The application of Beauvaria bassiana combined with the attractant was the best IPM component for control-ling CBB. This combination reduced CBB infestation significantly (7.4%) compared to all other treatments.

Figure 3. Use of B. bassiana combined with attractant can reduce CBB attack by 85.9%, while B. bassiana can reduce CBB attack by 69.1%

INDONESIAN VEGETABLE RESEARCHINSTITUTE (IVEGRI)Control pest and diseases of shallot and chili pepper

A study was conducted to assess the potential of shad-ing net and bio - pesticide (Se-NPV and EM-FPE) for managing insect pests in shallot and chili in relay planting in order to reduce the use of pesticides and to improve the quality of the products. Seven treatments viz. control (T0); mosquito-nets (white) (T1); fishing-nets (blue) (T2); Se-NPV (shallot)/spinetoram (chili), (T3); EM-FPE (T4); Se-NPV + EM-FPE (T5); farmers prac-tices (T6). The results showed that shading net with both white color and blue color had the lowest number

of both beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) on shallot and Thrips (Thrips parvispinus) on chili and produced the highest yields. The results of this study suggest that shading net both white and blue colors may have potential as reduced-risk pesticides for controlling S. ex-igua and thrips in commercial shallot and chili in relay planting system.

The Effect of Polyculture Cultivation of Chili (Cap-sicum frutescens L) on Pest and Diseases Occur-rence

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of polyc-ulture cultivation of Chili (Capsicum frutescens) on pest and diseases incidence and crop yield. It showed that the planting system of chili + lettuce + cauliflower + to-mato had no significant effect on incidence of pests and diseases. Polyculture between chili-lettuce-cauliflower-tomato reduced the marketable yield of chili more than 22.95%. Among the test treatments, the highest suppression of thrips and mite plant damage were observed at farmers practice followed by EM-FPE at 10 ml/l and IPM treatments. Applications of EM-FPE and Spinetoram in IPM system reduced used of synthetic insecticide 57.4%.

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pated in the program. Additionally, participating farm-ers were trained and oriented about the new technique of producing healthy nursery seedling using plastic trays and coco-peat (see figure 1).

Figure 1. Farmers learning to raise nursery using plastic tray with Coco-Peat in Surkhet

IPM training to U.S. Peace Corps volunteers at Chir-tungdhara, Palpa

The training was held on 23rd February, 2014, at Chirtungdhara VDC, Palpa. Altogether, 24 Peace Corps volunteer and 13 staff members from National Market-ing Development Project (NMDP) participated in the training. Sulav Paudel, IPM Program Coordinator, iDE Nepal gave a detailed presentation on the IPM ap-proaches and the tools, and Shiva Shankar Bhattarai led the hands-on session on how to prepare local biopes-ticides called as ‘Jhol Mol’.

Exposure visit to India

In May, a nine-member team consisting of representa-tives from the private sector, KISAN, IPM IL, DOA and NARC visited Bangalore and Coimbatore to observe commercial nurseries and bio-control production in BCRL and TNAU.

Associate AwardsNepal

In Nepal, most of the year’s activities focused on the expansion of IPM packages and components developed/verified and improving the supply chain of bio-products through private companies.

One of the project objectives is to test and validate dif-ferent vegetable IPM packages in Banke and Surkhet district developed under the IPM IL (core) program. Eight sites in Banke and six site in Surkhet were select-ed for this activity. Banke sites include B-Gaun (VDC Bageshwori), Gaurinagar & Guraspur (VDC Sitapur), Udharapur (VDC Udharapur), and Gabhar (VDC Nau-basta). The sites in Surkhet district were Sanoharre of Chhinchu VDC, Goramare of Dasarthpur VDC, Satmule of Mehalkuna VDC, Baghkhor and Nadekot of Sahare VDC and Bayalkanda of Gaadhi VDC.

Bittergourd experiments were conducted in farmer's field at four sites of Surkhet district: Sanoharre of Chhinchu VDC, Satmule of Mehalkuna VDC, Goramare of Dasarathpur and Baghkhor of Sahare. Cucumber ex-periments were conducted in the farmer's field at differ-ent research sites of Surkhet district. The revalidation trial of cucumber was conducted on 24 farmers’ fields at four different sites: Sanoharre, Goramare, Satmule and Baghkhor. Eggplant experiments were conducted in farmers' field at Sitapur, B-gaun, Udharapur, and Naubasta (District: Banke).

DISSEMINATION OF IPM PACKAGES/TECHNOLOGIESTo orient farmers about the IPM packages and compo-nents on major vegetables (eggplant, tomato, cabbage/cauliflower, bittergourd), 24 interactive programs were conducted in Banke and Surkhet. Farmers were ori-ented about several cultivation practices that focus on the IPM components such as use of resistant varieties of vegetables, seed treatment by using Trichoderma and Pseudomonas, soil solarization, use of nylon nets to raise the healthy seedlings in nursery, clean cultivation, identification of harmful and beneficial insect-pests, use of traps and pheromone traps, regular observation of field, etc. Altogether 625 farmers (M/F: 249:406) partici-

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The team observed a range of commercial nurseries using plastic trays and coco-peat, and they agreed that this technology has great potential in Nepal if adopted well. The team also noted that erecting nylon nets all around the nursery results in healthy seedlings because the small plants are protected from vector-borne viral diseases. A yield increase of 15-25% was well document-ed. The group also observed the growing popularity of several bio-control agents, especially Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.

