Fast Automated Demand Responseto Enable the Integration of

Renewable ResourcesCaFFEET

October 26, 2011

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Demand Response Research Center

David Watson

Sponsored by California Energy Commission, US Dept of Energy

1

2

1. Background & Goals

2. Automated DR: Proven Results & Future Challenges

3. Grid Operator Programs

4. AutoDR Resource Estimates

5. Conclusions

Overview

3

Background

• California Renewable Portfolio Standards increasing to 33% by 2020

• Wind & Solar resources are variable and intermittent

• Grid requires over 4 GW of ancillary service to maintain grid stability

• Automated Demand Response pilots demonstrated ancillary services

Goal of Scoping Study – Develop preliminary estimate and feasibility of

capacity of AutoDR in California as a resource for renewables

integration.

Background & Goals

7/9/2008

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Wh

ole

Bu

ild

ing

Po

wer (

kW

)

CPP MA Baseline

4$/kWh

Price Signal

OpenADRData

Model InternetComms

PricingData Models

Physical Communications

Control Strategies

Client ServerClient

ServerAuto-DR

Building

Action

Building

Action

End-Use Controls

Signaling- continuous, 2-way, secure messaging system for dynamic prices, emergency and reliability signals. One-way applications are under development

Client-server architecture - uses open interfaces to allow interoperability with publish and subscribe systems

Current system - uses internet available at most large facilities or broadcasting points.

Hardware retrofit or embedded software - many clients fully implemented with existing XML software

Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR)

Efficiency and DR Continuum

OpenADR

Daily

Energy

Efficiency

Daily

Time-Of-

Use

Energy

(TOU Rates)

Dynamic

Peak Load

Management

(Dynamic

Rates)

Scheduled

Demand

Response

Real-Time

Demand

Response

(Ancillary

Reserves)

Regulation

(Ancillary

Services)

Service Levels

Optimized

Time of Use

Optimized

Service Levels

Temporarily Reduced

Increasing Levels of Granularity of Control

Increasing Speed of Telemetry

Increasing Interactions with Grid (OpenADR & Smart Grid)

Resources Sold Back to Grid

OpenADR

6

1. Traditional A/S methods:

• Thermal generation plants use fossil fuels, & high cost.

• Grid-scale storage is environmental friendly, but cost is high

(US$1500 - $4000 / kW)

2. Potential Advantages of AutoDR systems:

• Lower first cost (US$75 - $300 / kW) for current programs

• Lower operating costs

• Lower carbon footprint

• Leverages multi-purpose systems for energy efficiency

Traditional Ancillary Services & OpenADR

7

Fast

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Po

wer

[MW

]

Seattle Municipal Tower Mckinstry Target - T1284 3/10 BL OAT Reg BL

Test Period

Early & Cold

AutoDR Research & Commercialized Deployments have proven:

• Multi-year performance during Peak Periods (~100 MW existing capacity)

• Fast response: < 5 min. (Participating Load Pilot)

• Cold winter mornings: 7:00 AM – 10 AM (Pacific Northwest Pilots)

OpenADR: Proven Results

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Time of Day

De

ma

nd

(k

W)

Actual 5 min. Data Hourly Forecast with reduction Forecasted Data

8

1. Economic incentive structure unclear

2. Resource varies based on time, temperature

• Few data about off-peak DR

3. A/S requirements may increase cost of AutoDR

• Monitoring, verification, telemetry

• Dedicated network connections

4. Portfolio management

• Load shaping

• Geographic issues (Sub-LAP)

Challenges for AutoDR as Ancillary Services

AutoDR

for Existing

CAISO products

Service Response Time Duration

Reg Up

Start <1 min.

Reach bid <10

min

15 - 60

min

Reg

Down

Start <1 min.

Reach bid <10

min

15 - 60

min

Non-Spin < 10 min 30 min

Future Spin

~ Instant Start

Full Output <10

min

30 min

AutoDR

AutoDR

AutoDR

CAISO Programs and AutoDR

Examples of Needs for

AutoDR

- Shift Load to Night

- Daily Peak Management

- Ramp Smoothing

AutoDR Terminology & Link to Batteries

Shed Energy reduced during specified period (e.g., reduced lighting) - net energy reduction

Shift Energy moved to different time period- minimal change in consumption

Charge Energy use to store load (e.g., pre-cool or charge batteries)

Discharge Energy storage supplies local loads (thermal or electrical) or provides power to grid

11

1. Determine total electric load profiles for commercial and

industrial sectors & key end-uses

1. Determine % of loads that could be controlled using current

site infrastructure, and AutoDR technology

1. Determine % shed for each controllable load

Estimated Shed = (Load) x (%Controllable) x (%Shed)

Methodology for Resource Analysis

12

1. Statewide load data, field test results & engineering

judgment used to estimate potential

2. Multipliers selected based on existing or planned CAISO

products for renewables integration

1. Commercial building type and end-uses evaluated

2. Industrial load shapes evaluated based on case studies and

scoping studies

Duration Ramp time

2 hour 15 min.

20 min. 5 min.

Methodology Assumptions

End Use Type Modulate On/Off

Max.

Response

Time

HVAC

Chiller

SystemsSetpoint Adj. 15 min.

Package Unit Setpoint Adj.Disable

Compressors5 min.

Lighting

Dimmable Reduce Level 5 min.

On/Off Bi-Level Off 5 min.

Refrig/Frozen

WarehouseSetpoint Adj. 15 min.

Data Centers

Setpoint Adj.,

Reduce CPU

Processing

15 min.

Ag. Pumping

Turn Off

selected

pumps

5 min.

Wastewater

Turn Off

selected

pumps

5 min.

