pd pump fundamentals

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PD Pump Fundamentals, Design and Applications

(Part One)

Written by:

Hydraulic Institute PD Pump Members

0

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Pumps & Systems, February 2009

Editor's Note: This is the first in a series of five articles based on the Hydraulic Institute's new Positive

Displacement (PD) Pumps: Fundamentals, Design and Applications e-Learning course. To read the next

article in the series, click here .

Positive displacement pumps are used in a myriad of applications across multiple

industries. Users have found them to be the solution to many specific pumpingchallenges; however, due to their size, simplicity and ruggedness, they often are not as

well understood as other pump types.Technologies within the extensive positive displacement family enable coverage of a broad range of

horsepower, fluid and pressure applications. These products, therefore, merit increased consideration in a

user's pump selection process. To assist pump users with a proper understanding of definitions,

applications, installation, operation, maintenance and testing procedures the Hydraulic Institute publishes

ten ANSI/HI Standards covering PD pumps including: Air Operated, Controlled Volume Metering,

Reciprocating and Rotary.
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Figure 1. Positive Displacement Pump Family Tree.

ANSI/HI standards perform a vital function in pump industry commerce and serve important roles in

minimizing misunderstandings in the marketplace. The Hydraulic Institute, however, has extended its

mission to include the development of a pump knowledge and education portfolio in response to member

and pump user needs. Among the first key elements are a re-launch of the Centrifugal Pump e-Learning

course and the development of a new Positive Displacement Pump course covering fundamentals, design

and applications. These, and future courses, will be hosted within HI's new educational

portal,http://www.pumplearning.org/.

Curriculum OverviewThe PD pump e-Learning course is a five module internet-delivered learning program designed to provide

users with broad and comprehensive knowledge of positive displacement pumping technologies. Material is

highly visual and interactive, designed to allow students to take full advantage of the latest internet

technology.

Content is arranged in independent modules with each one focusing on markets and applications, as well as

providing basic recommended technical terms and fundamentals for an understanding of positive

displacement pump hydraulics. The first two modules in the series are:

Why Positive Displacement Pumps

Positive Displacement Pump Hydraulics

Three other modules are each devoted to a specific positive displacement pump technology. To enhance

the users learning experience, these modules rely heavily on color photographs of pumps and pumping

installations.
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Rotary Pumps , including: Vane, Rotary Piston, Flexible Member, Lobe, Gear, Circumferential,

Piston, Progressing Cavity, Timed Screw, Untimed Screw

Reciprocating Pumps , including: Power, Direct Acting, Power Diaphragm, Air Operated Double

Diaphragm, Air Operated Piston

Metering Pumps , including: Torque Sources, Drive Mechanisms, Capacity Control, Liquid End

Reviews

Multiple 1500-hp Rotary Pump Heavy Crude Loading Station.

Modules are designed for either self-instruction, instructor lead courses by the twelve PD pump company

sponsors or as HI sponsored webinars. Each module, designed to stand alone or combined with others,

includes an examination and completion certificates suitable for submittal for PDH or CE credit. [af1]

Pump education courses typically highlight rotodynamic (centrifugal and vertical) pumps, and a good

knowledge of that technology is helpful in understanding positive displacement pumps. Many subjects are

common, but certain terms and concepts are unique because PD pumps involve an entirely different

technology.

Centrifugal vs. PD PumpsIn simple terms, a centrifugal pump impeller moves a stream of liquid from the pump suction to a dischargecone where velocity is gradually decreased and converted to pressure energy. A positive displacement

pump, however, moves a set volume of liquid. Pressure is obtained as liquid is forced through the pump

discharge into the system, thereby converting energy to pressure.

One example of this principle is demonstrated by reciprocating motion where the movement of a piston

forces liquid out of a closed cylinder, which has (inlet) suction and discharge valves to control flow. This

forms one of the major PD technologies, reciprocating pumps. In portions of their operating range,

reciprocating pumps are the single technology that can successfully provide the necessary pumping

solution.

Rotary pumps constitute the second major positive displacement category in which a pumping chamber and

a pumping element are actuated by the relative rotation of the drive shaft to the casing. This family is

distinguished by having no valves on the inlet or discharge. These types of pumps are available in a numberof different pumping principles, each with its own features and benefits that provide specific pumping

solutions.

The third major category is controlled volume metering pump (CVMP). These types of pumps are often

known as chemical injection feed pumps or dosing pumps. Essentially, these are reciprocating positive

displacement pumps configured to accurately dispense a set volume of liquid in a specified time period.

They may include one of several types of mechanisms for varying the effective displacement. These types of

pumps are used in applications requiring highly accurate, repeatable and adjustable rates of flow.

Pumping Solution ProductsTechnologies within PD pumps are often called "pumping solution products," as they perform that function

for applications across a broad range of process conditions. For example, rotary PD pumps can handle

highly viscous product (3,000,000 SSU) while reciprocating pumps handle water thin liquids. PD pumps

handle flow rates from less than 1-gpm to 15,000-gpm, and pressures from a few psi to 70,000-psi and

higher. PD pumps, at constant speed, are constant flow rate devices, but centrifugal pumps are variable flow

rate devices. Generally, PD pumps require some type of pressure protection, and certain designs will require

pulsation control. System design requirements are different from centrifugal pumps.

PD pumps may be found almost anywhere, but a generally accepted view is that 90+ percent go into

applications within these top six industrial market segments:

Oil and Gas

Water and Wastewater Treatment


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Chemical

Food, Beverage and Pharmaceutical

Power

General Industrial (Marine/Medical/OEM)

Many of these industries represent multiple markets. Oil and gas, for example, has distinctly different

applications for PD pumps across its segments: exploration, production, pipeline, processing and distribution

marketing.

The food and beverage market is another key positive displacement market with multiple segments such as

beverage, bakery, confectionary, dairy and

- See more at: http://www.pump-zone.com/topics/pumps/rotary-pumps/pd-pump-fundamentals-design-and-applications-part-one#sthash.ZpJtoKK8.dpuf

meat packaging.

Selection Consideration: Twelve Benefits of PD PumpsIn many markets, there are applications that clearly should be positive displacement and applications that

are clearly centrifugal. It is important for the user or specifying engineer to recognize, however, that there

are also a broad range of applications where both types should be considered and selection should be

based on the results that the user desires.

In such consideration, there are reasons why positive displacement pumps make an ideal solution to specific

pumping requirements. Twelve suggested reasons to use PD pumps are summarized below, grouped by

fluid characteristics, process conditions, environmental system requirements and flow control. Additionally,

Figure 3 provides a matrix of these 12 reasons compared to the primary markets of PD pumps. Some may

surprise you.

Figure 3. Matrix Market Application vs. Desired Pump Characteristics

Fluid CharacteristicsHigh Viscosity

Selected rotary technologies and air operated piston pumps easily handle highly viscous fluids. Due to highfriction losses in centrifugal pumps, their flow rate and efficiency start to drop above 500 SSU. Flow and

efficiency in a rotary pump, however, typically increase with viscosity. PD pumps can handle fluids with

viscosities of several million SSU.

Low and Variable Viscosity

PD pumps, such as vane or air operated double diaphragm (AODD), are often applied on very thin fluids.

Other liquids, such as oil, have viscosities that vary with temperature. With variable viscosity liquids, a

moderately small change in viscosity may have a large effect on centrifugal efficiency but little effect on PD

pump efficiency.

Low Shear Pumping Required

In many fluid applications, liquid shear is not a problem; however, it is critical in some applications. PD

pumps excel in the handling of shear sensitive fluids.

Solids Handling Capability

Progressing cavity pumps handling high solids content sludge in a waste treatment plant and reciprocating

pumps are applied on coal slurry pipeline with solids contents as high as 40 percent by weight. This is

sometimes a surprising PD pump characteristic, but widely varied applications serve as examples.

Multi-Phase Flow
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A constant source of liquid is a centrifugal pump requirement, but unfortunately all processes do not provide

such constant sources. If there is insufficient liquid, a gas bubble forms in the suction and causes loss of

prime (the pump stops pumping). PD pumps, on the other hand, are capable of handling a high percentage

of air or gas entrainment.

Process Condition

High PressureBeyond the range of centrifugal pumps are many chemical, sandblasting and high-pressure water-cutting

applications where PD pump technology dominates. Figure 4 provides an overview of the pressure and

capabilities among pump technologies.

Figure 4. Technology Flow Pressure Range Chart.

