pbl using lepida scuola method_en

7/31/2019 PBL using Lepida Scuola Method_EN

1/21

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d YW@FNMNABW^$NAN[NBF DY@WB[NDAX B[ [L@ X[BW[ DJ B YWDC@H[ ,[@BHL@W BAKX[PK@A[X.b. K`hnknae da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x ,da` jdw {l` uldf` hfbxx& g~ xpg-ywdc`h{x& dw g~

knx{nah{ ywdc`h{x.

g. K`hnknae ul`{l`w {l` ywdc`h{x bw` mdad-mpf{n-na{`wknxhnyfnabw~ dw |{wbhpwwnhpfbwh. Hlddxnae {l` {l`m`xk. Jdwmnae {l` ewdpyx

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[l` bp{ldw ewb{`jpff~ bhoaduf`ke`x Dwj`d Gdxxnan& Xnfznb Fb J`wwbwb& Wdg`w{d Màdssn bak Fphnbad Wnzn& uld un{l m` u`w` àebe`k

na nmydw{ba{ bak jpakbmà{bf `|y`wnmà{b{ndax un{l YGF na {l` hfbxxwddm! Xy`hnbf {lbaox {d Mbwhd Nah`w{n Sbmg`ffn bak @wdx

Epbw`xhln uld& na {l` mnkx{ dj {l`nw naapm`wbgf` bkmnanx{wb{nz` kp{n`x& jdpak {nm` bak fphnkn{~ {d xlbw` un{l px!


2/21

NA[WDKPH[NDA3 [@BHLNAE G^ YWDC@H[X PXNAE [L@F@YNKB XHPDFB M@[LDK

[lnx nx b ywbh{nhbf epnk` jdw {l` byyfnhb{nda dj Ywdc`h{ Gbx`k F`bwanae ,YGF.Ywdc`h{ Gbx`k F`bwanae ,YGF.Ywdc`h{ Gbx`k F`bwanae ,YGF.Ywdc`h{ Gbx`k F`bwanae ,YGF. na {l` hfbxxwddm pxnae

{l` F`ynkb Xhpdfb m`{ldk! N{ hdaxnk`wx xnmyf` ywdc`h{x bak nx bnm`k ywnmbwnf~ b{ {ldx` uld bw`

byywdbhlnae YGF jdw {l` jnwx{ {nm`! Na n{x mb|nmpm `|{àxnda& {l` F`ynkb Xhpdfb m`{ldk hdajwda{x

{l` ywdgf`m na n{x uldfà`xx? na {lnx lbakgddo& u` w`j`w {d da` dj n{x xpgx`{x! [l` gbxnh nk`b nx

{lb{ dj {wbaxj`wwnae {d {l` hfbxxwddm {l` hdaxdfnkb{`k {l`dw~ dj{l`dw~ dj{l`dw~ dj{l`dw~ dj Ywdc`h{ Mbabe`mà{Ywdc`h{ Mbabe`mà{Ywdc`h{ Mbabe`mà{Ywdc`h{ Mbabe`mà{& o``ynae na

mnak {lb{& na {l` hfbxxwddm& {l` jnabf ywdkph{ nx f`xx nmydw{ba{ {lba {l` ywdh`xx! B{ xhlddf& na jbh{&

u` bw` ad{ ywdydxnae b ywdc`h{ jdw kdnae gpxna`xx gp{ {d jdx{`w {l` k`z`fdymà{ dj x{pkà{x xonffx{l` k`z`fdymà{ dj x{pkà{x xonffx{l` k`z`fdymà{ dj x{pkà{x xonffx{l` k`z`fdymà{ dj x{pkà{x xonffx

bak oaduf`ke`bak oaduf`ke`bak oaduf`ke`bak oaduf`ke`----gpnfknaegpnfknaegpnfknaegpnfknae! [d àxpw` ba `jj`h{nz` {wbaxj`w& {l` {`bhl`wx mpx{ g` m`banaejpff~

`rpnyy`k? {l`~ mpx{ lbz` w`j`wàh`x {lb{ w`yfbh` {ldx` yw`xà{ na {wbkn{ndabf knkbh{nhx gbx`k da

{wbaxmnxxnda! [lnx nx b hwphnbf bxy`h{& nkà{nj~nae {l` jpakbmà{bf bh{nzn{n`x bak {l` ywdkph{xjpakbmà{bf bh{nzn{n`x bak {l` ywdkph{xjpakbmà{bf bh{nzn{n`x bak {l` ywdkph{xjpakbmà{bf bh{nzn{n`x bak {l` ywdkph{x

w`rpnw`k ,w`rpnw`k ,w`rpnw`k ,w`rpnw`k ,k`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`x.&.&.&.& ulnhl na {l`x` ybxxbe`x mpx{ g` w`bfnx`k g~ x{pkà{x bak {`bhl`wx! [l`

{`bhl`w {lpx wèbnax b x~x{`m dj hddwknab{`x {lb{ enz`x lnm dwnà{b{nda bak yw`zà{x lnm jwdm

j``fnae b{ {l` m`wh~ dj b onak dj à{wdy~ {lb{ nx knxdwnà{nae `zà {ldpel a`h`xxbw~ bak

`kphb{ndabf! [`bhlnae g~ ywdc`h{x[`bhlnae g~ ywdc`h{x[`bhlnae g~ ywdc`h{x[`bhlnae g~ ywdc`h{x {lpx g`hdm`x ydxxngf` bak ywbh{nhbgf` jdw jdx{`wnae {l`

k`z`fdymà{ dj 72x{ hà{pw~ xonffx!

[l`w` nx ba be`-dfk ywdgf`m {lb{ mpx{ g` `|bmna`k3 n{ nx rpn{` xnmyf` {d ypxl {l` x{pkà{x {d

kd& gp{ n{ nx knjjnhpf{ {d epbwba{`` bak z`wnj~ {l`nw {lnaonae kpwnae {l` bh{nda! Dpw x~x{`m& un{l n{xx{`yx bak n{x k`fnz`wbgf`x& b{{`my{x {d w`xydak& `zà daf~ na ybw{& {d {lnx ywdgf`m!

U` j``f {lb{ n{ nx x{wb{ènh& ulà ydxxngf`& {d lbz` {l` k`fnz`wbgf`x k`ydxn{`k da ba Na{`wa`{ hfdpkhfdpkhfdpkhfdpk

yfb{jdwmyfb{jdwmyfb{jdwmyfb{jdwm {lb{ hba bfub~x g` hdaxpf{`k g~ {l` nax{wph{dw! [lnx bffdux {l` x{pkà{x {d dz`whdm` {l`

xybh`-{nm` gbwwn`wx! Bff {l` ywdc`h{ mb{`wnbfx g`hdm` bzbnfbgf` b{ xhlddf& b{ ldm`& bak ba~ d{l`w

yfbh` un{l b hdmyp{`w& {bgf`{& dw xmbw{ylda` bak ba Na{`wa`{ hdaa`h{nda ,{l` yfb{jdwmx dj hldnh`

jdw {l`x` bh{nzn{n`x bw`& jdw `|bmyf`& {l` jw`` xpn{`x dj Eddef` Byyx& Sdld& `{h!.! [lnx unff bffdu {l`

x{pkà{x {d hda{nap` hdffbgdwb{nae un{l {l`nw ewdpymb{`x `zà dp{xnk` dj xhlddf!hda{nap` hdffbgdwb{nae un{l {l`nw ewdpymb{`x `zà dp{xnk` dj xhlddf!hda{nap` hdffbgdwb{nae un{l {l`nw ewdpymb{`x `zà dp{xnk` dj xhlddf!hda{nap` hdffbgdwb{nae un{l {l`nw ewdpymb{`x `zà dp{xnk` dj xhlddf!