Workshop/training on Virus diseases of Vegetable crops at Nepalgunj

The IPM IL organized a workshop on the virus dis-eases of vegetable crops from April 12-13, 2014 at Hotel Maruti Nandan, Nepalgunj to review the current status of viral diseases in vegetables, and challenges and man-agement issues in Nepal. A field trip was also organized for all the participants to observe the diagnostic symp-toms of viruses and discuss general management prac-tices. Meanwhile, participants were also given a general overview of IPM components and packages developed by IPM IL. Altogether 26 participants, including KISAN staffs, NARC scientist, DOA officers, farmers, agro-vets and seed company peoples were present during the workshop/training.

Workshop on the Seed borne Virus diseases of Veg-etable crops in Kathmandu

The IPM IL successfully organized a workshop on the seed borne virus diseases of vegetable crops from April 7-9, 2014, at Himalaya Hotel, Lalitpur, Nepal to review the current status of seed-borne and other plant virus diseases and their management in Nepal.

International workshop on “Production and use of bio-control agent-Trichoderma”

The IPM IL international workshop on ‘Production and use of bio-control agent-Trichoderma’ was held at the Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd, Bharatpur, Nepal from June 9-11, 2-14. The workshop was attended by 28 scientists/experts from six different countries: Nepal, India, Ban-gladesh, Cambodia, Honduras, and Indonesia.

International workshop on “Production and use of Fun-gal Biopesticides”

The IPM IL workshop on “International workshop on fungal bio-pesticides” was held at the Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd, Bharatpur, Nepal from July 28-30, 2014. The workshop was attended by 28 scientists/experts from eight different countries: Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kenya, Tanzania, USA and Guatemala.

IPM Technology Display and Promotion through Organic Fair

Several IPM and other non-chemical approaches were

demonstrated through a stall co-managed by IPM IL, KISAN and Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd in the 7th National Organic Agriculture Fair, which was held at Kohalpur agricultural product marketing center, Banke from January 19-22, 2014. Around 900 visitors, including 750 farmers and 150 other stakeholders, visited the IPM stall, which was awarded second prize on ‘technology promoter’ section.

COLLABORATION WITH THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORCollaboration with the private sector to create a strong supply chain of bio-products

In an effort to build a strong value chain programs, the IPM IL/iDE has been working on to develop a supply chain network of bio-products like Trichoderma and Psuedomonas in several districts linking agrovets with several private sectors such as Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd and Bio-technovative Pvt Ltd., which are the only com-panies currently producing bioagents. Also, the IPM IL is closely working with NAFSEED, an agro-input sup-plier, which sells seeds, coco-peat, plastic trays, etc.

Collaboration with ‘KISAN’ project

USAID’s KISAN (Knowledge-based Integrated Sustain-able Agriculture and Nutrition) project is an important part of the IPM IL technology scaling program. KISAN has been working in 20 different districts working with several thousand farmers. Farmers are using IPM components such as soil solarization on nursery fields, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas in seed treatment, drenching the nursery in Trichoderma in weekly inter-vals, use of bio-pesticides, regular inspection of the field, rouging of virus infected plants, use of coco-peat and plastic trays, grafting seedlings, use of nylon nets, etc. Through different trainings and workshops, 34 KISAN staff members have already been trained. Similarly, in the first year alone, 3,450 farmers (KISAN project) have adopted IPM components such as lure, Trichoderma, rouging, plastic trays, coco-peat, cultural methods etc. The number is expected to go up to 19,200 in the next year. Additionally, the IPM IL has facilitated a collabo-ration of KISAN and Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd to extend the supply chain network of bio-products in various KISAN’s project districts.

Co-ordination with Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC):

The IPM IL has been working with NARC to enhance the quality of research. The IPM IL has a formal agree-ment with ARS, Malepatan, and several IPM packages and components (grafting technology, cucumber, and tomato IPM packages) have already been tested and verified.

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Collaboration with Himalayan College of Agriculture Sciences and Technology

The Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences & Tech-nology (HICAST) is one of the first private colleges of agriculture and veterinary sciences in the country. As a part of their thesis research, two undergrad students (Rubee Pandey and Rajendra Acharya) were in the field conducting trails and doing surveys in Banke and Sur-khet districts.