Low Flow

Flow below 100-gpm and above 200-psi provides excellent application opportunities for PD pump

technology.

Efficiency

For viscous fluids where both PD and centrifugal pumps can operate, PD pumps can often be 10 to 40

points more efficient than centrifugal pumps.

Combination of High Pressure/Low Flow-Efficiency Demand

Any of the previous three characteristics individually are a reason to use PD pumps; however, in

applications where all of these conditions occur simultaneously, a PD pump solution is ideal.

Figure 4 provides an overview of the pressure and capabilities among pump technologies.

Environmental System RequirementsSealless Pumping (No Shaft Seal)

Magnetic drives and canned motor pumps are available in PD pump designs. The requirement is also met

by designs where the pumping environment does not have a shaft penetration, such as peristaltic or

diaphragm pumps.

Self-Priming and Inlet Conditions

The ability to self-prime is a useful feature for PD pumps as it allows substantial flexibility in system layout

and eliminates the need for suction priming systems. PD pumps are self-priming, have excellent suction lift

capabilities (raising liquids on the suction side) and are capable of drawing down to near vacuum.

Flow ControlConstant Flow Against Variable System Pressure

At a constant speed, PD pumps deliver practically constant flow. Flow is constant even if the system

pressure varies, which is a desirable condition in certain systems.

Accurate Repeatable Measurement

Since a PD pump is a constant flow device, certain designs that limit slip are ideal for metering fluids in or

out of systems. This application, of course, requires accuracy and repeatability. It also may need flow

variation, which is typically obtained mechanically or electronically by speed variation.

There is a universe of standard PD solutions in addition to the bakers dozen described here. As these

pumps also must meet many other requirements, manufacturers provide products with special options such

as jacketing, non-corrosive materials and built-in pressure relief valves.


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Some PD units have duty cycle limits that users are advised to investigate. It is important to note PD pumps

are constant torque devices. In variable speed applications, VFD drives must be rated with that

understanding.

Fundamentals of PD Pumps: Online LearningExtensive material is provided in the HI PD pump e-Learning modules to allow for expanded and detailed

understanding of these items and applications. The course contains more than 500 screens of information infive separate modules for 10 hours of credit work for those seeking PDH or CE credit.

With the development of Positive Displacement Pumps: Fundamentals, Design and Applications, HI has

again reached a new level in its role of serving member companies and pump professionals. The entire five-

module course is now available at its website. Recently debuted by Hydraulic Institute, PumpLearning.org

was created to serve as the ultimate "go to" center for information on pumps and pumping technologies, and

provides knowledge seekers with a panoply of sources and opportunities to gain state-of-the-art

intelligence. Offerings presented on the new user-focused website include: e-Learning Courses (now

featuring HI's latest course, Positive Displacement Pumps: Fundamentals, Design and Applications, and the

updated and soon-to-be released course, Rotodynamic [Centrifugal] Pumps: Fundamentals, Design and

Applications), webcasts, conferences and special programs jointly sponsored by renowned industry experts.

The site is constantly updated to present users with the latest news, activities and connections to the

industry.

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Rotary Pump FamilyTree

Positive displacement (PD) pumps are divided into two broadclassifications, reciprocating and rotary (Figure 1). PumpSchool currently focuses on rotary pumping principles.
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Figure 1

By definition, PD pumps displace a known quantity of liquidwith each revolution of the pumping elements (i.e., gears,rotors, screws, vanes). PD pumps displace liquid by creating aspace between the pumping elements and trapping liquid inthe space. The rotation of the pumping elements then reducesthe size of the space and moves the liquid out of the pump. PDpumps can handle fluids of all viscosities up to 1,320,000 cSt /6,000,000 SSU, capacities up to 1,150 M3/Hr / 5,000 GPM, andpressures up to 700 BAR / 10,000 PSI. Rotary pumps are self-priming and deliver a constant, smooth flow, regardless of

pressure variations.The following information is taken from HydraulicInstitute's, Pump Types and Nomenclature, 1994. For moredetailed information about the rotary pumping principles, seethe specific pumping principles under Pump School's PumpingPrinciples page.
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Internal Gear. Internal gear pumps (Figure 2)carry fluid between the gear teeth from the inletto outlet ports. The outer gear (rotor) drives theinner or idler gear on a stationary pin. The gears

create voids as they come out of mesh and liquidflows into the cavities. As the gears come backinto mesh, the volume is reduced and the liquidis forced out of the discharge port. The crescentprevents liquid from flowing backwards from theoutlet to the inlet port.

Figure 2

External Gear. External gear pumps (Figure 3)also use gears which come in and out of mesh.As the teeth come out of mesh, liquid flows intothe pump and is carried between the teeth andthe casing to the discharge side of the pump.The teeth come back into mesh and the liquid isforced out the discharge port. External gearpumps rotate two identical gears against eachother. Both gears are on a shaft with bearings oneither side of the gears.

Figure 3

Vane. The vanes - blades, buckets, rollers, orslippers - work with a cam to draw fluid into andforce it out of the pump chamber. The vanesmay be in either the rotor or stator. The vane-in

rotor pumps may be made with constant orvariable displacement pumping elements. Figure4 shows a sliding vane pump.

Figure 4

Flexible Member. This principle is similar tothe Vane principle except the vanes flex ratherthan slide. The fluid pumping and sealing actiondepends on the elasticity of the flexiblemembers. The flexible members may be a tube,a vane, or a liner. Figure 5 shows a flexible vanepump.

Figure 5

Lobe. Fluid is carried between the rotor teethand the pumping chamber. The rotor surfacescreate continuous sealing. Both gears are drivenand are synchronized by timing gears. Rotorsinclude bi-wing, tri-lobe, and multi-lobeconfigurations. Figure 6 is a tri-lobe pump. Figure 6


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Circumferential Piston. Fluid is carried frominlet to outlet in spaces between piston surfaces.Rotors must be timed by separate means, andeach rotor may have one or more pistonelements. See Figure 7. Figure 7

Screw. Screw pumps carry fluid in the spacesbetween the screw threads. The fluid isdisplaced axially as the screws mesh.

Single screw pumps (Figure 8) are commonlycalled progressive cavity pumps. They have arotor with external threads and a stator withinternal threads. The rotor threads are eccentricto the axis of rotation.

Figure 8

Multiple screw pumps have multiple externalscrew threads. These pumps may be timed oruntimed. Figure 9 shows a three-screw pump.

Figure 9

Comparing 4 Types Of PDPumps

The printed version of this article appeared as, "Selecting Positive DisplacementPumps: in Plant Engineering.

Selection of a positive displacement (PD) rotary pump is notalways an easy choice. There are four common types of PD

pumps available: internal gear, external gear, timed lobe, andvane. Most PD pumps can be adapted to handle a wide rangeof applications, but some types are better suited than othersfor a given set of circumstances.

The first consideration in any application is pumpingconditions. Usually the need for a PD pump is already


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determined, such as a requirement for a given amount of flowregardless of differential pressure, viscosity too high for acentrifugal pump, need for high differential pressure, or otherfactors.

Inlet conditions, required flow rate, differential pressure,temperature, particle size in the liquid, abrasivecharacteristics, and corrosiveness of the liquid must bedetermined before a pump selection is made.

A pump needs proper suction conditions to work well. PDpumps are self-priming, and it is often assumed that suctionconditions are not important. But they are. Each PD pump hasa minimum inlet pressure requirement to fill individual pumpcavities. If these cavities are not completely filled, total pumpflow is diminished. Pump manufacturers supply information onminimum inlet conditions required. If high lift or high vacuuminlet conditions exist, special attention must be paid to thesuction side of the pump.

INTERNAL GEAR PUMPS

The crescent internal gear pump hasan outer or rotor gear that is generallyused to drive the inner or idler gear(Figure 1). The idler gear, which issmaller than the rotor gear, rotates ona stationary pin and operates insidethe rotor gear. The gears create voidsas they come out of mesh and liquidflows into the pump. As the gears comeback into mesh, volumes are reduced

and liquid is forced out the dischargeport. Liquid can enter the expanding cavities through the rotorteeth or recessed areas on the head, alongside the teeth. Thecrescent is integral with the pump head and prevents liquidsfrom flowing to the suction port from the discharge port.

Figure 1. Internal gearpumps are ideal for high-viscosity liquids, but they aredamaged when pumping largesolids.
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The rotor gear is driven by a shaft supported by journal orantifriction bearings. The idler gear contains a journal bearingrotating on a stationary pin in the pumped liquid. Dependingon shaft sealing arrangements, the rotor shaft supportbearings may run in pumped liquid. This is an importantconsideration when handling an abrasive liquid and can wearout a support bearing.