Ulà u` {bfo bgdp{ Ywdc`h{ Gbx`k F`bwanae& u` bw` w`j`wwnae {d ywdc`h{x hlbwbh{`wnx`k g~ b fnj`

h~hf` {lb{ k`z`fdyx na jdpw ylbx`x3 Nk`b{ndaNk`b{ndaNk`b{ndaNk`b{nda& YfbaanaeYfbaanaeYfbaanaeYfbaanae& @|`hp{nda@|`hp{nda@|`hp{nda@|`hp{nda bak HfdxnaeHfdxnaeHfdxnaeHfdxnae! Un{l {l` F`ynkb

Xhpdfb m`{ldk u` ywdydx` b x{wph{pw`k bak m`banaejpf yb{l jdw k`z`fdynae {l`x` ylbx`x! [l`

m`{ldk nx ad{ hdajna`k {d hbww~nae dp{ ywdc`h{x gp{ nx bfxd zbfnk na {l` hbx` dj xnmyf` bh{nzn{n`x! Jdw

{l`x`& {dd& n{ nx dyydw{pa` {d `kphb{` x{pkà{x {dubwkx b m`{ldk3 {lnaonae g`jdw` kdnae& e`{{nae

dwebanx`k& kdnae bak w`jf`h{nae da {l` dp{hdm`x dj {l` bh{nda! Làh` {l` jdffdunae

hdww`xydakàh`3


3/21

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Ulb{ onakx dj bh{nzn{n`x xldpfk b {`bhl`w àznxbe` jdw {l` k`z`fdymà{ dj ywdc`h{x na {l`

hfbxxwddm4 [l` {bgf` g`fdu xldux {l` bh{nzn{n`x& {l` k`fnz`wbgf`x `|y`h{`k& bak {l` byywdywnb{`

bxx`xxmà{ {ddfx jdw ba `xxà{nbf nmyf`mà{b{nda dj YGF na {l` hfbxxwddm! G~ `xxà{nbf u` m`ba

b mnanmbf gp{ `rpbff~ m`banaejpf yb{l! [l` F`ynkb Xhpdfb m`{ldk bx b uldf` àhdmybxx`x `z`w~

ylbx`& ywdznknae jdw b x`wn`x dj bh{nzn{n`x bak k`fnz`wbgf`x {lb{ {de`{l`w xb{nxj~ {l` w`rpnw`mà{x dj

Ywdc`h{ Mbabe`mà{ ywnahnyf x! Na {l` hpwwà{ k`z`fdymà{ u` {dphl bff {l` ylbx`x& gp{ na b mdw`

fnmn{`k mbaa`w na {`wmx dj bh{nzn{n`x bak k`fnz`wbgf`x![l` fnj` h~hf` dj b ywdc`h{ hdmywnx`x jdpw ylbx`x3 nk`b{nda& yfbaanae& `|`hp{nda& bak hfdxnae! Jdw

`bhl ylbx`& F`ynkb Xhpdfb nkà{njn`x bh{nzn{n`x& k`fnz`wbgf`x& bak w`fb{`k bxx`xxmà{ {ddfx! B{

xhlddf& kp` {d {l` fbho dj b lbgn{ dj udwonae g~ ywdc`h{x& n{ nx dj{à knjjnhpf{ {d w`xy`h{ {l`

k`z`fdymà{ dj {l` ylbx`x! Na mba~ xn{pb{ndax& u` lbz` jdpak n{ {d g` mdw` ywdkph{nz` {d x{bw{ {l`

x{pkà{x na {l` bh{pbf `|`hp{nda bak {là xpgx`rpà{f~ w`hdz`w {l` mdmà{x dj nk`b{nda bak

yfbaanae! @bhl {`bhl`w& bhhdwknae {d lnx dw l`w dua hda{`|{ bak ywdj`xxndabf xonff bak `|y`wnàh`&

unff zbfpb{` {l` mdx{ byywdywnb{` byywdbhl!

[l` k`fnz`wbgf`x w`yw`xà{ bff {lb{ ulnhl nx hdahw`{` {lb{ {l` ywdc`h{ ewdpyx xpgmn{ {d {l`

nax{wph{dw! U` knznk` {l` k`fnz`wbgf`x na{d {ud jbmnfn`x3 ywdkph{ bak ywdh`xx! [l` ywdkph{ywdkph{ywdkph{ywdkph{

k`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`x bw` {l` ywdew`xxnz` bw{`jbh{x py {d {l` jnabf ywdkph{$x`wznh`! Na ywbh{nhbf {`wmx& {l`~

w`yw`xà{ {l` hdahw`{` bak {baengf` dp{hdm` dj {l` ywdc`h{! [l` ywdh`xxywdh`xxywdh`xxywdh`xxk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`xk`fnz`wbgf`x bw` {l`

kdhpmà{x {lb{ nffpx{wb{` {l` ywdh`xx g~ ulnhl {l` ywdc`h{ k`z`fdy`k!

Bx wèbwkx {l` bh{nzn{~ dj bxx`xxmà{& u` ywdydx` pxnae {l` wpgwnhwpgwnhwpgwnhwpgwnh& {l` {ddf dj hldnh` jdw

`zbfpb{nae y`wjdwmbah` ,bp{là{nh bxx`xxmà{.! [l` wpgwnh nx b m`{ldk dj bxx`xxmà{ gbx`k da

w`xydax` hdax{wph{nda ,fno` {l` d{l`w {ddfx dj bp{là{nh bxx`xxmà{3 {l` hl`hofnx{ bak {l`

y`wjdwmbah` fnx{.& bak nx x{wph{pw`k bx b mb{wn|! [l` y`wjdwmbah` nx gwdoà kdua& bhhdwknae {d {l`

ydna{ dj znù bak bnmx dj {l` y`wxda mbonae {l` bxx`xxmà{& na{d b x`wn`x dj nmydw{ba{ `f`mà{x&


4/21

da` y`w wdu! Jdw `bhl nmydw{ba{ `f`mà{& {l` `|y`h{`k f`z`fx dj y`wjdwmbah` bw` x{b{`k3 {l`

`f`mà{x dj {l` wdu& n!`! hdfpmax dj {l` mb{wn|! [l` wpgwnh nx hdax{wph{`k bak$dw xlbw`k un{l {l`

x{pkà{x bak {lpx w`yw`xà{x b ybh{ g`{u`à {`bhl`w bak x{pkà{x! [l` x{pkà{x oadu

g`jdw`lbak ulb{ {l`~ unff g` bxx`xx`k da! @bhl bxx`xxmà{ pxnae b wpgwnh w`yw`xà{x ba

nmydw{ba{ mdmà{ dj j``kgbho jdw {l` x{pkà{x& bak jdw {l` nax{wph{dw n{ nx ba nmydw{ba{ mdmà{ dj

y`wjdwmbah` bxx`xxmà{3 hdaxnx{à{ bak kdhpmà{`k bxx`xxmà{! B x{pkà{ bxx`xx`k un{l b

wpgwnh oadux `|bh{f~ ul`w` l` dw xl` x{bakx bak ulb{ l`$xl` mpx{ kd {d nmywdz`!


5/21

Ywdc`h{

Ylbx`

K`xhwny{nda dj Bh{nzn{n`x K`fnz`wbgf`x

`|y`h{`k

Bxx`xxmà{x

Nan{nbf

K`hnknae` da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x3

da` jdw {l` uldf` hfbxx& knznk`k na{d

xpg-ywdc`h{x& dw x`z`wbf knx{nah{ ywdc`h{x!

K`hnknae ul`{l`w ywdc`h{x bw` mdad-

mpf{n-na{`wknxhnyfnabw~ dw

`|{wbhpwwnhpfbw!

Hlddxnae {l` ywdc`h{ {l`m`x!

Jdwmnae {l` ewdpyx dj x{pkà{x& nj {l`~

bw` ewdpy ywdc`h{x!

Nk`b{nda K`jnanae {l` ywdc`h{ nk`b Xyfn{ {w`` mby Wpgwnh jdw

MbyYfbaanae Gw`bonae {l` ywdc`h{ kdua na{d

mbhwdbh{nzn{n`x bak bxxnea {l`m {d {l`

xnaef` x{pkà{x3 k`jna` uld kd`x ulb{

bak na ulb{ {nm`jwbm`!

Gbxnh

xhl`kpfnae

@|`hp{nda K`z`fdynae $ W`bfnxnae {l` ywdc`h{ [l` ywdkph{$

[l` x`wznh`

Wpgwnh jdw

Ywdkph{ $

X`wznh`

Hfdxnae Yw`xà{nae {l` w`xpf{x dj {l` ywdc`h{ bak

{l` ywdh`xx kdhpmà{x

YY

yw`xà{b{nda

Wpgwnh jdw

Yw`xà{b{nda

[bg`ffb 23 Fb YGF x`hdakd F`ynkb Xhpdfb a`n xpdn ybxxbeen `xxàsnbfn


6/21

[wbaxz`wxbf

{d {l` `a{nw`

ywdc`h{

W`jf`h{ndax na bh{nda nahfpk`k da {l`

abwwb{nz` w`ydw{

Abwwb{nz`

w`ydw{

Wpgwnh jdw

Abwwb{nz`

w`ydw{


7/21

YW@FNMNABW^$NAN[NBF DY@WB[NDAX B[ [L@ X[BW[ DJ BYWDC@H[ ,[@BHL@W BAK X[PK@A[X.

