pbl presentation slides
TRANSCRIPT
QED528: Educational Psychology
PBL PresentationScenario 2
Group Members:Ho Si HuiPragalath S/O SadasivamRenuka Selva RajooShirin Binte Shaik MuhyideenTing Zheng Xi Jason
Problem statements/issues
1) Lack of intrinsic motivation2) Low self-esteem 3) Lack of social development
Diagnostic Tools
ParentsExosystem
Working environment of
Parents
Microsystem
Parents have lesser time for
Jeremy
Minimizes the interaction between
parent & child
Jeremy
Poor self-discipline
Lacking self-direction
Anti-social behaviour
School
School
Peers
RidiculeOstracize
Teachers
Dismiss
Problem area 1: Teachers
Theories to explain for Jeremy's lack of self-esteem:
Concept of "attribution" The attributions are more related
to one’s (past) experiences Theory suggests that people
attribute success/failure to 4 factors:
ability & effort (dispositional) luck & difficulty (situational)
Cause of failure:1. Jeremy’s teachers: attributed his
failure to his lack of effort.2. Jeremy himself: attributed his
failure to his ability.
Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1979)
http://faculty.weber.edu/pstewart/6030/6030.html
AT applied to JEREMY’s case Teachers as contributing
component: through harsh/insensitive comments, reinforces his poor self-perception over time
• Mr Tan: So, you are the odd one out again huh, Jeremy. • Ms Low: What is wrong with you? The rest of the class don't give me any problems. You are the only one! I get complaints from every subject teacher that you don't pay attention in class! Why can't you be like the others?
“It's me. Me only. I am a problem. I am the only one with problems.”
http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/t/thought_bubble_gifts.asp
Jeremy
AT applied to JEREMY’s case
Jeremy's poor academic performance also perpetuates his low self-esteem & perceptions of his own academic ability
Idea of "stability" (Weiner et al., 1983) Failure ascribed to a stable cause like low ability will
lead to decreased motivation (Tan et al., 2011p.336) "Pygmalion Effect" (Rosenthal and Jacobson, 1968)
"I already tried so hard but I still cannot perform. Maybe I really just can't do it."
Problem Area 2: Peers
Importance of Peers
Erikson's Psychosocial Development (Tan, et al 2010)
Identity VS Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12 to 18 years)
Point of Reference: Peer (conformity & social acceptance)
Cohesive sense of self in social groups
Children who are rejected by their peers, who experience more loneliness and social isolation, are more likely to become disaffected from academic activities and eventually leave school. (Sage & Kindermann, 1999).
Importance of Peers
Importance of Peers
“Peers are the most potent influence on their [students’] day-to-day behaviors in school (e.g., how much time they spend on homework, if they enjoy coming to school each day, how they behave in the classroom)” (Steinberg, Dornbusch, and Brown 1992, p.727)
Importance of Peers
Adolescents who reported higher felt security with their peers also showed higher identity integration and general self-esteem. (Ryan et al, 1994)
Jeremy:Rejected Peer Status
Jeremy: A Rejected Peer
Jeremy ostracized in class because he is different (e.g. rich) and does not participate in class events.
Relational aggressive behaviour: Teasing, ridiculing, ignoring Jeremy
Maslow Hierarchy of NeedsBelonging Needs
Jeremy wished he could leave the class immediately. He has never felt that he belonged here. Then again, he has never felt that he belonged anywhere. He is so used to being alone. During recess time, he would always sit and eat alone.
Jeremy: A Rejected Peer
Classmates ridicule Jeremy when he makes mistakes
Maslow Hierarchy of NeedsEsteem Needs
Self-esteem Esteem Jeremy gets from his peers Feels inferior, weak, helpless and
worthless
Jeremy: A Rejected Peer
Inadequate social skills: inability to interact and get along with others
Jeremy: A Rejected Peer
Loneliness: Sharing his problems with Dino, his toy dinosaur
Withdrawn: Refuses to participate in group discussion despite Misha’s continued attempts
Reactive aggressive Behaviour: against teacher, after she embarrassed him in front of the whole class.
Problem Area 3: ParentsThe Impact of Parenting Styles on
Student Motivation and Self Esteem
Parenting Styles
Motivation
Self-Esteem
Jeremy’s Case
Parenting Styles
Baumrind’s Theory :
› Authoritarian› Authoritative › Permissive
Impact of Parenting Style on Student motivation
Parental Involvement:“the extent to which a parent is dedicated to, takes an interest in, is knowledgeable about, and is actively participating in the child’s life”
(Hoang, 2007: 3)
Greatly impacts a child’s school experience (Coleman and McNeese, 2009).
Affects the academic achievement of children (Pomerantz et al, 2007).
Impact of Parenting Style on Student motivation
Authoritarian parents Children are more extrinsically motivated.
Permissive parents Children are less motivated and independent.
Authoritative parents Children are more intrinsically motivate, as they feel that they have greater control over their education
(Hoang, 2007)
Impact of Parenting Styles on Student’s Self-Esteem
Parental involvement affects the academic achivement of their children.
Parenting styles influence the self-esteem of students.
(Smith, 2006) Authoritative parents Higher self-
esteem Authoritarian parents Lower Self
Esteem Permissive Parents Lower Self Esteem
Jeremy’s Case
Parenting Style: Authoritarian› Demanding – Jeremy has to produce
good academic results.