The speed of internal gear pumps is considered relatively slowcompared to centrifugal types. Speeds up to 1,150 rpm areconsidered common, although some small designs operate upto 3,450 rpm. Because of their ability to operate at low speeds,internal gear pumps are well suited for high-viscosityapplications and where suction conditions call for a pump withminimal inlet pressure requirements.

For each revolution of an internal gear pump, the gears have afairly long time to come out of mesh allowing the spacesbetween gear teeth to completely fill and not cavitate. Internalgear pumps have successfully pumped liquids with viscositiesabove 1,320,000 cSt / 6,000,000 SSU and very low viscosityliquids, such as liquid propane and ammonia.

Internal gear pumps are made to close tolerances and are

damaged when pumping large solids. These pumps can handlesmall suspended particulate in abrasive applications, butgradually wear and lose performance. Some performance lossis restored by adjusting the pump end clearance. Endclearance is the closeness of the rotor gear to the head of thepump.


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EXTERNAL GEAR PUMPS

External gear pumps are similar in pumping action to internal

gear pumps in that two gears come into and out of mesh toproduce flow (Figure 2). However, the external gear pumpuses two identical gears rotating against each other. Each gearis supported by a shaft with bearings on both sides of eachgear. Typically, all four bearings operate in the pumped liquid.

Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gearpumps are used for high pressure applications such ashydraulics. Usually, small external gear pumps operate at1,750 or 3,450 rpm and larger versions operate at speeds up

to 640 rpm.

The design of external gear pumps allows them to be made tocloser tolerances than internal gear pumps. The pump is notvery forgiving of particulate in the pumped liquid. Since thereare clearances at both ends of the gears, there is no endclearance adjustment for wear. When an external gear pumpwears, it must be rebuilt or replaced.

External gear pumps handle viscous and watery-type liquids,

but speed must be properly set for thick liquids. Gear teethcome out of mesh a short time, and viscous liquids need timeto fill the spaces between gear teeth. As a result, pump speedmust be slowed down considerably when pumping viscousliquids.

Figure 2.External gearpumps (shown is a doublepump) are typically used forhigh-pressure applicationssuch as hydraulics.
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The pump does not perform well under critical suctionconditions. Volatile liquids tend to vaporize locally as gearteeth spaces expand rapidly. When the viscosity of pumpedliquids rises, torque requirements also rise, and pump shaftstrength may not be adequate. Pump manufacturers supplytorque limit information when it is a factor.

LOBE PUMPS

Lobe pumps (Figure 3) are similar to external gear pumps inoperation, except the pumping elements or lobes do not makecontact. Lobe contact is prevented by external timing gears.Pump shaft support bearings are located in the timing gearcase. Since the bearings are out of the pumped liquid, pressureis limited by bearing location and shaft deflection. There is notmetal-to-metal contact and wear in abrasive applications isminimal. Use of multiple mechanical seals makes seal

construction important.Lobe pumps are frequently used in food applications, becausethey handle solids without damaging the pump. Particle sizepumped can be much larger in lobe pumps than in other PDtypes. Since the lobes do not make contact, and clearances arenot as close as in other PD pumps, this design handles low

Figure 3.Lobes in lobepumps do not make contact,because they are driven byexternal timing gears. Thisdesign handles low-viscosityliquids.
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viscosity liquids with diminished performance. Loadingcharacteristics are not as good as other designs, and suctionability is low. High-viscosity liquids require considerablyreduced speeds to achieve satisfactory performance.Reductions of 25% of rated speed and lower are common withhigh-viscosity liquids.

Lobe pumps are cleaned by circulating a fluid through them.Cleaning is important when the product cannot remain in thepumps for sanitary reasons or when products of different colorsor properties are batched.

VANE PUMPS

Sliding vane pumps (Figure 4) operate quite differently fromgear and lobe types. A rotor with radial slots, is positioned off-center in a housing bore. Vanes that fit closely in rotor slotsslide in and out as the rotor turns. Vane action is aided bycentrifugal force, hydraulic pressure, or pushrods. Pumping

action is caused by the expanding and contracting volumescontained by the rotor, vanes, and housing.

Vanes are the main sealing element between the suction anddischarge ports and are usually made of a nonmetalliccomposite material. Rotor bushings run in the pumped liquidor are isolated by seals.

Figure 4.Vane pumps havebetter dry priming capabilitythan other positive

displacement pumps.
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Vane pumps usually operate at 1,000 rpm, but also run at1,750 rpm. The pumps work well with low-viscosity liquids thateasily fill the cavities and provide good suction characteristics.Speeds must be reduced dramatically for high-viscosityapplications to load the area underneath the vanes. Theseapplications require stronger-than-normal vane material.

Because there is no metal-to-metal contact, these pumps arefrequently used with low-viscosity nonlubricating liquids suchas propane or solvent. This type of pump has better drypriming capability than other PD pumps. Vane pumps can rundry, but are subject to vane wear.

Vane pump are not well suited to handling abrasiveapplications. Vane pumps have fixed end clearances on bothsides of the rotor and vanes similar to external gear pumps.Once wear occurs, this clearance cannot be adjusted, but somemanufacturers supply replaceable or reversible end plates.

Pump Selection Guide

AbrasivesThin

LiquidsViscous Solids Dry Prime

Diff.Pressure

InternalGear G G E P A G

ExternalGear

P G G P A E

Lobe G A E E A G

Vane P E A P G A

E = Excellent, G = Good, A = Average, P = Poor

Rotary & CentrifugalPumps

Rotary pumps operate in a circular motion and displace aconstant amount of liquid with each revolution of the pump


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shaft. In general, this is accomplished by pumping elements(e.g., gears, lobes, vanes, screws) moving in such a way as toexpand volumes to allow liquid to enter the pump. Thesevolumes are then contained by the pump geometry until thepumping elements move in such a way as to reduce thevolumes and force liquid out of the pump. Flow from rotary PDpumps is relatively unaffected by differential pressure and issmooth and continuous. Rotary PD pumps have very tightinternal clearances which minimize the amount of liquid thatslips back from discharge to suction side of the pump.Because of this, they are very efficient. These pumps workwell with a wide range of viscosities, particularly highviscosities.

Centrifugal pumpsdiffer from rotary pumps in that they rely

on kinetic energy rather than mechanical means to moveliquid. Liquid enters the pump at the center of a rotatingimpeller and gains energy as it moves to the outer diameter ofthe impeller. Liquid is forced out of the pump by the energy itobtains from the rotating impeller. Centrifugal pumps cantransfer large volumes of liquid but efficiency and flowdecrease rapidly as pressure and/or viscosity increases.

Comparisons Between Rotaryand Centrifugal Pumps

Rotary Centrifugal

Max. Viscosity(cSt / SSU)

1,320,000 /6,000,000

550 / 2,500

Max. Capacity(M3/Hr / GPM)

750 / 3,300 27,250 / 120,000

PumpingEfficiency

E A

Energy Costs E ASelf-Priming Yes No

Flow ControlE P

Life-Cycle Cost G G

Initial Cost A E


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E = Excellent, G = Good, A = Average, P = Poor

Though often overlooked, shaft sealing selection can be just as

critical as pump selection. Shaft seals can take many differentforms, but all serve the common purpose of keeping the liquidin the pump. Here are the most commonly used shaft sealoptions for pumps. For additional information please seethe Liquid Containment paper in the Applications section.

Shaft SealDescrip

tionAdvantages

Disadvantages

Braided

orformedringsthat arecompressed inthestuffingbox ofthepump.As thepackingistightened, itcompressesagainsttheshaftandstuffingboxbore tocreatethe seal.

Econo

mical Excelle

nt forsealingthick,difficultto sealliquidssuchaschocolate,molasses,asphalt,resins,tar,andsomeadhesives

Seldomcatastrophically fails

Poor

sealforthinliquids,especiallyathigherpressures

Requireslubricationeitherexternallyor bytheliquidbeingpumped;thismeanspacki
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ngmustbeallowed toleakslightly(weep)

Candamagethe

pumpshaftifadjustedtootightly

Acircular

elastomeric sealelementin a rigidouterhousing

Economical

Comein awidevarietyincludingcartridgetriplelipseals

forhigherviscosityliquids

Typically

limited tolowerpressures

Poorforthin,non-lubricating

liquids orforabrasives

Cancatast


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rophicallyfail

Simplified,mechanical sealsusehighlypolishedfaces(onestationary andonerotating)runningagainsteachother*to forma seal.