[l`w` bw` b{ f`bx{ jdpw dy`wb{ndax {lb{ mpx{ g` hbwwn`k dp{ ywndw {d {l` bh{pbf udwo da {l` ywdc`h{3

k`hnknae da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x& k`hnknae ul`{l`w {l`~ bw` mdad$mpf{n dw na{`wknxhnyfnabw~&

hlddxnae {l` {l`m`,x. dj {l` ywdc`h{,x.& bak knznknae {l` hfbxx na{d ewdpyx!

b. K`hnknae da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x3 da` jdw {l` uldf` hfbxx& g~ xpgb. K`hnknae da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x3 da` jdw {l` uldf` hfbxx& g~ xpgb. K`hnknae da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x3 da` jdw {l` uldf` hfbxx& g~ xpgb. K`hnknae da {l` apmg`w dj ywdc`h{x3 da` jdw {l` uldf` hfbxx& g~ xpg----ywdc`h{x& dw g~ knx{nah{ywdc`h{x& dw g~ knx{nah{ywdc`h{x& dw g~ knx{nah{ywdc`h{x& dw g~ knx{nah{

ywdc`h{xywdc`h{xywdc`h{xywdc`h{x

N{ nx z`w~ nmydw{ba{ jdw {l` nax{wph{dw {d k`hnk` wnel{ jwdm {l` x{bw{ ul`{l`w l` yw`j`wx {d lbz` b

xnaef` ywdc`h{ da ulnhl {l` à{nw` hfbxx unff udwo ,{ldpel knznk`k na{d xpg-ewdpyx k`fèb{`k jdw {l`

xpg-ywdc`h{x.& dw ul`{l`w l` yw`j`wx {d lbz` b x`wn`x dj knx{nah{ ywdc`h{x da ulnhl {l` zbwndpx

ewdpyx unff udwo! [l` xnaef` ywdc`h{ mdkbfn{~ nx f`xx jwnel{ànae {d {`bhl`wx uld bw` aù {d YGF

xnah` {l`~ bw` k`bfnae un{l b xnaef` {l`m`& `zà {ldpel n{ nx knznk`k na{d mpf{nyf` xpg-{dynhx! N{ nx

mdw` w`bxxpwnae {d lbz` b abwwdu {dynh dj w`j`wàh`! Lbznae mpf{nyf` knx{nah{ ywdc`h{x& {ldpel& nx b

knjj`wà{ mb{{`w! Na w`bfn{~& na gd{l hbx`x {l` nax{wph{dw mpx{ j``f {lb{ l` nx mbx{`w bgdz` bff dj {l`

m`{ldkdfde~& bak l` mpx{ ad{ g` bjwbnk dj b xn{pb{nda na ulnhl l` nx ad{ mbx{`w dj bff {l` {dynhx!

[lnx nx b {wbpmb{nh hlbae` jdw mba~ {`bhl`wx& uld hdaxnk`w {l` pabzdnkbgf` ybw{ dj {l`nw

ywdj`xxndabfnxm {d g` {l` jbh{ {lb{ {l`~ bw` {l` mbx{`wx dj bff {l` xpgc`h{ mb{{`w k`bf{ un{l na {l`

hfbxxwddm& bak {l`w`jdw` n{ nx pabhh`y{bgf` ad{ {d g` oaduf`ke`bgf` bgdp{ bff {l` {dynhx na yfb~!

Gp{ {l` {`bhl`w uld nx hbybgf` dj jdx{`wnae {l` k`z`fdymà{ dj {l` x{pkà{x xonffx bak oaduf`ke`-

gpnfknae mpx{ enz` ywndwn{~ {d mbx{`w~ dj {l` m`{ldk dz`w {lb{ dj {l` hda{à{x! L` mpx{ ad{ j``f

pahdmjdw{bgf` b{ {l` mdmà{ na ulnhl l` fdx`x lnx paknxyp{`k w`nea dz`w {l` oaduf`ke` bak

nax{`bk bxxpm` {l` wdf` dj hdbhl bak epnk`! N{ nx {l` nax{wph{dw uld xlnj{x {l` hà{w` dj ewbzn{~ dj

lnx dua bh{nda& ad fdae`w {l` hpwwnhpfpm& {l` uldf` dj knxhnyfnabw~ oaduf`ke`& {l` ywdewbmm` {d g`

hbwwn`k dp{& gp{ {l` f`bwanae dj naknznkpbfx {lb{ l` mpx{ hda{napdpxf~ mdan{dw bak {d uldm l` mpx{

ywdznk` byywdywnb{` j``kgbho! [l` udwo ewdux `|ydaà{nbff~ bak {l` h`w{bna{n`x {lb{ hdm` jwdm

knxhnyfnabw~ oaduf`ke` gèna {d knmnanxl3 {lnx nx {l` ywnh` {d g` ybnk jdw fddonae bj{`w `z`w~da`&`zà {ldx` uld g~ byy`bwbah` mb~ x``m f`xx {bfà{`k& {d {wbaxjdwm b {`bhlnae ywbh{nh` gbx`k

ywnmbwnf~ da hfbxxnjnhb{dw~ dgc`h{nz`x na{d `kphb{ndabf bh{nda bnm`k b{ jdx{`wnae {l` f`bwanae dj bff!

g. K`hnknae ul`{l`w {l` ywdc`h{x bw` mdadg. K`hnknae ul`{l`w {l` ywdc`h{x bw` mdadg. K`hnknae ul`{l`w {l` ywdc`h{x bw` mdadg. K`hnknae ul`{l`w {l` ywdc`h{x bw` mdad----mpf{nmpf{nmpf{nmpf{n----na{`wknxhnyfnabw~ dw `|{wbhpwwnhpfbwna{`wknxhnyfnabw~ dw |{wbhpwwnhpfbwna{`wknxhnyfnabw~ dw `|{wbhpwwnhpfbwna{`wknxhnyfnabw~ dw |{wbhpwwnhpfbw

N{ dj{à lbyyàx {lb{ {`bhl`wx wàdpah` YGF g`hbpx` {l`~ kd ad{ jnak hdff`bep`x unffnae {d

hdffbgdwb{`! N{ nx hf`bw {lb{ mpf{nknxhnyfnabw~ dw na{`wknxhnyfnabw~ ywdc`h{x bw` yw`j`wbgf` {d

mdadknxhnyfnabw~ ywdc`h{x! Ldu`z`w& dpw `|y`wnàh` xpee`x{x {lb{ n{ nx bfxd ydxxngf` {d hbww~ dp{

`|h`ffà{ mdadknxhnyfnabw~ ywdc`h{x! Na {lnx hbx` {l` wnxo nx lbznae b udwonae mdkbfn{~ {lb{ nx dp{ dj

x~ah un{l {lb{ dj {l` w`x{ dj {l` Hfbxx Hdpahnf bak& ybwbkd|nhbff~& da` nx dj{à znù`k g~


8/21

hdff`bep`x bx b l`w`{nh! Dpw m`{ldk bnmx {d ywdznk` {`bhl`wx un{l {l` ywdh`kpw`x bak {l`

k`fnz`wbgf`x {lb{ {bo` {l` yfbh` dj {ldx` dj {`bhlnae gbx`k da {wbaxmnxxnda! Na {lnx ub~& {l`

nax{wph{dw hba ybw{nhnyb{` na {l` Hfbxx Hdpahnfx un{l b{ f`bx{ {l` xbm` u`bf{l dj najdwmb{nda gp{ bfxd

un{l bff {l` wnhl x{dw` dj `|y`wnàh` {lb{ hdm`x jwdm yp{{nae na{d bh{nda b {~y` dj {`bhlnae {lb{& g~

n{x`fj& àbgf`x {l` k`z`fdymà{ bak h`w{njnhb{nda dj xonffx bak {lb{ hdahw`{`f~ jdx{`wx {l` xlnj{ {d

`kphb{ndabf bh{nda hà{w`k da {l` x{pkà{x!

h. Hlddxnae {l` {l`m`xh. Hlddxnae {l` {l`m`xh. Hlddxnae {l` {l`m`xh. Hlddxnae {l` {l`m`x

[l`w` bw` zbwndpx ydxxngf` byywdbhl`x jdw hlddxnae {l` {l`m`x& {d g` `zbfpb{`k na w`fb{nda {d {l`

hda{`|{! Na eà`wbf& n{ nx {l` {`bhl`wx uld xpyyf~ {l` {l`m`x& {l` nk`bx dj {l` ywdc`h{! Xdm`{nm`x

{l` x{pkà{x {l`mx`fz`x k`hnk`& {ldpel w`xy`h{nae h`w{bna w`x{wnh{ndax x`{ g~ {l` nax{wph{dw! Da` dj

{l` ydxxngf` byywdbhl`x& z`w~ unk`f~ px`k& nx ul`w` {l` nax{wph{dw hlddx`x b xnaef` {l`m`& bxnaef` ywdc`h{& {lb{ hba {là g` gwdoà kdua na{d xpg-ywdc`h{x {lb{ bw` bxxnea`k {d {l` zbwndpx xpg-

ewdpyx! [l`w` nx bfxd {l` ydxxngnfn{~ dj hlddxnae knjj`wà{ {l`m`x jdw knjj`wà{ ywdc`h{x! [l` hbx` dj

ywdc`h{x jdw {l` xhlddf-f`bznae |bmnab{ndax nx {~ynhbf!