Collaboration with other iDE projects to promote IPM technologies

The IPM IL has been regularly training staff and farm-ers from other iDE value chain projects to promote the use of integrated pest management approaches. Some current projects that the IPM IL is closely working with are: ANEP (funded by European Union), MAWTW (funded by USAID), Initiative for Climate Change Adap-tation (ICCA), and IPAC (funded by European Union):

ADMINISTRATOR RAJIV SHAH’S VISIT TO THE IPM IL SITE AT LELEOn February 25, 2014, the USAID administrator Dr. Rajiv Shah visited one of the IPM IL sites at Lele. Dur-ing this visit, Dr. Shah interacted with farmers who have experienced success from the application of the IPM practices learned through USAID/Nepal’s Feed the Future program. Dr. Shah also engaged in a discussion with agribusiness representatives, which focused on how to promote greater innovation and entrepreneur-ship and create a greater role for the private sector, while at the same time generating benefits for small-scale commercial production by Nepal’s farmers.

VIRUS DISEASE SURVEY IN VEGETABLE POCKET AREA OF BANKE AND SURKHET Field surveys were conducted on the virus diseases of vegetables crops in Banke and Surkhet during June, 2014. The team of pathologists, IPM experts and sci-entist from NARC, Virginia Tech, Washington State University and MOAC were part of the visit. Table 1. Viruses identified from several vegetable crops

Site Crop Virus Detected Cucurbitaceous crops:Surkhet Pumpkin Zucchini yellow mo-

saic virus Surkhet Squash Zucchini yellow mo-

saic virus Nepalgunj Bottle Gourd Zucchini yellow mo-

saic Virus Nepalgunj Pumpkin Zucchini yellow mo-

saic virus Solanaceous Crops Surkhet Chili Pepper Chilli venial mottle

virus Surkhet Tomato Tomato leaf curl New

Delhi virus Leguminous Crops Surkhet Cowpea Bean common mosaic

virus Lalitpur Beans Bean yellow mosaic

virus

IPM GENDER SURVEY IN BANKE AND SURKHET DISTRICT: To analyze the current situation and problems of women in agricultural activities and to understand the role and responsibilities of male and female farmers in the adop-tion of IPM technologies, a gender survey was conducted from January 18-24, 2014. Dr. Revathi Balakrishnan, Gender Specialist from Virginia Tech, undertook a comprehensive gender assessment survey in the project sites in of Banke (Terai) and Surkhet (mid-hills) region.

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Buy-in AwardExpansion of Implementation of Vegetable IPM Packages in the FtF Division of Bangladesh

In the buy-in project, three FtF regions – Barisal, Farid-pur and Jessore – have been selected for disseminat-ing IPM technology among the farmers. In the Barisal region, Barisal Sadar, Babugonj, Ujirpur, Jhalokathi sadar and Dumki upazilas were covered for dissemi-nation of IPM technologies. Similarly from Faridpur, Faridpur sadar and Bowalmari upazilas, and in Jessore region, Jessore Sadar, Bagharpara, Jhikargacha, Chow-gacha upazilas were included for dissemination. Activi-ties include dissemination of IPM packages developed for bitter gourd, cucumber, eggplant, field bean, tomato, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, okra, pointed gourd, and pumpkin; biological control of papaya mealybug; human and institutional capacity building; survey of virus diseases; and support of the private sector for the supply of IPM products, and impact assessment. Some of the technologies introduced include raising seedlings in seedling trays; treating seeds with Trichoderma sp.; grafting on resistant rootstock to overcome bacterial wilt in tomato and eggplant; application of organic soil amendments with Tricho-compost, poultry refuse, and neem cake; setting up pheromone and yellow sticky traps for monitoring; clipping and destroying shoots in-fested by fruit and shoot borer; and the release of para-sitoids, like Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to control caterpillar pests. IPM technolo-gies were disseminated in 74 villages of eleven Upazilas under five districts through establishing demonstration plots in 855 farmers' fields covering 117.52 hectares of land. In these demonstration fields, 3416 pheromone traps and 609 yellow sticky traps were set. IPM technol-ogies were introduced to 2,900 famers (male-2037, and female-863) through farmers' training and field days.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PAPAYA MEALY BUGThe papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus was accidentally introduced to Bangladesh around 2009. In addition to attacking papaya, it attacks over 70 differ-ent crops including vegetable crops such as eggplant. Previous surveys of papaya mealybug in different

districts of Bangladesh revealed the seriousness of this pest throughout the country. A survey on the papaya mealybug and its locally recruited natural enemies was conducted February 8, 2014 in Jessore. Samples of the papaya mealybug were examined under a stereo-micro-scope in the laboratory of RARS, BARI station, Jessore and found some parasitoid mummies in the papaya mealybug infestations. The parasitoid was confirmed as Acerophagus papayae (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) by a Taxonomist at USDA ARS laboratories, Beltsville, Maryland. There was also a hyperparasitoid, Charto-cerus sp, (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) in the collec-tion.