*actually,seal facesonly touchwhen atrest.Whileturning,they areseparatedby a thinfilm of theliquidbeing

pumped,barrierfluid, orgas

Mechanicalsealscomein a

widevarietyofdesigns andmaterials fornearlyeveryapplication.

Offerdesigns whichcan beeasilyreplaced orrepaired

Likelipseals,cancatastrophicallyfail

Highe

r enddoublecartridgesealsandgasbarrierseals

arequiteexpensiveandrequireexternalsupport

equipment.


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A MagDrivepump isaseallesspumpthatutilizesamagneticcouplingtocreate astatic

shaftseal.Drivemagnets(outer)alignwithdrivenmagnets(inner)and use

magnetic forceto turntheshaftthrougha staticcontainmentshell(caniste

r).

MagDrivepumpsare atrulyseallessdesignwhichensures zeroleakage ofliquidor

emissions,makingthemidealforhazardous,toxic,corrosive,

flammable,orexpensiveliquids.

Extremelyreliableformaxim

uminsuranceagainstsealleakage and

Moreexpensivethanmostshaftsealoptions,butthismustalsobeweigh

edagainst theaddedcostsofsealreplacement,

includinglaborandcleanup.

Typicallylimited toabout

500F /260Cmaxim

um

(heat
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maximumseallife

canperman

ently

damage

themagnet

s)

Basedonthecostandrisk ofdamageduetoheat,monitoringdevices aretypicallyreco

mmendedtoprotectthesepumpsfromdamage.

Internal Gear Pump Overview

Internal gear pumps are exceptionally versatile.While they are often used on thin liquids such as


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solvents and fuel oil, they excel at efficiently pumping thickliquids such as asphalt, chocolate, and adhesives. The usefulviscosity range of an internal gear pump is from 1cPs to over1,000,000cP.

In addition to their wide viscosity range, the pump has a widetemperature range as well, handling liquids up to 750F /400C. This is due to the single point of end clearance (the distance betweenthe ends of the rotor gear teeth and the head of the pump). This clearanceis adjustable to accommodate high temperature, maximizeefficiency for handling high viscosity liquids, and toaccommodate for wear.

The internal gear pump is non-pulsing, self-priming, and canrun dry for short periods. They're also bi-rotational, meaningthat the same pump can be used to load and unload vessels.Because internal gear pumps have only two moving parts, theyare reliable, simple to operate, and easy to maintain.

How Internal Gear Pumps Work

1. Liquid enters the suction

port between the rotor(large exterior gear) andidler (small interior gear)teeth. The arrows indicatethe direction of the pumpand liquid.

2. Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of the"gear-within-a-gear" principle. The crescent shape divides theliquid and acts as a seal between the suction and dischargeports.

3. The pump head is now nearly flooded, just prior to forcingthe liquid out of the discharge port. Intermeshing gears of theidler and rotor form locked pockets for the liquid which assuresvolume control.


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4. Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a sealequidistant from the discharge and suction ports. This sealforces the liquid out of the discharge port.

Advantages Only two moving parts Only one stuffing box Non-pulsating discharge Excellent for high-

viscosity liquids Constant and even

discharge regardless of

pressure conditions Operates well in either

direction Can be made to operate

with one direction of flowwith either rotation

Low NPSH required Single adjustable end

clearance Easy to maintain

Flexible design offersapplication customization

Disadvantages Usually requires moderate

speeds Medium pressure

limitations One bearing runs in the

product pumped

Overhung load on shaftbearing

Applications

Common internal gear pump applications include, but are not

limited to:

All varieties of fuel oil and lube oil Resins and Polymers Alcohols and solvents Asphalt, Bitumen, and Tar Polyurethane foam (Isocyanate and polyol)


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Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanutbutter

Paint, inks, and pigments Soaps and surfactants Glycol

Materials Of Construction /Configuration Options

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Cast iron, ductileiron, steel, stainless steel, Alloy 20, and higher alloys.

Internals (rotor, idler) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel,stainless steel, Alloy 20, and higher alloys. Bushing - Carbon graphite, bronze, silicon carbide,

tungsten carbide, ceramic, colomony, and other specialsmaterials as needed.

Shaft Seal - Lip seals, component mechanical seals,industry-standard cartridge mechanical seals, gas barrierseals, magnetically-driven pumps.

Packing - Impregnated packing, if seal not required.

xternal Gear Pump OverviewExternal gear pumps are a popularpumping principle and are often used aslubrication pumps in machine tools, influid power transfer units, and as oilpumps in engines.

External gear pumps can come in single

or double (two sets of gears) pumpconfigurations with spur (shown), helical,and herringbone gears. Helical and

herringbone gears typically offer a smoother flow than spurgears, although all gear types are relatively smooth. Large-capacity external gear pumps typically use helical orherringbone gears. Small external gear pumps usually operate


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at 1750 or 3450 rpm and larger models operate at speeds upto 640 rpm. External gear pumps have close tolerances andshaft support on both sides of the gears. This allows them torun to pressures beyond 3,000 PSI / 200 BAR, making themwell suited for use in hydraulics. With four bearings in theliquid and tight tolerances, they are not well suited to handlingabrasive or extreme high temperature applications.

Tighter internal clearances provide for a more reliable measureof liquid passing through a pump and for greater flow control.Because of this, external gear pumps are popular for precisetransfer and metering applications involving polymers, fuels,and chemical additives.

How External Gear PumpsWork

External gear pumpsare similar in pumpingaction to internal gearpumps in that two

gears come into andout of mesh to produceflow. However, theexternal gear pump uses two identical gears rotating againsteach other -- one gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drivesthe other gear. Each gear is supported by a shaft withbearings on both sides of the gear.

1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create expandingvolume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the

cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.

2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in thepockets between the teeth and the casing -- it does not passbetween the gears.


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3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through theoutlet port under pressure.

Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gearpumps are quiet-running and are routinely used for high-

pressure applications such as hydraulic applications. With nooverhung bearing loads, the rotor shaft can't deflect and causepremature wear.

Advantages High speed High pressure No overhung bearing

loads Relatively quiet

operation

Design accommodateswide variety ofmaterials

Disadvantages

Four bushings in liquidarea No solids allowed

Fixed End Clearances

Applications

Common external gear pump applications include, but are notlimited to:

Various fuel oils and lube oils Chemical additive and polymer metering Chemical mixing and blending (double pump) Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters,lifts, etc.) Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite

construction) Low volume transfer or application


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Materials Of Construction /

Configuration OptionsAs the following list indicates, rotary pumps can be constructedin a wide variety of materials. By precisely matching thematerials of construction with the liquid, superior life cycleperformance will result.

External gear pumps in particular can be engineered to handleeven the most aggressive corrosive liquids. While externalgear pumps are commonly found in cast iron, newer materials

are allowing these pumps to handle liquids such as sulfuricacid, sodium hypochlorite, ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide,and hundreds of other corrosive liquids.

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Iron, ductile iron,steel, stainless steel, high alloys, composites (PPS, ETFE)

Internals (shafts) - Steel, stainless steel, high alloys,alumina ceramic

Internals (gears) - Steel, stainless steel, PTFE,composite (PPS)

Bushing - Carbon, bronze, silicon carbide, needlebearings

Shaft Seal - Packing, lip seal, component mechanicalseal, magnetically-driven pump

A composite external gearpump performs well incorrosive liquidapplications.


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Lobe Pump Overview

Lobe pumps are used in a variety ofindustries including, pulp and paper,

chemical, food, beverage,pharmaceutical, and biotechnology.

They are popular in these diverseindustries because they offer superbsanitary qualities, high efficiency,reliability, corrosion resistance, and goodclean-in-place and sterilize-in-place(CIP/SIP) characteristics.

These pumps offer a variety of lobe options including single, bi-

wing, tri-lobe (shown), and multi-lobe. Rotary lobe pumps arenon-contacting and have large pumping chambers, allowingthem to handle solids such as cherries or olives withoutdamage. They are also used to handle slurries, pastes, and awide variety of other liquids. If wetted, they offer self-primingperformance. A gentle pumping action minimizes productdegradation. They also offer reversible flows and can operatedry for long periods of time. Flow is relatively independent ofchanges in process pressure, so output is constant andcontinuous.