[lnx nx b z`w~ k`fnhb{` mdmà{ bak n{ xldpfk g` hdajwda{`k un{l ybw{nhpfbw b{{à{nda! B hdww`h{

hldnh` dj {l`m`x mpx{ lbwmdanx` {ud nmydw{ba{ a``kx3 {d àebe` {l` x{pkà{x na {bxox {lb{

`mgdk~ {l` hdmyf`|n{~ dj `z`w~kb~ fnj`& bak b{ {l` xbm` {nm` {d àhdpwbe` {l`m {d hdakph{ na-

k`y{l narpnw~ dj {dynhx w`fb{`k {d {l` xhldfbx{nh hpwwnhpfpm! Jbnfpw` {d enz` kp` b{{à{nda {d da` dj

{l`x` a``kx m`bax `n{l`w jbffnae gbho na{d xnmyfnjn`k& ada-bp{là{nh {bxox& bak {l`w`jdw` {ldx`

ulnhl kd ad{ `kphb{` {dubwkx fnj` xonffx& dw aèf`h{nae {l` knxhnyfnabw~ {l`m`x un{l {l` wnxo dj

hw`b{nae oaduf`ke` ebyx na {l` x{pkà{x!

L`w` u` djj`w xdm` ywbh{nhbf naknhb{ndax jdw x`bwhlnae jdw ywdc`h{ nk`bx${l`m`x! Na ybw{nhpfbw u`

ywdydx` b x`wn`x dj naknhb{ndax {lb{ hdm` jwdm {l` Gpho Nax{n{p{` jdw @kphb{nda!

Yfbaanae gbhoubwkx x{bw{nae jwdm b {l`m`!Yfbaanae gbhoubwkx x{bw{nae jwdm b {l`m`!Yfbaanae gbhoubwkx x{bw{nae jwdm b {l`m`!Yfbaanae gbhoubwkx x{bw{nae jwdm b {l`m`! [l` ywdc`h{ nk`bx hba hdm` jwdm bw{nhf`x& `xxb~x&

hpwwà{ `zà{x& hdaz`wxb{ndax& bak d{l`w xdpwh`x! [l`~ dj{à `m`we` na {l` knxhpxxndax g`{u`à

{l` m`mg`wx dj b {`bm dj {`bhl`wx! Ulà ba nk`b dhhpwx {d ~dp& ~dp ywdh``k gbhoubwk {d enz`

xlby` {d {l` nk`b {lb{ g`x{ bfneax un{l {l` hpwwnhpfpm x{bakbwkx!

X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw gbxnh aphf`n!X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw gbxnh aphf`n!X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw gbxnh aphf`n!X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw gbxnh aphf`n! [l` gbxnh aphf`n w`yw`xà{ b hdmyàknpm dj {lb{ ulnhl nx nmydw{ba{ na

b knxhnyfna`3 {l`~ hda{bna {l`m`x {lb{ hba g` {boà bx b gbxnx jdw ywdc`h{x!

Jnak ywdc`h{x bak nk`bx da {l` U`g!Jnak ywdc`h{x bak nk`bx da {l` U`g!Jnak ywdc`h{x bak nk`bx da {l` U`g!Jnak ywdc`h{x bak nk`bx da {l` U`g! N{ nx ydxxngf` {d jnak u`gxn{`x un{l ywdc`h{ nk`bx dw bfxd un{l

k`xhwny{ndax dj xphh`xxjpf ywdc`h{x jdw `bhl knxhnyfna` bak jdw `bhl f`z`f bak ewbk` dj xhlddf!

X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw hdmmpan{~!X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw hdmmpan{~!X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw hdmmpan{~!X{bw{ jwdm ~dpw hdmmpan{~! Dp{xnk` {l` xhlddf {l`w` bw` b mpf{n{pk` dj ydxxngf` ywdc`h{x! Jdw

`|bmyf`& da` x{nmpfb{nae nk`b nx {d lbz` {l` ewdpyx dj x{pkà{x hbww~ dp{ w`x`bwhl da {l` fdhbf

hdmmpan{~!

X{bw{ jwdm {l` kbnf~ fnj` dj {l` ywdj`xxndaX{bw{ jwdm {l` kbnf~ fnj` dj {l` ywdj`xxndaX{bw{ jwdm {l` kbnf~ fnj` dj {l` ywdj`xxndaX{bw{ jwdm {l` kbnf~ fnj` dj {l` ywdj`xxndax!x!x!x! ^dp hba jnak mba~ ywdc`h{ nk`bx x{bw{nae jwdm {l` kbnf~

fnj` dj {l` ywdj`xxndax!


9/21

Nmbena` ywdc`h{x x{bw{nae jwdm fdhbf dw ab{ndabf `zà{x!Nmbena` ywdc`h{x x{bw{nae jwdm fdhbf dw ab{ndabf `zà{x!Nmbena` ywdc`h{x x{bw{nae jwdm fdhbf dw ab{ndabf `zà{x!Nmbena` ywdc`h{x x{bw{nae jwdm fdhbf dw ab{ndabf `zà{x! Ywdc`h{x hba g` ba `|h`ffà{ ub~ {d

x{nmpfb{` {l` x{pkà{x da hpwwà{ `zà{x& nxxp`x& bak k`gb{`x!

M``{ xy`hnjnh a`M``{ xy`hnjnh a`M``{ xy`hnjnh a`M``{ xy`hnjnh a``kx na ~dpw hdmmpan{~!`kx na ~dpw hdmmpan{~!`kx na ~dpw hdmmpan{~!`kx na ~dpw hdmmpan{~! Ywdc`h{ nk`bx hba g` jdpak x{bw{nae jwdm ba babf~xnx dj {l`

a``kx dj {l` fdhbf hdmmpan{~! [l`w` bw` yfà{~ dj ada-ywdjn{ dwebanxb{ndax {lb{ a``k l`fy bak

xonffx!

k. Jdwmnae {l` ewdpyxk. Jdwmnae {l` ewdpyxk. Jdwmnae {l` ewdpyxk. Jdwmnae {l` ewdpyx

[l` k`z`fdymà{ dj ywdc`h{x hba bfxd g` ba naknznkpbf dy`wb{nda& {ldpel u` j``f {lb{ {wp` ywdc`h{x

xldpfk g` pak`w{boà g~ b {`bm bak {lb{ f`bwanae {d udwo na b {`bm nx b z`w~ nmydw{ba{ fnj` xonff!

[l` jdwmb{nda bak mbabe`mà{ dj {l` ewdpyx nx b hwphnbf hlby{`w na {`bhlnae g~ ywdgf`mx bak

ywdc`h{x! [l` ba{lwdydfdenhbf hdmmpan{~ wbknhbff~ hlbae`x un{l w`xy`h{ {d {lb{ dj {`bhlnae g~

{wbaxmnxxnda3 u` mdz` jwdm b hdmmpan{~ dwebanx`k gbx`k da b da`-{d-mba~ wb{nd {d b hdmmpan{~dwebanx`k na udwo ewdpyx& na ulnhl {l` nax{wph{dw nx ad fdae`w {l` xnaef` k`ydxn{dw~ dj oaduf`ke`

gp{ bhrpnw`x {l` wdf` dj epnk` bak {p{dw!

Da` `xxà{nbf hwn{`wnda nx {d jdwm l`{`wdeà`dpx ewdpyx! X{pkà{x jwdm knjj`wà{ gbhoewdpakx&

lbznae knjj`wà{ bgnfn{n`x& `|y`wnàh`x bak na{`w`x{x& w`yw`xà{ b wnhl w`xdpwh`! Ulà ~dp bw`

k`bfnae un{l {l` na{àxnz` px` dj najdwmb{nda {`hladfden`x& jdw `|bmyf`& n{ nx nmydw{ba{ {lb{ b{ f`bx{

da` m`mg`w dj {l` ewdpy nx ybxxndab{` bgdp{ {l` {`hladfdenhbf bxy`h{x bak {lb{ d{l`w m`mg`wx dj

{l` ewdpy bw` mdw` dwnà{`k {dubwkx {l` {l`dw`{nhbf$ywdc`h{ k`xnea bxy`h{x!

_[l` byyàkn| nahfpk`x xdm` {`hlanrp`x jdw {l` jdwmb{nda dj {l` ewdpyx jwdm Cdlaxda bak

Cdlaxda]!


10/21

[L@ X[PK@A[X PAK@W[BO@ [L@ NK@B[NDA YLBX@3K@JNANAE [L@ YWDC@H[ NK@B

[l` jnwx{ x{`y {lb{ {l` nax{wph{dw bxox {l` x{pkà{x {d {bo` nx {l` k`jnan{nda dj {l` ywdc`h{ nk`b! [l`

x{pkà{x hba k`jna` b ywdc`h{ nk`b na mba~ ub~x bak& nj ad{ epnk`k& wnxo g`nae knxdwnà{`k& e`{{nae

fdx{& {bfonae bgdp{ eà`wnh {lnaex! U` ywdydx` ba byywdbhl& {boà jwdm Ywdc`h{ Mbabe`mà{

{l`dw~& ulnhl nazdfz`x {lw`` gbxnh x{`yx3

2! nkà{nj~ {l` yd{à{nbf px`wx dj {l` ywdkph{ dw x`wznh` {lb{ ~dp bw` x`{{nae dp{ {d w`bfnx`?