SURVEY OF VIRAL DISEASES IN FTF DIVISIONSDr. Amer Fayad and Dr. Rayapati Naidu conducted a survey of virus diseases of vegetable crops and found the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in egg-plants. In addition, the results indicated the presence of geminivirus sequences highly similar to Tomato leaf curl virus in tomato, and chili peppers, Pumpkin yellow vein mosaic virus in bitter gourd and pumpkins, Zucchi-ni yellow mosaic virus in snake gourd, Papaya ringspot virus in ash gourd and bottle gourd, and Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in yardlong beans and mung-beans. Further analysis of sequences is being pursued to determine the precise identify of these viruses and establish their phylogenetic relationships with bego-moviruses infecting solanaceous crops. The researchers also observed tomato fruits in farmers’ markets showing various types of rings and chlorotic blotches, indicative of the presence of tospovirus, more likely Peanut bud necrosis virus. These results indicated the presence of viruses spread via seed and by insect vectors such as aphids, thrips, and whiteflies, and provided a founda-tion for conducting further research for vegetable im-provement against virus diseases in Bangladesh.

As a part of institutional capacity building, three scientists from BARI and one officer from a local NGO (GKSS) were sent to India and Nepal to participate in the International workshop. A Bangladeshi and a U.S.

68

graduate student worked with project officers to gather the appropriate data to assess the impacts of the IPM packages. Farmers were very happy to see the results of IPM technologies and they showed a keen interest in adopting IPM technologies in their own fields. Some farmers reported that 50 to 80% infestations have been reduced due to IPM technologies. It may be expected that farmers of FtF region will be able to increase the production of vegetable following IPM technologies, and as a result, their income and livelihoods will improve.

SUPPORTING THE PRIVATE SECTOR Several bio-pesticides tested under IPM IL research programs are being adopted by NGOs and private companies in Bangladesh. Among the NGOs, Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), Grameen Krishok Sohayak Sangstha (GKSS), Action Aid Bangladesh, Practical Action-Bangladesh, and CARE-Bangladesh are promi-nent. Private companies including Ishpahani Ltd., Safe Agriculture Bangladesh Limited (SABL) are marketing biopesticide products related to pest management in Bangladesh. GKSS is producing Tricho-compost, while Ishpahani is producing Trichogramma sp., Bracon hebe-tor, coccinellids and chrysopids. These are supplied to the farmers according to demand. Ishpahani is also dis-tributes Cuelure and other pheromone lures. An Ameri-can firm, Farmatech supplies Cuelure to Ishpahani.

USE OF MASS MEDIAElectronic and print media covered the field days, and they broadcasted the news of field days on TV chan-nels such as BTV, Channel I, nTV, Desh TV, Baishakhi TV, etc. Many reporters attended the field days, and news of the activities was published in the Bangladesh Protidin, The Daily Jessore, The Projonmer Bhabna, and The Daily Satta Katha, Ajker Barisal etc. Farmers were very happy to see the results of IPM technolo-gies, especially the performance of the sex pheromone traps, yellow sticky traps, and grafting technology. They proposed to continue these activities in the future. They also expressed an interest in making IPM tools avail-able in the local markets.

69

PROJECTlong-term | short-term TRAINING

70

Long-Term TrainingLONG-TERM TRAINING at a

glance

In annual report year 2013-14, we trained•72 students

•55 graduate students (29 men, 26 women)

•17 PhD students (9 men, 8 women)

•38 MS students (20 men, 18 women)

•17 BS students (9 men, 8 women)

at 6 U.S. and 12 host-country universities

The IPM IL provides long-term training to build the capacity of host country sci-

entists who will have major responsibilities for crop protection in their home countries. Training is also made available to young U.S. scientists who plan for careers in international crop protection and development work. While addressing a global knowledge base in U.S. universities, the training addresses specific host country IPM questions, opportunities, and constraints. These programs are designed to meet the needs of host country scientists by integrating with IPM IL resesarch carried out by the researchers based at U.S. universities.

71

STUDENT NUMBERS BY DEGREE/ LEVEL AND COUNTRYCountry Doctorate Masters Bachelors Total

Men Women Men Women Men Women

Bangladesh 2 1 3

Ecuador 1 2 1 1 2 7

Ghana 1 1

Guatemala 1 1

Honduras 1 1

India 2 3 1 6

Indonesia 2 2

Kenya 1 1 3 1 6

Nepal 1 1

Peru 1 1

Tajikistan 1 1

Tanzania 3 2 2 2 9

Uganda 11 2 5 6 24

USA 2 2 5 9

TOTAL 9 8 20 18 9 8 72

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Short-Term TrainingThe IPM IL provides short-term training to build the capacity of host country institutions, scientists,

students, extension agents, and others directly involved with crop protection. Specialized symposia, training events, and technical workshops are conducted in the U.S. or in program host countries and are designed to build the capacity of host country scientists and graduate students. The program also trains growers on proper identification of plant diseases and pests and sound management practices through seminars, workshops, field days, field demonstrations, and Farmer Field Schools (FFS). IPM components and packages are also disseminated to growers using this approach. These activities are facilitated by U.S. and host country scientists, technicians, graduate students, and communication specialists.