Rotary lobe pumps range from industrialdesigns to sanitary designs. The sanitarydesigns break down further depending onthe service and specific sanitaryrequirements. These requirements include3-A, EHEDG, and USDA. The manufacturercan tell you which certifications, if any, theirrotary lobe pump meets.

How Lobe Pumps Work


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Lobe pumps aresimilar to externalgear pumps inoperation in thatfluid flows aroundthe interior of thecasing. Unlikeexternal gear pumps, however, the lobes do not make contact.Lobe contact is prevented by external timing gears located inthe gearbox. Pump shaft support bearings are located in thegearbox, and since the bearings are out of the pumped liquid,pressure is limited by bearing location and shaft deflection.

1. As the lobes come out of mesh, they create expandingvolume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into thecavity and is trapped by the lobes as they rotate.

2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in thepockets between the lobes and the casing -- it does not passbetween the lobes.

3. Finally, the meshing of the lobes forces liquid through theoutlet port under pressure.

Lobe pumps are frequently used in food applications becausethey handle solids without damaging the product. Particle sizepumped can be much larger in lobe pumps than in other PDtypes. Since the lobes do not make contact, and clearancesare not as close as in other PD pumps, this design handles lowviscosity liquids with diminished performance. Loadingcharacteristics are not as good as other designs, and suctionability is low. High-viscosity liquids require reduced speeds toachieve satisfactory performance. Reductions of 25% of ratedspeed and lower are common with high-viscosity liquids.

Advantages Pass medium solids No metal-to-metal

contact

Disadvantages

Requires timing gears


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Superior CIP/SIPcapabilities

Long term dry run(with lubrication toseals)

Non-pulsatingdischarge

Requires two seals Reduced lift with thin

liquids

Applications

Common rotary lobe pump applications include, but are not

limited to:

Polymers Paper coatings Soaps and surfactants Paints and dyes Rubber and adhesives Pharmaceuticals Food applications (a sample of these is referenced below)

Food and cosmetic products capable of being pumped bylobe rotor pumps.From Dickenson, T. C. 1995. Pumping Manual, 9th Ed. Elsevier AdvancedTechnology: Kidlington, Oxford, U.K.

AlcoholApple pureApricotsBaby foodBatterBeansBeer

BeetrootBiscuitCreamBlackcurrantsBrineBrothButter fat

Coffee liquorCordialsCorn oilCorn syrupCottagecheeseCotton seed

oilCranberryjuiceCreamCreamcheeseCustardDog food

GlycerinGooseberriesGravyHand creamHoneyHorseradishIce cream

IcingsIodineointmentJamsJellyKetchupLardLiquid sugar

MousseMusselsMustardNail polishNail varnishOffalOlive oil

OnionsPalm oilPastesPeanutbutterPectinPerfumesPiccalilli

Sorbitol syrupSoupSoya sauceSpiritsStarchesStewsStrawberries

SugarSyrupTapiocaTeaTomatoketchupTomato pasteTomato


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CaramelCastor OilCat foodCheese curdCheese whey

CherriesChickenpasteChili concarneChocolateChutneyCocklesCoconut oilCod oil

DoughEggs - wholeEgg yolkEssencesEvaporated

milkFishFlavoringsFondantsFruit juiceFruit pulpFruit - wholeFruit yogurtGelatinGherkinsGlucose

LotionsMaltMaple syrupMargarineMarmalade

MarshmallowMarzipanMascaraMayonnaiseMilkMincemeatMolasses

Pie fillingsPizzatoppingsPlasmaPotato

saladPreservesPuresQuinineRicepuddingSaladdressingShrimpsSoapSolvents

pureToothpasteVaselineVegetablesVinegar

WaterWinesWortYeastYogurt


Externals (head, casing) - Typically 316 or 316Lstainless steel head and casing

Externals (gearbox) - Cast iron, stainless steel Internals (rotors, shaft) - Typically 316 or 316Lstainless steel, non-galling stainless steel

Shaft Seal - O-rings, component single or doublemechanical seals, industry-standard cartridge mechanicalseals

Vane Pump Overview

While vane pumps can handle moderateviscosity liquids, they excel at handling lowviscosity liquids such as LP gas (propane),ammonia, solvents, alcohol, fuel oils,gasoline, and refrigerants. Vane pumpshave no internal metal-to-metal contact and


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self-compensate for wear, enabling them to maintain peakperformance on these non-lubricating liquids. Thoughefficiency drops quickly, they can be used up to 500 cPs /2,300 SSU.

Vane pumps are available in a number of vane configurationsincluding sliding vane (left), flexible vane, swinging vane,rolling vane, and external vane. Vane pumps are noted fortheir dry priming, ease of maintenance, and good suctioncharacteristics over the life of the pump. Moreover, vanescanusually handle fluid temperatures from-32C / -25F to 260C / 500F and differential

pressures to 15 BAR / 200 PSI (higher for hydraulic vane

pumps).

Each type of vane pump offers uniqueadvantages. For example, external vanepumps can handle large solids. Flexible vanepumps, on the other hand, can only handle small solids butcreate good vacuum. Sliding vane pumps can run dry for shortperiods of time and handle small amounts of vapor.

How Vane Pumps Work

Despite the different configurations, most vane pumps operateunder the samegeneral principledescribed below.

1. A slotted rotor

is eccentricallysupported in acycloidal cam.

The rotor islocated close to the wall of the cam so a crescent-shapedcavity is formed. The rotor is sealed into the cam by twosideplates. Vanes or blades fit within the slots of the impeller.


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As the rotor rotates (yellow arrow) and fluid enters the pump,centrifugal force, hydraulic pressure, and/or pushrods push thevanes to the walls of the housing. The tight seal among thevanes, rotor, cam, and sideplate is the key to the good suctioncharacteristics common to the vane pumping principle.

2. The housing and cam force fluid into the pumping chamberthrough holes in the cam (small red arrow on the bottom of the

pump). Fluid enters the pockets created by the vanes, rotor,cam, and sideplate.

3. As the rotor continues around, the vanes sweep the fluid tothe opposite side of the crescent where it is squeezed throughdischarge holes of the cam as the vane approaches the pointof the crescent (small red arrow on the side of the pump).Fluid then exits the discharge port.

Advantages Handles thin liquids at

relatively higher pressures Compensates for wear

through vane extension Sometimes preferred for

solvents, LPG Can run dry for short

periods Can have one seal or

stuffing box

Develops good vacuum

Disadvantages Can have two stuffing

boxes Complex housing and

many parts Not suitable for high

pressures Not suitable for high

viscosity Not good with abrasives

Applications

Aerosol and Propellants Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants


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Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3 LPG Cylinder Filling Alcohols Refrigeration - Freons, Ammonia Solvents Aqueous solutions


Externals (head, casing) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel,

and stainless steel. Vane, Pushrods - Carbon graphite, PEEK. End Plates - Carbon graphite Shaft Seal - Component mechanical seals, industry-

standard cartridge mechanical seals, and magnetically-driven pumps.

Packing - Available from some vendors, but not usuallyrecommended for thin liquid service

Gerotor Pump Overview

Gerotor pumps are internal gear pumps withoutthe crescent. The rotor is the internal (drive) gearshown below in gray, and the idler is the external(driven) gear, shown below in orange. They areprimarily suitable for clean, low pressureapplications such as lubrication systems or hot oil

filtration systems, but can also be found in low tomoderate pressure hydraulic applications.
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How Gerotor PumpsWork

1. Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (gray gear)and idler (orange gear) teeth.

2. Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of the"gear-within-a-gear" principle. The close tolerance between thegears acts as a seal between the suction and discharge ports.

3. Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a sealequidistant from the discharge and suction ports. This sealforces the liquid out of the discharge port.

Advantages High Speed Only two moving parts Only one stuffing box Constant and even

discharge regardless of

pressure conditions Operates well in either

direction Quiet operation

Can be made to operatewith one direction of flowwith either rotation

Disadvantages Medium pressure

limitations Fixed clearances No solids allowed One bearing runs in the

product pumped Overhung load on shaft

bearing

Applications

Common gerotor pump applications include, but are not limitedto:

Light fuel oils


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Lube oil Cooking oils Hydraulic fluid


Externals (head, casing) - Cast iron Internals (rotor, idler) - Steel Bushing - Carbon graphite, bronze, and other materials

as needed Shaft Seal - Lip seals, component mechanical seals Packing - Not commonly used for gerotor pumps

Rotary pumps can handle a wide variety of liquids, each withits own characteristic. To learn more about some of the liquidscommonly pumped by rotary pumps, either scroll down the list,or select the letter to narrow your search. If you handle a liquidnot found on this list, raise your hand (over the keyboard), andsend it to a Suggest A Topic.