7! babf~x` {l`nw a``kx bak a`h`xxn{n`x?

8! nmbena` bak `zbfpb{` {l` hlbwbh{`wnx{nhx dj {l` ywdkph{ dw x`wznh` {d g` w`bfnx`k na dwk`w {d

xb{nxj~ {l` a``kx {lb{ `m`we`k!

K@FNZ@WBGF@3 [L@ HDAH@Y[PBF MBY

[l` k`jnan{nda dj {l` ywdc`h{ nk`b hba g` x~a{l`xnx`k na b xyfn{ {w``hdah`y{pbf mby ,x`` g`fdu.!

[lnx k`fnz`wbgf` xpmmbwnx`x {l` ywdc`h{ nk`b& nahfpknae {l` babf~xnx dj {l` px`w bak lnx a``kx bak

{l` byywdywnb{` `zbfpb{nda dj {l` ywdkph{$x`wznh`! [lnx nx b z`w~ nmydw{ba{ y`kbedenhbf mdmà{3 n{

àebe`x {l` x{pkà{ na dy`wb{ndax dj babf~xnx& x~a{l`xnx& bak `zbfpb{nda& ulnhl bw` wbw`f~ ybw{ dj

{wbkn{ndabf {`bhlnae ywbh{nh`x! [l` mby& nahfpknae {l` {n{f` dj {l` ywdc`h{& nx hdmydx`k dj {lw``

f`z`fx3 da` jdw k`xhwngnae {l` px`wx& da` jdw {l` a``kx& bak da` jdw {l` ywdkph{ hlbwbh{`wnx{nhx!

_[l` byyàkn| nahfpk`x b wpgwnh yw`ybw`k jdw {l` mby bxx`xxmà{! Bx jdw bff wpgwnhx& {l` da` nahfpk`k l`w` w`yw`xà{x

b ydxxngf` xdfp{nda& ad{ {l` xdfp{nda& ulnhl dgzndpxf~ kd`x ad{ `|nx{! [l` wpgwnh bfxd naknhb{`x {l` mdx{ nmydw{ba{ fnj`

xonffx jdw bhl xneanjnhba{ f`mà{3 ba nmydw{ba{ x{`y {dubwkx h`w{njnhb{nda dj {l` xonffx!]


11/21

[L@ X[PK@A[X PAK@W[BO@ [L@ YFBAANAE YLBX@3

K@JNANAE [L@ MBNA BH[NZN[N@X,ULD KD@X ULB[ BAK NA ULB[ [NM@JWBM@.

Jnwx{f~& u` uba{ {d hf`bw {l` jn`fk dj ba~ ydxxngf` f`|nhbf mnxpak`wx{baknaex! [lnx& adwmbff~& nx {l`

ylbx` na ulnhl {l` ywdc`h{ yfba nx hw`b{`k! Mnhwdxdj{ px`x {l` {`wm ywdc`h{ yfbaywdc`h{ yfbaywdc`h{ yfbaywdc`h{ yfba! Làh` dpw hldnh`

dj xy`bonae bgdp{ Yfbaanae! Y`wlbyx nmywdy`wf~& g`hbpx` ulà da` xy`box dj yfbaanae&

xdm`{nm`x w`j`wàh` {d {l` {nm`jwbm`x nx ad{ mbk`

U` unff hfbwnj~ g~ x{b{nae ulb{ xldpfk g` kda` na {lnx ylbx`3

K`jna` {l` bh{nzn{n`x na k`{bnf bak {l` w`fb{`k w`xdpwh`x a`h`xxbw~!

Bxxnea {l` bh{nzn{n`x {d {l` xnaef` m`mg`wx dj {l` ewdpy& n!`! k`jna` uld kd`x ulb{

@x{nmb{` {l` {nm`jwbm`x jdw {l` `|`hp{nda dj {l` zbwndpx bh{nzn{n`x

[lb{ nx {d xb~& {l` ywdc`h{ yfba!

U` j``f {lb{ {l` ylbx` dj hw`b{nae {l` ywdc`h{ yfba nx b z`w~ knjjnhpf{ da` {d lbz` {l` x{pkà{x kd na

hfbxx! X{pkà{x {àk {d yw`j`w kdnae dz`w bgx{wbh{ yfbaanae! K`{bnfnae {l` ydxxngf` bh{nzn{n`x bak

w`xdpwh`x& bhhpwb{`f~ k`jnanae {l` {nm`jwbm`x ,xhl`kpfnae.& bak x{b{nae {l` xy`hnjnhb{ndax dj {l`

ywdkph{-x`wznh` bw` bwkpdpx {bxox jdw ~dpae y`dyf` bak& gbx`k da dpw `|y`wnàh`& u` j``f {lb{ n{ nx

ad{ a`h`xxbw~ dw ywdkph{nz` {d w`rpnw` {l`m un{l naxnx{àh`!!!!N{ nx bfxd a`h`xxbw~ {d nax{nf na {l` x{pkà{x& gp{ na {l` {`bhl`wx bx u`ff& {l` nk`b {lb{ yfbax bw`

mbk` {d g` wùdwo`k! Na xldw{& mbonae jdw`hbx{x {lb{ unff fb{`w g` w`-hbfngwb{`k nx yl~xndfdenhbf ,ad{

yb{ldfdenhbf.! W`fn`znae ba|n`{~ bgdp{ {l` y`wj`h{ ywdc`h{ yfba ,nmydxxngf` {d kd". mpx{ g` da` dj

{l` {dy ywndwn{n`x na {lnx ylbx`!

Enzà {lnx yw`mnx`& {l`w` nx da` w`rpnw`mà{ da ulnhl u` hbaad{ bak mpx{ ad{ ~n`fk3 {l`

nkà{njnhb{nda dj {l` ywdgbgf` mbhwdbh{nzn{n`x bak {l` bxxneamà{ dj {l`x` {d {l` xnaef` m`mg`wx dj

{l` ewdpy! B{ {l` àk dj {lnx ylbx`& `bhl m`mg`w dj {l` ewdpy mpx{ g` bxxnea`k {l` {bxox {d g`

hbwwn`k dp{ bak da ulnhl l` dw xl` unff g` bxx`xx`k! Jdw px bx {`bhl`wx& {lnx nx b mbakb{dw~ x{`y!

N{ nx bfxd nmydw{ba{ jdw g`nae bgf` {d mdz` jwdm b ewdpy bxx`xxmà{ {d ba naknznkpbf bxx`xxmà{!

K@FNZ@WBGF@3 [L@ MNANMBF YWDC@H[ YFBA

[lnx nx {l` k`fnz`wbgf na ulnhl {l` x{pkà{x ywdznk` {l` `xxà{nbf najdwmb{nda3 mbhwdbh{nzn{n`x&

w`xdpwh`x& uld kd`x ulb{ bak {l` yw`xpm`k {nm`jwbm`x! [lnx xpgx{n{p{`x jdw {l` j`bxngnfn{~ x{pk~

bak UGX& bx àznxbe`k g~ {l` hdmyf`{` F`ynkb Xhpdfb m`{ldk& {ldpel h`w{bnaf~ un{ldp{ à{nw`f~

{bonae {l`nw yfbh`! Na ba~ hbx`& jdw ba na{wdkph{dw~ f`z`f na {l` xhldfbx{nh hda{`|{& u` j``f {lb{ n{

w`yw`xà{x b eddk x{bw{nae ydna{!


12/21

Mnanmbf ywdc`h{ yfba dp{fna`

Mbhwdbh{nzn{~ 2

d Uld

d W`xdpwh`x

d

Yw`xpm`k {nm`jwbm` 2 Mbhwdbh{nzn{~ 7

d Uld

d W`xdpwh`x

d Yw`xpm`k {nm`jwbm` 7

Mbhwdbh{nzn{~ 8

d Uld

d W`xdpwh`x

d Yw`xpm`k {nm`jwbm` 8

BXX@XXM@A[3 Jdw {l` bxx`xxmà{& u` àhfdx` na {l` Byyàkn| {l` wpgwnh jdw {l` J`bxngnfn{~ X{pk~ {lb{ hba

na ba~ hbx` w`yw`xà{ b eddk x{bw{nae ydna{ jdw {l` bxx`xxmà{ dj {l` Mnanmbf Ywdc`h{ Yfba!