› Excessive control over Jeremy’s life
› Not emotionally responsive
Jeremy’s Case
Authoritarian Parents
Lack of Motivation
Low Self-Esteem
Problem Area 4: SelfThe Impact of Self on
Student Motivation and Self Esteem
Identity Diffusion: Marcia’s Identity Status Theory
Low self esteem› Willing to accept an identity given to
him by others› forming an identity of himself as an
outcast and a good-for-nothing› Self-fulfilling prophecy influenced by
teachers, peers and parents
Identity Diffusion: Marcia’s Identity Status Theory
Lack of ideological and vocational direction › reflects apathy and a lack of
concern about directing his present and future life
› passive and affective: remains quiet and unresponsive despite the taunts of his friends
› Reclusive: chooses not to interact with his friends or any human beings in general but his soft toy instead
Identity Diffusion: Marcia’s Identity Status Theory
Cognitive Performance› No differences in intelligence across
identity statuses› Exhibits withdrawal in the face of
challenges› Impulsive behaviour which could
translate into poor academic achievement
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
Industry and Inferiority/ Identity and Role Confusion› Jeremy’s psychosocial development has
been adversely affected by stages of his life
› there may be problems/failures in his childhood during the age of 7 to 11 that has caused him to feel inferior
› This may subsequently result in his lack of self-esteem and self-worth
Robins and Trzesniewski (2005)
Proposed Solutions
Solutions - Teachers
Teachers can try to be more understanding of Jeremy's situation (introvert, low self-esteem),
+ Be more sensitive (more cautious when making comments and remarks),
+ Be more encouraging (good guess, Jeremy but this may not be the best answer. do you want to give it another try?) recognize his efforts at trying.
Solutions - Peers
Teacher to talk to Jeremy’s classmates Opportunities for cooperative learning:
assign groups Establish rules governing acceptable
classroom behaviour
Solutions - Parents
Counselling for the parents› Suggest ways in which they can adopt a
more authoritative parenting style, instead of an authoritarian one. Give Jeremy greater autonomy and
independence Boost his self-esteem Lower their expectations of his
academic performance
Solutions - Parents
Reduce his tuition and give him more time to spend on non-academic activities
Parents have to spend more time with Jeremy.
Parents should have more positive beliefs about Jeremy’s potential.
Solutions - Self
Give Jeremy counseling on the following› How to socialize with other people› Studying strategies
END
ReferencesAbrams, K., Theberge S.K. and Orv C.K. (2005), Children and Adolescents Who Are Depressed: An Ecological Approach. Professional School Counseling (8)3, pp. 284-92.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood (1974). Child Development, 45, pp. 1-5. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Coleman, B., McNeese, M.N. (2009) From home to school: The relationship among parental involvement, student motivation, and academic motivation, International Journal of Learning, 16 (7), pp. 459-470.
Cote, J.E. and Schwartz, S.J. (2002) Comparing psychological and sociological approaches to identity: identity status, identity capital, and the individualization process. Journal of Adolescence, 25, pp. 571–586.
ReferencesDede P. & John R. (2001). Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Retrieved from: pt3.nl.edu/paquetteryanwebquest.pdf [Assessed on 20 September 2011]
Hoang, T.N. (2007) The relations between parents and adolescent motivation, International Journal of Whole Schooling, 3 (2), pp. 1-21.
Huitt, W. (2007). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from: http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/regsys/maslow.html [Assessed on 20 September 2011]
Karkkainen, R., Raty, H. and Kasanen, K. (2011). 'Parents' Perceptions of the Malleability of their child's Academic Competencies', Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, Vol.55(3), pp.213-224.
Marcia, J.E. (1980) Identity in Adolescence. In: Adelson, J. (ed.) Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, New York: Wiley and Sons, pp. 159-187.
References Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
McArthur, J. (2011). '"What Happened?" Teaching Attribution Theory through Ambiguous Prompts', Communication Teacher, Vol.25(1), pp.32-36.
McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Vaillancourt, T., & Mercer, L. (2001). The consequences of childhood rejection. In M. R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection. (pp. 213-247). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Pomerantz, E.M., Moorman, E.A. & Litwack, S.D. (2007) The How, Whom and Why of Parental Involvement in Children’s Academic Lives, Review of Educational Research, 77 (3), pp. 373-410.
Robins, R.W. and Trzesniewski, K.H. (2005) Self-esteem development across the lifespan. Current Directions in Psychological Science,14(3), pp. 158-162.
References Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J. D., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, pp. 226 –249.
Sage, N. A., & Kindermann, T. A. (1999). Peer networks, behavior contingencies, and children’s engagement in the classroom. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, pp. 143–171.
Smith, G.J. (2006) Parenting effects on self efficacy and self-esteem in Late Adolescence and how those factors impact adjustment into college. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association (78th, Philadelphia, PA, March 23-25, 2007.Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S. M., & Brown, B. B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement. American Psychologist, 47, pp. 723–729.
Tan, O.S., Parsons, R.D., Hinson, S.L. and Sardo-Brown, D. (2011). Educational Psychology: A Practitioner-Researcher Approach An Asian Edition (2nd Ed). Singapore: Thomson, pp.333-339.
ReferencesWeiner, B. (1972). Theories of Motivation: From mechanism to cognition. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Weiner, B., Graham, S., Taylor, S. and Meyer, W. (1983). Social Cognition in the classroom, Educational Psychologist, Vol.18, pp..109-104.
Williams, K. D., Joseph P. F., William von H. (2005). The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying. Psychology Press.