A B C D E F G H IJ K L M N O P R ST U V W XYZ

ACETONE

Other Names: DimethylketoneFormula: CH3COCH3.Sp. Gr.: 0.8

Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Acetone is an extremely flammable, colorless liquid,b.p. 56C / 133F; miscible with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, andmost oils. Used in making acetic anhydride; solvent for cellulose acetate;

solvent in paints, lacquers, and adhesives; also used as a solvent in epoxy
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resins and pharmaceuticals; used in purest form to clean anddry precision parts.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction, PTFE, Kalrez or EPRelastomers are recommended. Shaft sealing is critical due to the hazardous

nature of the liquid; use either a mechanical seal or a sealless pump design.

ADHESIVE

A name for a group of substances capable of holding materialstogether by surface attachment.

Other Names: Cement, glue, mucilage, paste

Remarks: Adhesives are made from many different basicmaterials, among them dextrin, latex, liquid rubber, resin,sodium silicate, and starch. Adhesives are used in themanufacture of cardboard boxes, plywood, furniture, paperbags, pressure sensitive tapes and many industries includingautomotive, printing, manufacturing, etc.

Pump Notes: Pump construction varies from cast iron tostainless steel depending on the corrosive nature of individual

adhesives. Elastomers also vary depending on individualsolvents used in the adhesive. Shaft sealing may be packing ormechanical seals. Generally, adhesives are very viscous andthe pump design must be capable of handling those viscosities.Adhesives may also contain abrasives and the pump designmust be capable of handling particulate.

ALCOHOL

Normally considered to mean Ethyl Alcohol, q.v. For otheralcohols, see specific names, such as methyl alcohol, butylalcohol, isopropyl alcohol, etc.
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ALKYD RESINS

Resins made by the union of dibasic acids, or anhydrides suchas phthalic anhydride with a polyhydric alcohol such asglycerol.

Viscosity: May range from 100 cPs. to over 1000 cPs.depending on temperature and make-up of particular alkydresin.

Remarks: Alkyd resins may be varied or modified by the use ofother anhydrides, glycols, polyols, or other liquids, the mostcommon of which are natural oils. Alkyd resins are easy toapply, retain their initial appearance after long exposure toweather and have good heat resistance, color retention,toughness, adhesion and flexibility. They are used asprotective and decorative coatings for metals, wood, paper,textiles; are used in adhesives, printing inks, floor coverings; asvehicles in automotive and industrial finishes; and in oil andwater paints, lacquers, and enamels.

Pump Notes: Construction recommendations depend onindividual formulations. Mechanical shaft seals may be useddepending on viscosity and temperature.

AMMONIA

Other Names: Anhydrous Ammonia; see also AmmoniumHydroxideFormula: NH3Sp. Gr.: 0.64 @ 0C / 32FViscosity: 0.3 cPs. / 2.13 SSU

Remarks: Ammonia is a colorless gas or liquid, has a pungentodor, is lighter than air as a gas, is easily liquefied by pressure,is very soluble in water or alcohol and has a b.p. -29C / -20F,freezing point -78C / -108F. The largest volume of ammonia is used forfertilizers. Other uses include production ofnitric acid, urea,acrylonitrile; refrigeration; solvent. Ammonia liquid causes
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burns; the gas is extremely irritating, causing nausea anddifficulty in breathing.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction, neoprene or buna nelastomers are recommended. Double mechanical seals with

oil reservoir are normally used for shaft sealing. Pump designshould be suitable for a thin, non-lubricating liquid.

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE

Other Names: Aqua ammonia; aqueous ammonia, ammoniasolution, ammonium hydrateFormula: NH4OH

Sp. Gr.: Slightly less than 1.0Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Colorless liquid, strong characteristic odor.Ammonium hydroxide is made by dissolving ammonia gas inwater. Concentrations of solution range up to about 30%. Usedin making textiles, rayon, rubber, fertilizer, plastics, ammoniasoaps, lubricants, ink, explosives and in the saponifying of fatsand oils, as a detergent and household cleanser. Ammoniawindow cleaners are weak solutions of ammonium hydroxide.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction, neoprene or buna nelastomers are recommended. Pumps that have been used forhandling ammonium hydroxide will rust badly when they aredrained; fill with liquid or drained and fill with oil to preventrusting. Standard seals have a tendency to dry out and hardenif left exposed to air for any length of time.

AMYL ACETATE

Other Names: Amylacetic ester, banana oilFormula: CH3COOC5H11Sp. Gr.: 0.88Viscosity: Slightly greater than water


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Remarks: Colorless liquid. Very slightly soluble in water;miscible with alcohol and ether; vapor is heavier that air.Flammable as a liquid. Solvent for lacquers and paints, used indry cleaning preparations, as a flavoring agent and in printingand finishing textile fabrics.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction, PTFE or Kalrez elastomersare recommended. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended. Pump design must

be suitable for handling a thin liquid.

AMYL ALCOHOL

Other names: n-amyl alcohol, primary; n-butyl carbinol

Formula: CH3(CH2)4OHSp. Gr.: 0.81Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Amyl alcohol may exist with the same formula inseveral different molecular structures. Information given herepertains particularly to the alcohol identified as n-amyl alcohol,primary. A colorless liquid with a mild odor, slightly soluble inwater, has a b.p. 138C / 280F, freezing point -79C / -110F,flash point (open cup) 48C / 118F. Used as a raw material for

pharmaceutical preparations.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction, EPR elastomers arerecommended. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended. Pumpdesign should be capable of handling a thin liquid.

ANIMAL FATS - See Fats

AQUIEOUS AMMONIA - See Ammonium Hydroxide

AROCLOR - See Heat Transfer Liquids
http://pumpschool.com/liquidlist/index.asp#fatshttp://pumpschool.com/liquidlist/index.asp#ammhydrohttp://pumpschool.com/liquidlist/index.asp#heathttp://pumpschool.com/liquidlist/index.asp#fatshttp://pumpschool.com/liquidlist/index.asp#ammhydrohttp://pumpschool.com/liquidlist/index.asp#heat


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AROMATIC SOLVENT - See Solvents

ASPHALT

Other Names: Asphaltum, bitumen, pitch, Trinidad pitch,mineral pitch, petroleum asphaltViscosity: Varies widely with type and temperature, normallyhandled in the 150 to 205C / 300 to 400F range at whichtemperature viscosity is usually in the 100 cPs. to 5000 cPs. range.

Remarks: A dark brown or black solid or semi-solid materialmade up primarily of bitumens, which occur in nature or areobtained as residuals in refining petroleum. Asphalt is used forpaving roads, roofing, waterproofing, paints, softener in rubberblends, and fungicides.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is recommended. Normally,packing is used for a shaft seal but mechanical seals have alsobeen used with success. Pump jacketing is normally required tokeep the product at temperature. Asphalt is a solid a room

temperature which necessitates bringing the pump totemperature before operating.

ASPHALT, CUT-BACK

Asphalt which has been diluted to a liquid or semi-solid with apetroleum thinner.

Viscosity: Variable, depending on dilution and temperature,normally 22 to 220 cPs. / 100 to 1,000 SSU in the 21 to 93C /70 to 200F range.

Remarks: Cut-back asphalt is used for coating road surfaces.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Packing isthe normal shaft seal.
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ASPHALT, EMULSIFIED

A suspension or emulsion of asphalt in water.

Viscosity: Usually relatively thin; almost water-like

Remarks: Can often be used without being heated. Asphaltemulsions can be applied in the same manner as asphalts;after the water has evaporated, the asphalt hardens into acontinuous film. Used for coating roadways, cementwaterproofing and roofing compounds.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Packing is

the normal shaft seal. Special construction features arerequired depending on the particular pump design.

BARIUM SULFATE SLURRY

Other Names: BariteFormula: BaSO4Sp. Gr.: 4.4 (Powder)

Viscosity: Varies with concentration and liquid used to makeslurry

Remarks: A fine, white, odorless powder. Practically insolublein water and solvents; soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. It isused as a pigment for paints, filler for plastics and inks and inthe medical industry. Barium sulfate is abrasive.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. An abrasionresistant mechanical seal should be used for shaft sealing. Due

to the abrasive characteristics of the liquid, design features tocombat abrasion must be used.