[L@ X[PK@A[X PAK@W[BO@ [L@ @\@HP[NDA YLBX@3

K@Z@FDYNAE$W@BFNXNAE [L@ YWDC@H[

[lnx ylbx` nx `bxnf~ hbwwn`k dp{ na {l` hfbxxwddm! [l` x{pkà{x àcd~ kdnae n{& bak n{ nx b z`w~

nmydw{ba{ ylbx` jwdm {l` y`kbedenhbf y`wxy`h{nz`! N{ nx {l` mdmà{ na ulnhl {l` x{pkà{x

hdax{wph{ bkzbah`k oaduf`ke`! [l` mdw` u` bw` bgf` {d àwnhl {l` f`bwanae àznwdamà{ na {`wmx

dj hdean{nz` w`xdpwh`x jwdm ulnhl {l` x{pkà{x hba kwbu bak ydna{x dj znù {l`~ hba hdaxpf{& {l`

mdw` {lnx `|y`wnàh` unff g` {wbaxjdwm`k na{d {lb{ k`xnwbgf` yb{l {lb{ f`bkx {l`m {d ewbkpbff~

{wbaxjdwm {l` oadu bgdp{ na{d {l` oadu ldu bak {lb{ unff àbgf` {l`m {d k`z`fdy& bmdaex{

d{l`w {lnaex& {l` hdmy`{àh~ {lb{ nx adu panz`wxbff~ hdaxnk`w`k {d g` jpakbmà{bf3 f`bwanae {d

f`bwa!

K@FNZ@WBGF@3 W@J@W@AH@ [D [L@ ABWWB[NZ@ W@YDW[

BXX@XXM@A[3 W`j`wàh` {d {l` wpgwnh& na {l` Byyàkn|& jdw {l` Abwwb{nz` W`ydw{!

[L@ X[PK@A[X PAK@W[BO@ [L@ HFDXNAE YLBX@3YW@X@A[NAE [L@ W@XPF[X DJ [L@ YWDC@H[

BAK [L@ YWDH@XX KDHPM@A[XB{ {lnx ydna{ {l` gpfo dj {l` ywdc`h{ lbx g`à hdmyf`{`k! [l` x{pkà{x lbz` k`jna`k {l` ywdc`h{

nk`b& yfbaa`k n{x k`z`fdymà{& bak w`bfnx`k {l` ywdkph{ dw x`wznh`! Adu {l`~ mpx{ yw`xà{ {l`

udwo hbwwn`k dp{& hdmmpanhb{` {l` w`xpf{x bhln`z`k! [l` yw`xà{b{nda bx u` hdah`nz` n{ unff g`

mpf{nm`knb& ydxxngf~ pxnae Ydu`w Ydna{ dw xnmnfbw {ddfx& bak unff g` bnm`k b{ {l` w`x{ dj {l` hfbxx&


13/21

{l` {`bhl`w dw ewdpy dj {`bhl`wx! N{ mb~ xdm`{nm`x g` `|{àk`k {d {l` zbwndpx x{bo`ldfk`wx dw

`zà {d b unk`w bpknàh`& {bonae bkzba{be` dj ypgfnh mdmà{x! @bhl m`mg`w dj {l` ewdpy unff

yw`xà{ {l` ybw{ dj {l` udwo l` dw xl` lbx hbwwn`k dp{& bak {lnx unff bffdu ba naknznkpbf bxx`xxmà{

na bkkn{nda {d {lb{ dj {l` ewdpy! [l` yw`xà{b{nda g`hdm`x b hwphnbf mdmà{ jdw {wbnanae {l`

x{pkà{x na hdmmpanhb{nda! Nan{nbff~& {l` x{pkà{x xldu xdm` buoubwka`xx na mbx{`wnae {l`

{`hlanrp`x dj hdmmpanhb{nda bak daf~ b jù bw` à{nw`f~ b{ `bx`! Ldu`z`w& u` lbz` ad{`k {lb{ na

b xldw{ {nm` {l`w` bw` hdaxnk`wbgf` nmywdz`mà{x& bak bj{`w b jù yw`xà{b{ndax {l` x{pkà{x bw`

rpn{` b{ `bx` bak f`bwa {d px` {l` zbwndpx m`knb {d `|yw`xx {l`mx`fz`x `jj`h{nz`f~! [l`

yw`xà{b{ndax dj {l` zbwndpx ewdpyx w`rpnw` b ew`b{ k`bf dj {nm`& xd n{ nx bkznxbgf` {d edz`wa {l`m

bk`rpb{`f~ bak {w~ {d dwebanx` `z`w~{lnae na bkzbah`! [l`w` nx bfub~x da` hdmyp{`w {lb{ jbnfx {d

udwo dw kd`x ad{ hdaa`h{ hdww`h{f~ {d {l` znk`d ywdc`h{dw! N{ nx eddk bak `kphb{ndabf {d enz` {l`

x{pkà{x w`xydaxngnfn{~ xd {lb{ {l`~ g`hdm` bhhpx{dm`k {d ad{ {bonae ba~{lnae jdw ewba{`k! [lnx nxbfxd {l` mdmà{ dj w`jf`h{ndax bak bxx`xxmà{x! [l` x{pkà{x hba g` bxo`k {d `|yw`xx {l`nw

znùx da {l` w`xpf{x bhln`z`k un{l w`xy`h{ {d {l` jdw`hbx{x& da {l` g`x{ ywbh{nh`x bak da {l`

f`xxdax f`bwa`k!

K@FNZ@WBGF@3 [L@ YW@X@A[B[NDA na knen{bf jdwmb{

[lnx nx {l` k`fnz`wbgf & pxpbff~ nazdfznae xfnk`x& {lb{ xpmmbwnx`x {l` ywdc`h{ ywdh`kpw` bak {l`

w`xpf{x bhln`z`k! U` kd ad{ bxo {l` x{pkà{x {d px` b ybw{nhpfbw xdj{ubw` ybhobe ? ulb{ nx

nmydw{ba{ nx {lb{ {l`~ hdax{wph{ {lnx k`fnz`wbgf` bx {l` gbxnx dj {l` yw`xà{b{nda! [lnx na n{x`fj

w`yw`xà{x ba nmydw{ba{ mdmà{ dj w`jf`h{nda!

BXX@XXM@A[3 jdw {l` bxx`xxmà{& na {l` Byyàkn|& b wpgwnh jdw {l` Yw`xà{b{nda

[L@ X[PK@A[X ABWWB[@ KPWNAE [L@ YWDC@H[

[l` k`z`fdymà{ dj ywdc`h{x nazdfz`x w`xdfznae mba~ ywdgf`mx {lb{ bw` àhdpa{`w`k bfdae {l`

ub~! Ulb{ knjj`wà{nb{`x {l` w`xdfp{nda dj {l` {~ynhbf ywdgf`mx dj {l` xhldfbx{nh hda{`|{ jwdm {ldx`

dj `z`w~kb~ fnj` dp{xnk` xhlddf nx {lb{ na hfbxx x{pkà{x bw` bhhpx{dm`k {d hdajwda{nae ywdgf`mx

{lb{ bw` x{wph{pw`k& un{l daf~ da` xdfp{nda& xphl bx ywdgf`mx dj mb{l`mb{nhx& yl~xnhx& bak xd da!

Na `z`w~kb~ fnj`& ywdgf`mx bw` pax{wph{pw`k& un{ldp{ b yw`hnx` xdfp{nda& xd g`nae eddk b{ ywdgf`m-

xdfznae m`bax jnaknae {l` f`bx{ gbk xdfp{ndax! [l` ub~ dj ywdh``knae g~ xdfznae ywdgf`mx

àhdpa{`w`k kpwnae {l` k`z`fdymà{ dj b ywdc`h{ nx xnmnfbw& g~ xphh`xxnz` byywd|nmb{ndax& bak

x{pkà{x uld abwwb{` {l` ywdgf`mx bak {l` xdfp{ndax jdpak g`hdm` bhhpx{dm`k {d w`jf`h{nae ulnf`

bh{nae! [lnx nx ldu ywdj`xxndabfx udwo! Xd {lnx abwwb{nda g`hdm`x xnmnfbw {d {l` `ynx{`mdfde~ dj

ywdj`xxndabf ywbh{nh` ywdydx`k g~ Xhla gbx`k da w`jf`h{nda-na-bh{nda!


14/21

K@FNZ@WBGF@3 ABWWB[NZ@ W@YDW[

Ulb{ n{ nxUlb{ n{ nxUlb{ n{ nxUlb{ n{ nx3 [lnx nx {l` kdhpmà{$knbw~ {lb{ abwwb{`x {l` x{pkà{x w`jf`h{ndax& x{wb{èn`x& hldnh x&

kdpg{x& j`bwx& bak h`w{bna{n`x na hdajwda{nae {l` zbwndpx mdmà{x dj hbww~nae dp{ {l` ywdc`h{!