EAST AFRICA-REGIONAL PROJECTEA Men Women Total

502 249 751

CENTRAL ASIA-REGIONAL PROJECTCA Men Women Total

170 75 245

SOUTH ASIA-REGIONAL PROJECTSA Men Women Total

5934 4969 10903

IMPACT ASSESSMENT - GLOBAL THEMEIA Men Women Total

10 15 25

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARRIBBEAN-REGIONAL PROJECTLAC Men Women Total

481 205 686

SOUTHEAST ASIA-REGIONAL PROJECTSEA Men Women Total

58 166 224

INTERNATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK - IPDN GLOBAL THEMEIPDN Men Women Total

318 146 464

INTERNATIONAL PLANT VIRUS DISEASE NETWORK - IPVDN GLOBAL THEMEIPVDN Men Women Total

419 46 465

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Publications

SIGNIFICANT ARTICLESPUBLISHED IN REFEREED PUBLICATIONSAdikini, S., F. Beed, G. Tusiime, L. Tripathi, S. Kyamanywa, M.L. Lewis Ivey, and S.A. Miller. 2013. Spread of Xan-thomonas campestris pv. musacearum in banana plants: implications for management of banana Xanthomonas wilt disease. Can. J. Plant Pathology 35:458-468.

Amata, R., Otipa, M., Waiganjo, M., Wasilwa, L., Erbaugh, M. and Miller, M. (2013). Management of Dieback Dis-ease of passion fruits. Acta Horticulture. ISHS. 1007 Volume 1. 363-368.

Ayele, S., L. Nigatu, T Tamado, S Adkins. 2013. Impact of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorous L) on the above-ground and soil seed bank communities of rangelands in southeast Ethiopia. Int. Res. J. Agric. Sci. and Soil Sci. 3:262-274.

Damayanti, T. A., O.J. Alabi, S.H. Hidayat, J.M. Crosslin, and N.A. Rayapati. 2014. First report of Potato virus Y in Potato in West Java, Indonesia. Plant Disease 98(2):287.

Kirinya, J., D.B. Taylor, S. Kyamanywa, J. Karungi, J., J.M. Erbaugh and J. Bonabana-Wabbi, 2013. Adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) technologies in Uganda: Review of economic studies. International Journal of Advanced Research; 1(6):401-420.

Lamptey, J.N.L., M.K.Osei, M.B. Mochiah, K. Osei, J.N.Berchie, G.Bolfrey-Arku, and R.L. Gilbertson. 2013. Sero-logical detection of Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus infecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using a lateral flow immunoassay technique. Journal of Agricultural Studies. 1(2): 102-113.

Martínez, R.T., S. Poojari, S.A. Tolin, S. Cayetano, and N.A. Rayapati. 2014. First report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in peppers and tomato in Dominican Republic. Plant Disease 98(1):163.

Mersie, W. and R. Muniappan. 2014. Status of Parthenium hysterophorus Biological Control in Ethiopia. Biocontrol News and Information 35: 34N.

Mtui, H.D, M.A. Bennett, A.P. Maerere, and K.P. Sibuga. 2014. Effect of mulch and different fungicide spray re-gimes on yield and yield components of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Tanzania. Asian Journal of Plant Sci-ence and Research, 4 (3):9-13

Myrick, S., G.W. Norton, K.N. Selvaraj, K. Natarajan, and R. Muniappan. 2014. Economic impact of classical biologi-cal control of papaya mealybug in India, Journal of Crop Protection, 56: 82-86.

Mohammed F.P., N. Krishnan, P. R. Thangamani, K. Gandhi, R. Thiruvengadam and P. Kuppusamy. 2013. Devel-

IPM IL program leaders, researchers, extension workers, and students share their work with a larger audience through publications and presentations. Books, book chapters, and journal articles reach specialists in myriad dis-

ciplines, from agricultural economics to gender studies. Symposium, conference, and poster presentations are given to a variety of audiences, including research scientists, government administrators, and undergraduate students. IPM IL personnel produce pamphlets, fact sheets, training materials, and bulletins designed to reach development practitioners, extension agents and farmers. The program also shares its work with a wider audience via press re-leases, success stories, and general articles.

75

opment and evaluation of water-in-oil formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (FP7) against Colletotrichum musae incitant of anthracnose disease in banana. Eur J Plant Pathol.

Muniappan, R. 2014. Biological Control of Papaya Mealybug in Asia. Biocontrol News and Information 35: 4N-5N.

Nagendran, K., G., Karthikeyan, P. Mohammed Faisal, P. Kalaiselvi, M. Raveendran, K. Prabakar and T. Ragu-chander. 2013. Exploiting endophytic bacteria for the management of sheath blight disease in rice. Biological Agri-culture and Horticulture, 30(1): 8-23

N’Guessan, P. W., G.W. Watson, J. K. Brown and F. K. N’guessan. 2014. First record of Pseudococcus Jackbeardsleyi (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Africa, Côte D’ivoire. Florida Entomologist 97(4): 1690-1693.