BEER


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Remarks: Beer, beer wort, spent beer and yeast q.v. can havea wide variety of properties depending on particular brewery orstage of process.

Pump Notes: Positive displacement pumps usually do not

handle beer in its drinkable form. Related products such asbeer wort and spent yeast may be handled. Contact individualpump manufacturer for specific recommendations.

BEESWAX - See Wax

BENZENE

Other Names: BenzolFormula: C6H6Sp. Gr.: 0.88Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Clear, colorless, flammable liquid; boiling point80C / 176F; melting point 5C / 41F; flash point (closed cup)-11C / 12F. Miscible with alcohol, acetone, carbon tetrachloride; slightlysoluble in water. Benzene is used in making styrene, synthetic detergents,insecticides, fumigants and solvents. Benzene is extremely flammable; the

vapor is harmful; the liquid is poisonous.

Pump Notes: Benzene is a hazardous liquid to handle. Consultindividual pump manufacturer for recommendations.

BENZOL - See Benzene

BIPHENYL - See Heat Transfer Liquids
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BITUMEN - See Asphalt

BLACK LIQUOR SOAP

Other Names: Black liquor skimmingsViscosity: Ranges from 22 cPs. to 25,000 cPs.Sp. Gr.: Ranges around 0.95

Remarks: Black liquor soap (skimmings) is the fatty and rosinacid content of black liquor that floats to the surface afterpartial evaporation of the water content. Viscosity varieswidely and the product is shear thinning. Black liquor soap is araw material for tall oil.

Pump Notes: Cast iron or stainless steel construction may beappropriate depending on individual requirements. Pump

jacketing may be required if the product is handled at elevatedtemperature.

BLACK STRAP MOLASSES - See Molasses

BLOOD

Other Names: Animal BloodSp. Gr.: 1.0Viscosity: Slightly more than water

Remarks: Blood is somewhat corrosive. Blood from packinghouses is used for fertilizer, adhesives, and feed for hogs and

chickens.

Pump Notes: The pump recommendation above is not intendedfor handling human blood. For packing house service, theconstruction described should be considered expendable.Consider steel fitted pumps if dirt or sand can get mixed in
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with the blood. Pumps operate best if slowed down to betterhandle the foreign materials.

BRIGHT STOCK

Viscosity: Highly viscous; check with individual manufacturersfor specific viscosity

Remarks: Bright stock is a lubricating oil of high viscosity,obtained from residues of petroleum distillation. Used forblending with neutral oils in preparing automotive enginelubricating oils.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n isusually suitable for elastomers. Packing must be used due toviscosity.

BRINE

Other Names: There are many types of brine, such as calciumchloride and sodium chloride. Look for the specific type if

known.

Remarks: Normally brines are water-thin and may be eitheracid or alkaline in nature. Brine is used in some coolingsystems, for food preservation, and for cleaning some productsor systems.

Pump Notes: Iron pumps handling brine will corrode rapidlywhen exposed to air. Check equipment construction in the restof the system for guidance on selecting pump construction. To

reduce possibility of electrolytic corrosion, do not use dissimilarmetals.

BUNKER "C" FUEL OIL - See Fuel Oil #6
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BUTADIENE

Other Names: Vinylethylene

Formula: H2C: CHHC: CH2Sp. Gr.: 0.62Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Colorless gas with mild aromatic odor, easilyliquefied, 1.21 BAR / 17.6 PSI, extremely flammable, soluble inalcohol, polymerizes easily, b. p. -5C / -23F, vapor pressure 17.6PSI @ 0C / 32F. Used in the formulation of styrene-butadiene andnitrile-butadiene rubbers; latex paints; rocket fuels.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Vitonelastomers are recommended. Use a mechanical seal or sealless design because

of the hazardous nature of this product.

BUTANE

Formula: C4H10Sp. Gr.: 0.58

Viscosity: 0.1 cPs. / 0.78 SSU

Remarks: Colorless gas; has no corrosive action on metals;boils under atmospheric pressure at about -1C / 31F. Used formaking synthetic rubber, high-octane fuels, mixed with propane for householdand industrial fuels. Is one of the liquids referred to as LP-Gas,although propane is more frequently referred to as LP-Gas.Butane will form explosive mixtures with air.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n or

Viton elastomers are recommended. A mechanical seal pump must be useddue to the hazardous nature of this liquid. Investigate pump manufacturers

offering UL listed pumps for this service.

BUTANOL - See Butyl Alcohol
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BUTYL ALCOHOL

Other Names: 1-butanol

Formula: CH3(CH2)2CH2OHSp. Gr.: 0.81Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Colorless liquid, b.p. 118C / 244F, used in preparationof esters and butyl acetates; solvent for resins and coatings;plasticizer; detergent formulations; some urea and melamineresins. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor and contact withskin.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n orViton elastomers are recommended. Use of a mechanical shaft seal isrecommended.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE BRINE

Formula: CaCl2Sp. Gr.: 1.1 to 1.3


Remarks: Calcium chloride is a white, deliquescent crystal thatcan combine with different amounts of water. In all forms, it issoluble in water and alcohol. The water solution is normallyneutral or slightly on the alkaline or basic side. Used for dust-proofing roads, thawing snow and ice, freeze-proofing coal orsand, concrete conditioning; paper and pulp industry; asrefrigeration brine; as a ballast for weighting implement tiresand in pharmaceuticals.

Pump Notes: Rapid corrosion will take place when an ironpump that has handled brine is exposed to air. Avoid the use ofdissimilar metals to reduce tendency for electrolytic corrosion.


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CALCIUM STEARATE

Formula: Ca(C18H35O2)2Viscosity: Depends on concentration, but normally varies from44 cPs. 200 to 200 cPs.

Remarks: A white powder, insoluble in water and slightlysoluble in hot alcohol, m.p. 150C / 300F. Decomposed by manyacids and alkalies. Used as a water repellent, flatting agent in lacquers, in

varnishes, paints, enamels, plastics; as a lubricant; in emulsions, cements,wax crayons; as a stabilizer for vinyl resins and as an anti-caking agent in foods. May be abrasive if handled as a slurry

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory. Usermay request other metallurgies, depending on end use of theliquid or the solvent if used in a solution Jacketed features maybe helpful when handling molten calcium stearate.. Slurry formmay require abrasion-resistant features. Check on the abrasivenature of liquid or possible corrosive attack on seal materials.

CANE SYRUP - See Sugar Syrup

CARBOLIC ACID - See Phenol

CARBON DISULFIDE

Other names: Carbon BisulfideFormula: CS2Sp. Gr.: 1.3


Remarks: Clear, colorless, flammable liquid; strongdisagreeable odor; b.p. 46C / 115F; soluble in alcohol, benzene andether, slightly soluble in water. Used in making viscose rayon, cellophane,

carbon tetrachloride and flotation agents; as a veterinarymedicine; as a solvent for fats, resins, rubber, waxes and other
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chemical products; in varnishes, lacquers, paint and varnishremovers; and in making rubber textiles, fumigants, matches,preservatives, and pesticides. Liquid is poisonous, extremelyflammable, highly volatile, and has a harmful vapor.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory.Other construction may be specified due to end use of theproduct. Viton elastomers are recommended. Mechanical shaftseal is recommended.

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

Other Names: Tetrachloromethane, perchloromethane

Formula: CCl4Sp. Gr.: 1.6Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Colorless liquid; vapor is heavier than air. Non-flammable, poisonous. b.p. 77C / 170F, f. p. -23C / -9F,vapor pressure 91 mm at 20C / 68F; no flash point. Miscible with alcohol,ether, chloroform, benzene, naphtha; slightly soluble in water. Used forrefrigerants and propellants, metal degreasing, grainfumigants and insecticides, fire extinguishers, dry cleaningsolvents, and general solvents. Vapor and liquid are hazardous.May be fatal if inhaled or swallowed.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory. Ifcontaminated with moisture, carbon tetrachloride can formhydrochloric acid which is corrosive to cast iron pumps. Be surethat system is clean and free of water to avoid corrosionproblems indicated above. Liquid needs to be Adry- oranhydrous. Viton elastomers and a mechanical shaft seal arerecommended.

CASTOR OIL


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Other Names: Ricinus oilViscosity: 44 cPs. to 660 cPs. / 200 to 3,000 SSUSp. Gr.: 0.96

Remarks: Pale, yellowish color, transparent, mild odor,

nauseating taste; solidifies at -10C / 14F; soluble in alcohol,ether, benzene, chloroform and carbon disulfide. Used in protective coatings,

plastics, lubricants, fatty acids, textiles, rubber, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics,

pharmaceuticals, flavoring, and insulating compounds.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory butmay vary depending on end use of product. Buna n elastomersare satisfactory. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended.