Ldu n{ nx x{wph{pw`k3Ldu n{ nx x{wph{pw`k3Ldu n{ nx x{wph{pw`k3Ldu n{ nx x{wph{pw`k3 N{ nx dwebanx`k na {lw`` hdfpmax! [l` jnwx{ hdfpma hda{bnax b kb{`& {l` x`hdak

b x{pkà{x abm` dw {l` ewdpy k`xhwny{nda& {l` {lnwk b w`jf`h{nda!

[l` Byyàkn| ywdznk`x b apmg`w dj xpee`x{ndax da ldu {d hw`b{` b eddk abwwb{nz` w`ydw{!hw`b{` b eddk abwwb{nz` w`ydw{!hw`b{` b eddk abwwb{nz` w`ydw{!hw`b{` b eddk abwwb{nz` w`ydw{!

N{ hba g` ywdkph`k na mba~ knjj`wà{ ub~x3 Udwk kdhpmà{& lbak-uwn{{à& gfde& bak xd da!

KB[@ ABM@ W@JF@H[NDA

BXX@XXM@A[3 ABWWB[NZ@ W@YDW[ WPGWNH NA [L@ BYY@AKN\

Xybh`Xybh`Xybh`Xybh` na {l` hfdpk!na {l` hfdpk!na {l` hfdpk!na {l` hfdpk! Jdw `bhl ywdc`h{ hbwwn`k dp{& u` xpee`x{ {d {l` x{pkà{x {lb{ {l`~ k`ydxn{ {l`

xy`hnjnh k`fnz`wbgf`x dj `bhl ylbx` dj {l` ywdc`h{ na {l` hfdpk àznwdamà{! [l` x{pkà{x unff

xpgknznk` {l`m na{d jdpw jdfk`wx& da` jdw `bhl ylbx` dj {l` ywdc`h{& {n{f`k w`xy`h{nz`f~3 Nk`b{nda&

Yfbaanae& @|`hp{nda& Hfdxnae! [l` Abwwb{nz` W`ydw{& {wbaxz`wxbf {d bff {l` ylbx`x-jdfk wx& unff

{l`w`jdw` lbz` {d g` k`ydxn{`k dp{xnk` {l` jdfk`wx! Bff {l` bxx`xxmà{ {ddfx ,wpgwnhx bak

y`wjdwmbah` fnx{x. unff bfxd g` k`ydxn{`k na {l` hfdpk àznwdamà{!

Xhl`mb kdhpmà{d kn Abwwbsnda`


15/21

HDAHFPXNDAX

U` lbz` k`xhwng`k ba `xxà{nbf byywdbhl {d Ywdc`h{ Gbx`k F`bwanae {lb{& kwbunae jwdm {l`

fn{`wb{pw`& hdajwda{x {l` nxxp` dj n{x hdahw`{` byyfnhb{nda na {l` hfbxxwddm! [lnx lbakgddo nx {l`

w`xpf{ dj mba~ xneanjnhba{ `|y`wnàh`x na xhlddfx dj `z`w~ f`z`f bak bnmx {d enz` b {baengf`

w`xydax` {d {l` unk`f~ `|yw`xx`k a``k jdw m`{ldkdfdenhbf hlbae`! [l` udwo w`j`wx {d xnmyf`

ywdc`h{x bak nx bnm`k ywnmbwnf~ b{ {ldx` uld bw` byywdbhlnae YGF na {l` hfbxxwddm jdw {l` jnwx{

{nm`! U` pak`w{ddo {d ywdznk` naknhb{ndax jdw gd{l {l` ybw{ yw`fnmnabw~ {d {l` k`z`fdymà{ dj {l`

ywdc`h{x bak {l` zbwndpx ylbx`x dj {l`nw nmyf`mà{b{nda na {l` hfbxxwddm! U` lbz` nahfpk`k b{

f`bx{ da` bh{nzn{~ jdw `bhl ylbx` un{l w`fb{`k k`fnz`wbgf`x bak bxx`xxmà{ ywdydxbfx! Na w`fb{nda {d

bxx`xxmà{& u` uà{ jpw{l`w {d ywdkph` wpgwnhx {lb{ ywdznk` ba nan{nbf m`bax dj bxx`xxnae {l` fnj`

xonffx! N{ ed`x un{ldp{ xb~nae {lb{ u` unff g` hdax{ba{f~ bak hda{napdpxf~ w`jnanae {lb{ ulnhl u`

lbz` ywdydx`k! [lnx unff {bo` yfbh` jdffdunae {l` m`{ldk dj K`xnea Gbx`k W`x`bwhl& ba `|h`ffà{

na{`wyw`{`w dj dpw xynwn{ ulnhl& o``ynae b knx{bah` jwdm {l` x{nff b{{wbh{nz` bak payw`knh{bgf` abnz`{

dj kd-n{-~dpwx`fj& bxxnkpdpxf~ x`òx {l` wnedpw dj b xhnà{njnhbff~ gbx`k m`{ldk!


16/21

kn Dwj`d Gdxxnan * Wdg`w{d M`adssn


17/21

kn Dwj`d Gdxxnan * Wdg`w{d M`adssn

BYY@AKNH@ 73 WPGWNH KN ZBFP[BSNDA@ Y@W FB YW@X@A[BSNDA@


18/21

BYY@AKNH@ 83 WPGWNH KN ZBFP[BSNDA@ Y@W NF KDHPM@A[D KN ABWWBSNDA@

kn Wdg`w{d M`adssn


19/21

@fàhlnbmd b xèpn{d bfhpa` kdmbak` hl` yd{wbaad bnp{bw` efn x{pkà{n a`ffb w`bfnssbsnda` kn pa gpda

kdhpmà{d kn abwwbsnda`!

Kdmbak` y`w fb jbx` kn nk`bsnda`

Hdm` xn jdwmb{d nf ewpyyd4 Lb xpgn{d kèfn beenpx{bmà{n4

Rpbf fnk`b k`f ywde`{{d4

Kb kdz` xhb{pwn{b fnk`b& hdm` ` rpbakd4

Rpbfn bf{w` nk`` xdad x{b{` zbfp{b{` ` y`whl xdad x{b{` xhbw{b{`4

B rpbfn knxhnyfna` ` hdm`& b fdwd& xn hdffèb4

Rpbfn efn dgn`{{nzn k`f ywde`{{d4

Kb rpbf` babfnxn k`n gnxdean xdad xhb{pwn{n efn dgn`{{nzn4

Xy`hnjnhb gà` b hln wnzdf{d nf ywde`{{d! Hln nf yd{àsnbf` p{à{` k`f ywdkd{{d d k`f x`wznsnd4

Lbn byyw`xd hdx` apdz` ,hda{àp{n& {`hadfden` ` m`{dkn. kpwba{` rp`x{d mdmà{d4

Y`w wbeenpae`w` efn dgn`{{nzn rpbfn b{{nzn{ ` y`w jbw` rp`x{` b{{nzn{ rpbfn wnxdwx`4 Na ybw{nhdfbw` rpbfn

byywàknmà{n4 ,x{pknd kn jb{{ngnfn{.

En na jbx` kn nk`bsnda` lbn kdzp{d wnk`jnanw` f` wnxdwx` yn kn pab zdf{b d fb ywnmb zdf{b x{b{b

xpjjnhnà{`4

X`n na ewbkd kn w`bfnssbw` pa `zà{pbf` ywd{d{nyd d fd jbwbn& jdwx`& na pab jbx` xphh`xxnzb4

Rpbfn wpdfn lbaad bzp{d n m`mgwn k`f ewpyyd4

Lbn {p{{n efn `f`mà{n y`w w`bfnssbw` fb yw`xà{bsnda`4 Xp hdxb {n bxy`{{n kn `xx`w` zbfp{b{d4

Kdmbak` y`w fb jbx` kn ynbanjnhbsnda`

@ x{b{d a`h`xxbwnd pa wnbeenpx{bmà{d k`ff` ywnahnybfn b{{nzn{ `xyw`xx` a`ffd x{pknd kn jb{{ngnfn{ ,b

xèpn{d bahl` kn pab wn{bwb{pwb kèfn dgn`{{nzn `{h!.4

Rpbfn efn `zà{pbfn nmy`knmà{n bk pa wbjjnab{d fnz`ffd kn k`{{befnd kn bfhpa` d {p{{` f` b{{nzn{4

Rpbfn efn byywàknmà{n a`h`xxbwn ,hda{àp{n& {`hadfden` ` m`{dkn. na rp`x{b jbx`4

Dean m`mgwd k`f ewpyyd xb `xb{{bmà{` rpbfn xbwbaad n xpdn hdmyn{n ` {p{{n n hdmyn{n xdad x{b{n

bxxèab{n bn m`mgwn k`f ewpyyd4

@ x{b{d knjjnhnf` k`xhwnz`w` f` xy`hnjnhl` k`{{befnb{` k`f ywde`{{d4

Fb xhwn{{pwb k`ff` xy`hnjnhl` k`{{befnb{` k`f ywdkd{{d$x`wznsnd lb m`xxd na hwnxn efn dgn`{{nzn4