Prabhukarthikeyan,S.R., G. Karthikeyan, T. Raguchander and S. Jeyarani. 2013. Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Madras Agric. J., 100: 113-118.

Quito-Avila, D. F., Peralta, E. L., Martin, R. R., Ibarra, M. A., Alvarez, R. A., Mendoza, A., Insuasti, M., and Ochoa, J. 2014. Detection and occurrence of Melon yellow spot virus in Ecuador: an emerging threat to cucurbit production in the region. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 140:193-197.

Rajamanickam, S. and G. Karthikeyan. 2014. Comparative analysis of RT-PCR and IC-RT-PCR for detection of Tobacco streak virus and its characterization in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Trends in Biosciences, 7 (15): 1988-1993

Sampathkumar, S., C. Durairaj. N. Ganapthy and S. Mohankumar. 2014. Field efficacy of newer insecticides against legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata in Greengram. Indian J. Plant Prot., 42 (1):1-5.

Subedi, N., R. L. Gilbertson, M.K. Osei, E. Cornelius, and S.A. Miller. 2014. First report of Ralstonia solanacearum in Ghana, West Africa. Plant Disease 98:840.

Watson, G. W., R. Muniappan, B. M. Shepard, D. T. Sembel, A. Rauf, G. R. Carner and E. P. Benson. 2014. Sap-sucking insect records (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha and Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Indonesia. Florida Entomol-ogist 97(4): 1594-1597.

BOOK CHAPTERSMohankumar, S., N. and B. R. Samiyappan. 2013. Biotechnological and molecular approaches in the management of non-insect pests of crop plants. pp. 337-369. In D. P. Abrol (eds.), Integrated pest management: Current concepts and ecological perspective. Academic Press, USA.

Mohankumar, S. and T. Ramasubramanian. 2013. Role of genetically modified insect-resistant crops in IPM: Agri-cultural, ecological and evolutionary implications. pp. 371-399. In D. P. Abrol (eds.), Integrated pest management: Current concepts and ecological perspective. Academic Press, USA.

UNDER REVIEW/IN PRESS (REFEREED PUBLICATIONS)Bagewadi, B., S. Hussain, A. Fayad, and R.A. Naidu. 2014. First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus from Eggplant (Solanum melongena) in Bangladesh. Plant Disease (In press).

Nagendran, K., G.C. Balaji, S. Mohankumar, S.K. Manoranjitham, R.A Naidu, and G. Karthikeyan. 2014. First re-port of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina L.) in India. Plant Disease (in press).

Nagendran, K., R. Aravintharaj, S. Mohankumar, S.K. Manoranjitham, R.A. Naidu and G. Karthikeyan. 2014. First report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina L.) in India. Plant Disease (in press).

Wabuyele, E., J. Bisikwa, K. Clark, G. Kyenune, L. Wayne , L Agnes, A. McConnachie and Wi Mersie. 2014. The Status of the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorous L. in East Africa. J. East Africa Natural History (in press).

MASS MEDIA

Brunais, Andrea. Halting crop destruction in India saves up to $309 million. Virginia Tech Press release re economic benefits of IPM (Jan. 2014). http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2014/01/012214-outreach-oiredindiasaveddollars.html

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Elswick, Jill. International advocate pulls women into the equation Virginia Tech Spotlight feature on the work of Maria Elisa Christie. http://www.vt.edu/spotlight/impact/2014-02-03-christie/gender.html

Izlar, Kelly. Speckled beetle key to saving crops in Ethiopia Virginia Tech Press release on Parthenium (Aug. 2014). http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2014/08/082214-outreach-oiredspeckledbeetle.html

Izlar, Kelly. Buried Treasure: Virginia Tech Programs Collaborate to Improve Potato Production in Ecuador. Feed the Future/Agrilinks. (Aug 2014). http://agrilinks.org/blog/buried-treasure-virginia-tech-programs-collaborate-im-prove-potato-production-ecuador

Izlar, Kelly. Working the bugs out for farmers worldwide. Outbursts Magazine, Virginia Tech. http://www.outreach.vt.edu/outbursts/archives/Outbursts_Muni_May2014.pdf

Parks, Mary. An up-close look at climate change. Roanoke Times op-ed piece (March, 2014). http://www.roanoke.com/opinion/commentary/parks-an-up-close-look-at-climate-change/article_d830fa8e-b6bd-11e3-8cc1-001a4bcf6878.html

Pierce, Keith. The tiny fungi playing a giant role. Outbursts Magazine, Virginia Tech. http://www.outreach.vt.edu/outbursts/archives/Outbursts_Nepal_July_2014.pdf

Rich, Miriam. University-led workshop in Ethiopia combats tomato leaf miner. Virginia Tech Press release re Tuta absoluta workshop (Nov. 2013) http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2013/11/112013-outreach-oiredtutaethiopia.html

Rich, Miriam. Drought-tolerant, disease-resistant fruit helps farmers and forests in Ecuador. Feed the Future news-letter (Nov. 2013. http://www.feedthefuture.gov/article/drought-tolerant-disease-resistant-fruit-helps-farmers-and-forests-ecuador

Rich, Miriam. IPM Innovation Lab promotes workshops to address invasive pests in Africa and Asia. Invasive pests workshop piece for Feed the Future newsletter (Dec. 2013).