CAUSTIC - See Sodium Hydroxide

CAUSTIC POTASH - See Sodium Hydroxide

CAUSTIC SODA - See Sodium Hydroxide

CHLORDAN

Other Names: ChlordaneFormula: C10H6Cl8Sp. Gr.: 1.6Viscosity: 22 cPs. @ 38C / 100 SSU @ 100F

Remarks: Colorless, odorless, slightly viscous liquid, b.p.175C / 347F; soluble in many organic solvents, insoluble in water;miscible in kerosene. Used as an insecticide in oil emulsions anddispersible liquids. Liquid is harmful if swallowed; can beabsorbed through the skin. When used as an insecticide,Chlordan is reduced with water and becomes water-thin.
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Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Will causerapid rusting of iron parts when pump is left exposed to air.Keep full of liquid or flush and fill with oil. Viton, PTFE orKalrez elastomers are recommended. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended.

CHLOROFORM

Other Names: TrichloromethaneFormula: CHCl3Sp. Gr: 1.5Viscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: Clear, colorless, heavy, volatile liquid; nonflammable;

miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, naphtha; slightly solublein water, b.p. 61C / 142F, freezing point -63C / -81F; no flash

point. Used in making fluorocarbon refrigerants and propellants, fluorocarbon

plastics, dyes and drugs, anesthetics; also used as a general solvent, fumigant,

and insecticide. Vapor is harmful. Liquid may be fatal if swallowed.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Keep pumpfull of liquid at all times to prevent rapid oxidation or rusting. Ifpump is drained, fill with oil; any dilution or impurity can makethis liquid corrosive. Viton elastomers are recommended. Mechanicalshaft seal is recommended.

CHLOROTHENE - SeeTrichloroethane

CHOCOLATE

Other Names: Bitter chocolate, sweet chocolate, milkchocolate, chocolate liquor, chocolate coating.

Viscosity: Varies widely from 2,000 cPs. to several thousandcPs. depending on type and process; also varies over normaltemperature range of 38C to 93C / 100F to 200F. Chocolate
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viscosity is often expressed in degrees MacMichael. This is a standard

viscosity unit of measure in the chocolate industry.

Remarks: Chocolate is made from cacao beans. The beans areroasted, ground up, and mixed with oils to get a semi-liquid

which is the beginning point in the making of chocolate.Chocolate in the early stages of processing is known as bitterchocolate. Bitter chocolate to which sugar has been added isknown as sweet chocolate (the sugar in sweet chocolate cancarbonize to form abrasives in close running pump parts).Sweet chocolate to which milk has been added is known asmilk chocolate. Chocolate that has been thinned down forspraying foods is known as chocolate liquor. Chocolate can bediluted with vegetable fats such as palm nut or coconut oils.

Pump Notes: Cast iron pumps are normally satisfactory butstainless steel may also be used. The handling of chocolatewith positive displacement pumps can involve a number ofchallenges. Provide complete application details to individualmanufacturers for recommendations.

CHOLINE CHLORIDE

Formula: (CH3)3N(C1)CH2OHViscosity: Water-thin

Remarks: White crystals with a salty, bitter taste and fishyodor. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether, benzeneand carbon disulfide; extremely hygroscopic. Used in medicine,nutrition, and as an animal feed supplement.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory forconcentrations up to 75%. Buna n elastomers arerecommended. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended.

CLAY COATINGS - See Paper Coatings
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COAL TAR

Viscosity: Highly viscous or semi-solid at ambienttemperatures. Normal pumping temperature ranges from66C to 260C / 150F to 500F with viscosities ranging from 40 cPs. toseveral thousand cPs.

Remarks: A black, semi-solid material, heavier than water,obtained in the destructive distillation of coal. Sp. Gr. 1.2.Soluble in ether, benzene, carbon disulfide; slightly soluble inwater. A major raw material for a variety of dyes, drugs andother organic chemicals. Coal tar or its fractions can also beused for waterproofing, paints, pipe coating, roofing, insulation,pesticides and in medicine.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Pumpjacketing features are recommended to keep the product liquidespecially at start up.

COAL-TAR PITCH

Viscosity: Solid at ambient temperatures; viscosity depends onthe grade and handling temperature.

Remarks: A dark brown residue left after coal tar is redistilled.Coal tar pitch normally constitutes 50-65% of the usual gradesof coal tar. Used as a binder for carbon electrodes, as a basefor paints and as a plasticizer for elastomers and polymers,extenders, saturants and impregnants. Also used inimpregnation of fiber pipe for electrical conduits and drainage,foundry core compounds, briquetting coal, paving and roofing.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Pumpjacketing features are recommended to keep the product liquidespecially at start up. The product may contain abrasives thatwould require use of abrasion resistant parts in the pump.

COCOA BUTTER


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Other Names: Cacao butter, theobroma oilSp. Gr.: 0.86Viscosity: Variable, depending on how it was put in solutionand at what temperature it is being handled. Can range from afew hundred cPs. to several thousand cPs.

Remarks: Yellowish-white, brittle solid with chocolate-like tasteand odor m.p. 35C / 95F.; insoluble in water; slightly soluble inalcohol; soluble in boiling alcohol. Used in making candies, pharmaceuticals,

and soaps.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory butstainless steel may be required. Pump jacketing may berequired to keep the product liquid.

COCONUT OIL

Other Names: Coconut palm oil, cocoanut oil; coconut butterSp. Gr.: 0.92Viscosity: In the range of 22-110 cPs., depending ontemperature.

Remarks: White, semi-solid lard-like fat; characteristic odor.

Soluble in alcohol, ether and carbon disulfide, m.p. from 20-28C / 68F-82F. Used in soaps; in foodstuffs; cosmetics; candles;emulsions; alkyd resins; lubricating greases; syntheticdetergents; as a butter substitute and as a source of glycerinand fatty acids.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory butstainless steel may be specified as well. Buna n elastomers arerecommended.

COD-LIVER OIL

Other Names: Morrhua oilSp. Gr.: 0.92Viscosity: Approximately 110 cPs.


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Remarks: Pale yellow, liquid, non-drying oil; slightly fishy odorand taste. Soluble in ether, ethyl acetate and carbon disulfide.Used in medicine for its vitamin A and D content and in leatherdressing.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory but userneeds may dictate stainless steel. Buna n elastomers arerecommended.

COLD FAT - See Fats

CONTACT CEMENT

Other Names: Rubber cementViscosity: Varies depending on the particular type of contactcement but is normally considered to be quite viscous

Remarks: Contact cement covers a wide range of materials;some may be emulsions sensitive to shearing; others may beflammable because of their vehicles; still others may be watersolutions. Used for wide variety of adhesive-type applications.

Pump Notes: Cast iron or steel construction is satisfactory.Choice of elastomer depends on the particular grade of solventused.

COOKING OILS, HOT

Oils used for deep fat frying of foods.

Viscosity: Water-thin at normal operating temperatures of150C-204C / 300F-400F

Remarks: Hot cooking oils are used primarily for deep fat fryingof vegetables and meats. Some cooking oils or fats will become
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solid at room temperatures; some provision may be necessaryto assure melted fat or oil in the pump.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Vitonelastomers are recommended due to temperature. . Some buildup on

pump parts from residues in the oil may occur whencontinuously recirculating oils being used to fry certain kinds ofmeat.

CORN OIL - See Vegetable Oil

CORN STARCH - See Starch

CORN SYRUP

Other Names: Glucose, starch syrupSp. Gr.: Varies, depending on amount of vapor removed, butnormally 1.3 to 1.4Viscosity: Varies, depending on amount of water vapor

removed and temperature, but normally from 5,000 cPs. to22,000 cPs.

Remarks: A thick, syrupy mixture of dextrose, maltose anddextrins with some water. Normally colorless; soluble in waterand glycerin. Used in making candy, jelly, and other foodproducts, alcoholic fermentations, pharmaceuticals, and intreating tobacco.

Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory

although stainless steel may also be specified. Buna nelastomers are satisfactory. Corn syrup may be handled atelevated temperature to reduce viscosity; pump jacketingfeatures should be considered if this is the case. Mechanicalseals may be used depending on liquid viscosity.
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