Kdmbak` y`w fb jbx` kn @x`hpsnda`

X`n wnpxhn{d b wnxy`{{bw` n {`myn ynbanjnhb{n4

Lbn ypa{pbfmà{` w`kb{{d fd X{b{d kn Bzbasbmà{d Fbzdwn4

Rpbfn efn byywàknmà{n a`h`xxbwn na rp`x{b jbx`4

Lbn kdzp{d jbw` mdknjnhl` wnxy`{{d b rpba{d yw`znx{d a`ffb jbx` k`jnansnda`4

Lbn kdzp{d jbw` mdknjnhl` wnxy`{{d b rpba{d yw`znx{d a`ffb jbx` nk`bsnda`4

Z`kn f` kdmbak` ybe! 8


20/21

Kdmbak` y`w fb jbx` kn Hlnpxpwb

Rpbfn ywdgf`mn `m`wxn ydxxdad xpee`wnw` mnefndwbmà{n y`w n ywdxxnmn ywde`{{n4

Lbn bwhlnznb{d n jnf`& n kdhpmà{n ` efn bw{`jb{{n na mdkd hl` bf{wn& na jp{pwd& fn ydxxbad jbhnfmà{`

w`y`wnw`4

Lbn ywdkd{{d pabkèpb{b kdhpmà{bsnda` na mdkd hl` bf{wn& na jp{pwd& ydxxbad pxbw` nf {pd fbzdwd

xnb hdm` hbxd& xnb hdm` ypa{d kn ybw{àsb y`w pf{`wndwn xznfpyyn4

Hdxb `m`we` kb pa hdajwda{d k`f ynbad nansnbf` hda fbakbmà{d `jj`{{nzd kèfn `zà{n k`f ywde`{{d4


21/21

Xèpàkd Cdlaxda ` Cdlaxda ywdydanbmd bfhpa` {`hanhl` y`w fb jdwmbsnda` k`n ewpyyn

Xh`f{b hbxpbf` ,Wbakdm Bxxnea`mà{.!Xh`f{b hbxpbf` ,Wbakdm Bxxnea`mà{.!Xh`f{b hbxpbf` ,Wbakdm Bxxnea`mà{.!Xh`f{b hbxpbf` ,Wbakdm Bxxnea`mà{.! Nf mdkd yn x`myfnh` `k `jjnhbh` y`w knznk`w` efn x{pkà{n kn pab

hfbxx` na ewpyyn rp`ffd kn ywdh`k`w` na mdkd hbxpbf`! Xn knznk` nf apm`wd kèfn x{pkà{n k`ffb hfbxx` y`w nfapm`wd k`n hdmydaà{n kn dean ewpyyd! Zdfàkd bz`w` ewpyyn kn {w` bfpaan `k bzàkd pab hfbxx` kn {wà{b& xn

knznk` {wà{b y`w {w`! @ hdx ydxxngnf` apm`wbw` efn x{pkà{n kb pad b kn`hn! B rp`x{d ypa{d xn jdwmbad n

ewpyyn m`{{àkd bxxn`m` {p{{n efn pad& n kp`& n {w` `{h!

Xh`f{b hbxpbf` x{wb{njnhb{b ,X{wb{njn`k wbakdm bxxnea`mà{.Xh`f{b hbxpbf` x{wb{njnhb{b ,X{wb{njn`k wbakdm bxxnea`mà{.Xh`f{b hbxpbf` x{wb{njnhb{b ,X{wb{njn`k wbakdm bxxnea`mà{.Xh`f{b hbxpbf` x{wb{njnhb{b ,X{wb{njn`k wbakdm bxxnea`mà{.! Hdnahnk` xdx{basnbfmà{` hda fb xh`f{b hbxpbf`!

B rp`x{b xn beenpae` nf znahdfd hl` na dean ewpyyd xnbad yw`xà{n bfmàd pad d yn x{pkà{n kd{b{n kn

k`{`wmnab{` hbwb{{`wnx{nhl` ,x{nf` kn byywàknmà{d& na{`w`xx` y`wxdabf`& yw`knxydxnsnda` bffb ywb{nhb kn

hdmyp{`w `{h!.! Fb ywdh`kpwb hdaxnefnb{b fb xèpà{`3

Hfbxxnjnhbw` efn x{pkà{n kbf yn bf{d bf yn gbxxd xpffb gbx` kn pab ywdzb knaew`xxd d kn fnz`ffd& kn

zbfp{bsndan ybxxb{` d k`ff `xy`wnàsb kn kdhà{`!

Xn jdwmn nf ywnmd ewpyyd xhèfnàkd fd x{pkà{` mnefndw`& nf yèendw` `k n kp` na{`wm`kn! Fn xn bxxèan

bffd x{`xxd ewpyyd b màd hl` xnbad {p{{n k`ffd x{`xxd x`xxd& hl` ada wnjf`{{bad fb hdmydxnsnda`

`{anhb k`ffb hfbxx`& ` hl` ada xnbad {wb kn fdwd a`mnhn knhlnbwb{n d bmnhn y`w fb y`ff`! Bf z`wnjnhbwxn kn

pab kn rp`x{` hdaknsndan& xn xydx{n pad x{pkà{` kbffb xpb ydxnsnda` na hfbxxnjnhb z`wxd f%bf{d d nf

gbxxd y`w wnxnx{`mbw` n ewpyyn!

Xn jdwmnad efn bf{wn ewpyyn wny`{àkd fb x{`xxb ywdh`kpwb& b ybw{nw` kb pab fnx{b wnkd{{b! X` wnmbaedad

x{pkà{n xn jdwmnad pad d kp` ewpyyn kn {w` m`mgwn!

Xn `zn{n kn hdx{wpnw` n ewpyyn gbxbakdxn xp hb{èdwn` hl` ada xnbad nmydw{ba{n y`w nf hdmynmà{d k`fywde`{{d! Bk `x! x{pkà{` hw`b{nzd& wnjf`xxnzd& kd{b{d kn byywdhhnd ywbemb{nhd& wnxy`{{dxd k`n {`myn

`{h!

Na{`w`xxn!Na{`w`xxn!Na{`w`xxn!Na{`w`xxn! Hln`k`{` befn x{pkà{n kn xhwnz`w` nf fdwd xydw{ jbzdwn{d xp pa y`ss`{{d kn hbw{b! Jb{` fb xh`f{b kn jbw

ybw{`hnybw` bffd x{`xxd ewpyyd {p{{n rp`ffn hpn ynbh` fd x{`xxd xydw{! Xn yp ybxxbw` kbffd xydw{ bf hngd& bff`

bp{d& befn banmbfn `{h!

Ewpyyn xh`f{n kbff%naxèaba{`!Ewpyyn xh`f{n kbff%naxèaba{`!Ewpyyn xh`f{n kbff%naxèaba{`!Ewpyyn xh`f{n kbff%naxèaba{`! @% f%naxèaba{` hl` k`hnk` fb hdmydxnsnda` k`n ewpyyn! Pad k`n m`{dkn yw`j`wn{n

hl` ywdydaedad C*C rp`ffd kn hw`bw` n ewpyyn na jpasnda` kèfn x{pkà{n nxdfb{n! Na ybw{nhdfbw` ywdydaedad kn

hln`k`w` bk dean x{pkà{` {w` admn kn x{pkà{n hda hpn zdww`gg`wd `xx`w` na ewpyyd! Kb rp`x{` najdwmbsndan

xn yp hw`bw` pab fnx{b kèfn x{pkà{n yn wnhln`x{n jnad b rp`ffn yn nxdfb{n ,rp`ffn màd wnhln`x{n.! B rp`x{d

ypa{d& bk deapad kn rp`x{n ydxxngnf` bxxdhnbw` kp` kèfn x{pkà{n yn 'e`{{dab{n'!

Ewpyyn hl` xn jdwmbad kb xdfnEwpyyn hl` xn jdwmbad kb xdfnEwpyyn hl` xn jdwmbad kb xdfnEwpyyn hl` xn jdwmbad kb xdfn! X`hdakd C*C fb ywdh`kpwb màd bpxynhb{b rp`ffb na hpn efn x{pkà{n& kb xdfn&

k`hnkdad hdm` jdwmbw` n ewpyyn! Na rp`x{d mdkd& eà`wbfmà{`& n ewpyyn knzà{bad dmdeà`n3 efn x{pkà{n

gwbzn xn bxxdhnbad b rp`ffn gwbzn& rp`ffn kn pab mnadwbasb {wb kn fdwd& mbxhln hda mbxhln `{h!

BYY@AKNH@ 03 XPEE@WNM@A[N Y@W FB JDWMBSNDA@ K@N EWPYYN

pbl using lepida scuola method_en

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