End Uses & Response

Shed Estimates: Highest & Lowest hours of the Year

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

HV

AC

Ligh

tin

g

Ref

rige

rati

on

Dat

a C

ente

rs

Ag

Pu

mp

ing

Was

tew

ater

Tota

l

De

ma

nd

Re

spo

nse

Ca

pa

city

(G

W)

3 a.m. - November 28th2 hour 20 minute

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2.5H

VA

C

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tin

g

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rige

rati

on

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a C

ente

rs

Ag

Pu

mp

ing

Was

tew

ater

Tota

l

De

man

d R

esp

on

se C

apac

ity

(GW

)

2 p.m. - September 23rd2 hour 20 minute

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

HV

AC

Ligh

tin

g

Ref

rige

rati

on

Dat

a C

ente

rs

Ag

Pu

mp

ing

Was

tew

ater

Tota

l

De

ma

nd

Re

spo

nse

Ca

pa

city

(G

W)

2 pm - September 23rd2 hour 20 minute

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

HV

AC

Ligh

tin

g

Ref

rige

rati

on

Dat

a C

ente

rs

Ag

Pu

mp

ing

Was

tew

ater

Tota

l

De

ma

nd

Re

spo

nse

Ca

pa

city

(G

W)

3 am - November 28th2 hour 20 minute

Highest hour (hot)

(existing controls)

Lowest hour (cold)

(existing controls)

Highest hour (hot)

(Increased Controls)Lowest hour (cold)

(Increased Controls)

0.8 GW

0.25 GW

0.4 GW

1.8 GW

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shed Estimates by End UseShed Estimate Highest Hour = 0.9 GW

Average 20 Minute & 2 Hour - Current Controls

HVAC

Lighting

Refrig WH

Data Ctrs

Ag Pumping

Wastewater

Shed Estimate Lowest Hour = 0.15 GW

Average 20 Minute & 2 Hour - Current Controls

HVACLighting

Refrig WH

Data CtrsAg Pumping

Wastewater

HVAC

Lighting

Refrig WH

Data Centers

Ag Pumping

Wastewater

Shed Estimate Highest Hour = 1.85 GWAverage 20 Minute & 2 Hour - Increased Controls

HVACLighting

Refrig WH

Data Centers

Ag Pumping

Wastewater

Shed Estimate Lowest Hour = 0.41 GWAverage 20 Minute & 2 Hour - Increased Controls

Hottest Hour Coldest Hour

Now

Future

0.8 GW 0.25 GW

1.8 GW 0.4 GW

16

• Preliminary estimate: AutoDR could provide 0.25 to 0.8 GW of

AutoDR ancillary services in the existing stock throughout CA

• Investments to improve controls that are currently

“unreachable” to AutoDR could double the shed potential to 0.4

to 1.8 GW

• Use of open interoperable standards (OpenADR) lowers initial

cost and assures persistence of DR resources

• Need to link advanced controls for efficiency and DR

Summary and Conclusions

17

• Additional end-use load evaluations, especially

ancillary services

• Closer analysis of economics

• Continue to explore load and DR predictions

• Additional off-peak data from field tests & surveys

• Geographic considerations

Future Research

18

Questions? Comments?

David S. Watson

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

watson@lbl.gov

Demand Response Research Center

http://drrc.lbl.gov/

OpenADR Alliance

http://www.openadr.org/

DR Control Strategies Evaluated in Previous Research

19Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory

HVAC Lighting Other

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ACWD Office, lab X X X X X X X

B of A Office, data center X X X X X

Chabot Museum X X

2530 Arnold Office X X

50 Douglas Office X X

MDF Detention facility X

Echelon Hi-tech office X X X X X X X X

Centerville Junior Highschool X X

Irvington Highschool X X

Gilead 300 Office X

Gilead 342 Office, Lab X X

Gilead 357 Office, Lab X X

IKEA EPaloAlto Furniture retail X

IKEA Emeryville Furniture retail X

IKEA WSacto Furniture retail

Oracle Rocklin Office X X

Safeway Stockton Supermarket X

Solectron Office, Manufacture X X

Svenhard's Bakery X

Sybase Hi-tech office X

Target Antioch Retail X X

Target Bakersfield Retail X X

Target Hayward Retail X X X X

Walmart Fresno Retail X X

Global Temperature Adjustment Amounts for Auto-DR sites

68.0

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81.0

82.0

Customer

Te

mp

era

ture

(F

)

Normal

Moderate

High

CPP

Ave. temp. increase (mod): 2.75 F

Ave. temp. increase (high): 1.88 F

DBP

Ave. temp. increase: 2.3 F

DBP CPP one-level GTACPP two-level GTA

Re

tail

Muse

um

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ice

1 Re

tail

1A

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ice

3

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vern

me

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1

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tail

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tail

3

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4

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/Off

ice

Av

era

ge

Av

era

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Av

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Simulation tools and strategy

guides have been developed

Shed Estimates: Summer & Winter 24 hr. Profiles

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

De

ma

nd

Re

spo

nse

Ca

pa

city

(G

W)

Demand Response CapacityIncreased Controls

Hot Summer Weekday

2 hour 20 min

0

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2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

De

man

d R

esp

on

se C

apac

ity

(GW

)

Demand Response CapacityIncreased Controls

Typical Winter Weekday

2 hour 20 min

0

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1

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1.8

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

De

ma

nd

Re

spo

nse

Ca

pa

city

(G

W)

Demand Response CapacityCurrent Controls

Hot Summer Weekday

2 hour 20 min

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

De

man

d R

esp

on

se C

apac

ity

(GW

)

Demand Response CapacityCurrent Controls

Typical Winter Weekday

2 hour 20 min

Summer (Increased Controls) Winter (Increased Controls)

Winter (Current Controls)Summer (Current Controls)

0.8 GW

1.8 GW

0.4 GW

0.25 GW