Rich, Miriam. Strike-force tuta: getting ahead of an invasive pest by partnering with the private sector. Partnering with private sector piece for the Feed the Future newsletter (Jan. 2014)

Rich, Miriam. Seeding success in India turns coconut dust into gold. Virginia Tech Press release on coconut dust in India (April 2014). http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2014/04/041014-outreach-oiredseedlingsinindia.html

Rich, Miriam. University-led workshop in Senegal combats invasive species in the tropics. Virginia Tech Press release on invasive species workshop in Senegal (May 2014). http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2014/05/050614-out-reach-oiredinvasiveworkshop.html

Rich, Miriam. The deeper meaning in a photograph. The Roanoke Times Op ed on the work of the IPM Innova-tion Lab (May 2014). http://www.roanoke.com/opinion/commentary/rich-the-deeper-meaning-in-a-photograph/article_701cc4e2-dd2c-11e3-91da-0017a43b2370.html

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Appendix A

AOR ..................................................................................................................................................................Agreement Officers Representative

AMF ..........................................................................................................................................................................Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi

APEP..............................................................................................................................................Agricultural Production Enhancement Project

APLU ..................................................................................................................................... Association of Public and Land Grant Universities

ARC-PPRI ................................................................................................. Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute

AVRDC ......................................................................................................................................................................The World Vegetable Center (formerly the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center)

BARI ................................................................................................................................................. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

BCRL ..................................................................................................................................................................Biological Control Research Labs

BFS ....................................................................................................................................................................................Bureau of Food Security

CABI ..........................................................................................................................................Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International

CEDEH ...................................................................................................................... Experimental and Demonstration Center for Horticulture

CGIAR .................................................................................................................... Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CIAT ...............................................................................................................................................International Center for Tropical Agriculture

CIP ......................................................................................................................International Potato Center (Centro Internacional de la Papa)

CMV .................................................................................................................................................................................... Cucumber mosaic virus

CRI ....................................................................................................................................................................................Crops Research Institute

CSB ..............................................................................................................................................................................................Coffee Twig Borer

CSB ......................................................................................................................................................................................Community Seed Bank

CSIR ............................................................................................................................................... Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

CSNV ..........................................................................................................................................................Chrysanthemum Stem Necrosis Virus

DA ..................................................................................................................................................................................Department of Agriculture

DPV ......................................................................................................................................................... Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux

EA ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... East Africa

EEP ................................................................................................................................................................................External Evaluation Panel

EIAR ...............................................................................................................................................Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research

ELISA ......................................................................................................................................................Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays

FFS .......................................................................................................................................................................................Farmers Field Schools

FGD.................................................................................................................................................................................... Focus Group Discussion

FHIA ..........................................................................................................................................Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research

FIELD ......................................................................................................................Farmers Initiatives for Ecological Literacy and Democracy

GIS .....................................................................................................................................................................Geographical Information System

GPS ................................................................................................................................................................................ Global Positioning System

IARC ..................................................................................................................................................International Agricultural Research Center

List of acronyms

78

ICARDA .......................................................................................................... International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

ICIPE ..............................................................................................................................International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology

ICTA ................................................................ Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas)

IDE ...............................................................................................iDE (the acronym is the official name of the organization formerly known as International Development Enterprises)

IER ............................................................................................................................................................................... Institut D’Economie Rurale

IL .......................................................................................................................................................................................................Innovation Lab

IFPRI ...............................................................................................................................................International Food Policy Research Institute

IITA ............................................................................................................................................... International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

INIAP ................................................................................................................ Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias

IPB .............................................................................................................................. Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University)

IPDN ...................................................................................................International Plant Diagnostic Network (an IPM CRSP global program)

IPM IL ...........................................................................................................................................Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab

IRRI .............................................................................................................................................................International Rice Research Institute

ISRA .............................................................................................................................. Senegalese Institute for National Agricultural Research (Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricole)

KARI ..........................................................................................................................................................Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

LAC ...........................................................................................................................................................................Latin America and Caribbean

ME .............................................................................................................................................................................................Management Entity

MOA ............................................................................................................................................................................ Memorandum of Agreement

MSU ...............................................................................................................................................................................Michigan State University

NARO ..............................................................................................................................................National Agricultural Research Organization

NIFA ..................................................................................................................................................National Institute for Food and Agriculture

NGO .................................................................................................................................................................... Non-Governmental Organization

OSU........................................................................................................................................................................................Ohio State University

PBNV .............................................................................................................................................................................. Peanut bud necrosis virus

PCR .............................................................................................................................................................................. Polymerase Chain Reaction

PepGMV .......................................................................................................................................................................Pepper golden mosaic virus

PhilRice ........................................................................................................................................................... Philippine Rice Resesarch Institute

PHYVV ...............................................................................................................................................................Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus

PI ............................................................................................................................................................................................Principal Investigator

PLRV........................................................................................................................................................................................ Potato leaf roll virus

PSU .........................................................................................................................................................................Pennsylvania State University

PVA .....................................................................................................................................................................................................Potato virus A

PVM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................Potato virus M

PVS .....................................................................................................................................................................................................Potato virus S

PVX .....................................................................................................................................................................................................Potato virus X

PVY .....................................................................................................................................................................................................Potato virus Y

RC ...........................................................................................................................................................................................Regional Coordinator

RCBD .............................................................................................................................................................Randomized Complete Block Design

SANREM ...............................................................................................................Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management

SeNPV.............................................................................................................................................Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus

SUA .................................................................................................................................................................... Sokoine University of Agriculture

TACRI ............................................................................................................................................................. Tanzania Coffee Research Institute

TC............................................................................................................................................................................................Technical Committee

TERI ..................................................................................................................................................................... The Energy Resources Institute

79

TMV ........................................................................................................................................................................................Tobacco mosaic virus

TNAU .............................................................................................................................................................Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

ToGMoV ........................................................................................................................................................................Tomato golden mottle virus

ToLCSinV ................................................................................................................................................................Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus

ToMHV ..................................................................................................................................................................... Tomato mosaic Havana virus

ToMiMoV .........................................................................................................................................................................Tomato mild mottle virus

ToSLCV ......................................................................................................................................................................Tomato severe leaf curl virus

ToYMoV ........................................................................................................................................................................ Tomato yellow mottle virus

TSWV ...............................................................................................................................................................................Tomato spotted wilt virus

TYLCMV ........................................................................................................................................................... Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus

TYLCV .......................................................................................................................................................................Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

UC-D ....................................................................................................................................................................... University of California, Davis

UPLB ...................................................................................................................................................University of the Philippines at Los Banos

USAID ...............................................................................................................................................U.S. Agency for International Development

USDA .....................................................................................................................................................United States Department of Agriculture

USDA/FAS ............................................................................................................U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service

USDA-APHIS .............................................................................U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

USDA-ARS ........................................................................................................ U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service

USDA-NIFA ..................................................................................U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture

VSU ..................................................................................................................................................................................Virginia State University

VT........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Virginia Tech

WSU ...........................................................................................................................................................................Washington State University

80

List of collaborating institutions

U.S.-based universities, government organizations, and NGOsAssociation of Public and Land Grant Universities

Clemson University

Kansas State University

Michigan State University

Montana State University

North Carolina State University

Ohio State University

Oregon State University

Pennsylvania State University

Purdue University

U.S. Agency for International Development

U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

University of California, Davis

University of Florida

University of Georgia

Virginia State University

Virginia Tech

Washington State University

Non-U.S.-based universities, government organizations, and NGOs Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute ....................................................................... South Africa

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute ................................................................................................................Bangladesh

Coffee Research Institute ..................................................................................................................................................... Uganda

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ...................................................................................................................... Ghana

Crops Research Institute ........................................................................................................................................................ Ghana

Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux .............................................................................................................................. Senegal

Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research ..................................................................................................................Ethiopia

Farmers Initiatives for Ecological Literacy and Democracy ........................................................................................... Indonesia

Haramaya University ..........................................................................................................................................................Ethiopia

Appendix B

81

Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research ............................................................................................................Honduras

Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University) .............................................................................................. Indonesia

Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas) .................................................................................................................Guatemala

Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias .................................................................................... Ecuador

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute ..................................................................................................................................Kenya

Makerere University ............................................................................................................................................................. Uganda

National Agricultural Research Organization .................................................................................................................... Uganda

Philippine Rice Resesarch Institute ............................................................................................................................... Philippines

Sam Ratulangi University ................................................................................................................................................. Indonesia

Senegalese Institute for National Agricultural Research (Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricole) ...................................................................................................................... Senegal

Sokoine University of Agriculture .....................................................................................................................................Tanzania

Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences .......................................................................................................................... Tajikistan

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University ....................................................................................................................................... India

Tanzania Coffee Research Institute ..................................................................................................................................Tanzania

The World Vegetable Center (formerly the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center) ..................................................................................... China

University del Valle de Guatemala .................................................................................................................................Guatemala

University of the Philippines at Los Banos ................................................................................................................... Philippines

Zamorano School of Tropical Agriculture .........................................................................................................................Honduras

Private sectorAgroexpertos ............................................................................................................................................................................................Guatemala

Biocontrol Research Labs ................................................................................................................................................................................ India

The Energy Resources Institute ...................................................................................................................................................................... India

International Development Enterprises (iDE) ....................................................................................................................... Nepal

International Agricultural Research Centers (IARC)International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology

International Center for Tropical Agriculture

International Food Policy Research Institute

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

International Potato Center (Centro Internacional de la Papa)

International Rice Research Institute

integrated pest management - ipmil.oired.vt.edu in nairobi, kenya, july 4, 2014. ... invasive weed...

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