pay in higher education 2014 · of the 11 occupations, hourly full-time earnings within and outside...

The New JNCHES Equality Working Groupa

Pay in Higher Education 2014Update of pay benchmarks from the JNCHES Review of Higher Education Finance and Pay Data (2008)

Pay in Higher Education 2014

First published in April

2016 by the Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA).

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Contents

2. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 7

3. Data sources ...................................................................................................... 8

4. HESA salaries data ............................................................................................ 9

5. ONS earnings data, HE and comparators ....................................................... 10

HE sector ............................................................................................................. 10

HE teaching professionals .................................................................................. 12

Researchers ......................................................................................................... 14

Technicians ......................................................................................................... 14

Administrative and secretarial occupations ...................................................... 14

Cleaners and catering assistants ........................................................................ 14

Other occupational groups ................................................................................ 15

6. Minimum wages and low pay in higher education ....................................... 16

7. Gender pay gap .............................................................................................. 18

8. Pay trends since 2002 ...................................................................................... 19

Academic staff (HESA data) ............................................................................... 19

Support staff (HESA data) .................................................................................. 21

HE sector and teaching professionals (ONS data) ............................................. 24

Occupational groups (ONS) ................................................................................ 25

HE sector compared to other industries ............................................................ 26

HE occupations and comparators in the rest of the economy .......................... 26


Tables and figures

Table 3.1: Data sources used in this report .............................................................................8 Table 4.1: Full-time academic salaries, 2013/14 .......................................................................9 Table 4.2: Full-time support staff salaries, 2013/14 .................................................................9 Table 5.1: Full-time gross earnings for the HE sector and HE occupations, April 2014 ..... 11 Table 5.2: Median gross earnings in the HE sector and other sectors, April 2014 ............ 11 Table 5.3: Median gross earnings of teaching professionals, April 2014 ........................... 12 Table 5.4: Top 20 average weekly full-time gross earnings for professional occupations (SOC codes 2XXX), April 2014 ................................................................................................ 13 Table 5.5: Average gross earnings of research and support occupations in HE and not HE, April 2014 ................................................................................................................................ 15 Table 6.1: Minimum hourly wages compared as at 1 August 2015 .................................... 17 Table 7.1: Full-time staff median basic salaries, 2001/02 to 2013/14 .................................. 18 Table 7.2: Median hourly full-time gross earnings in HE sector and comparators, 2014 .. 18 Table 7.3: Median hourly full-time gross earnings for HE teaching professionals and comparators, 2014 .................................................................................................................. 18 Table 8.1: Full-time academic mean salaries by professorial status, 2012/13 to 2013/14 .. 21 Table 8.2: Full-time academic median salaries by professorial status, 2012/13 to 2013/1421 Table 8.3: Full-time academic mean salaries by professorial status, 2008/09 to 2011/12 .. 21 Table 8.4: Full-time academic median salaries by professorial status, 2008/09 to 2011/1221 Table 8.5: Full-time support staff mean salaries, 2003/04 to 2013/14 ................................ 22 Table 8.6: Full-time support staff median salaries, 2003/04 to 2013/14 ............................. 23 Table 8.7: Change in gross earnings for HE sector employees, 2002 to 2014 .................... 25 Table 8.8: Change in median gross earnings in the HE sector and comparators .............. 27 Table 8.9: Change in annual full-time gross earnings for HE and not HE major occupational groups, 2002 to 2014 ....................................................................................... 27 Table 8.10: Change in median gross earnings of HE teaching professionals and comparators, 2002-2014 ........................................................................................................ 28 Table 8.11: Real-terms change in gross earnings for HE researchers and support staff along with their comparators, 2002-2014 ............................................................................ 29

Figure 1: Full-time median salaries by professorial status, 2001/02 to 2013/14 ................. 20 Figure 2: Full-time median academic salaries by professorial status compared to RPI inflation, 2001/02 to 2013/14 ................................................................................................. 20 Figure 3: Full-time academic and support staff salaries, 2001/02 to 2013/14 .................... 23 Figure 4: Growth in median hourly full-time gross earnings compared to RPI, HE sector and HE teaching professionals, 2002 to 2014 ...................................................................... 24 Figure 5: HE and not HE real-terms change in median hourly full-time gross earnings by occupation, 2002 to 2014 ...................................................................................................... 30


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Executive Summary This report updates the pay data information originally collected for the JNCHES Review of Higher Education Finance and Pay Data in 2008 and subsequently updated by the New JNCHES Pay Framework Research Working Group in January 2011. It now incorporates the pay data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) for the academic year 2013/14 and from the Office for National Statistics’ (ONS) Annual Survey of Hours and earnings (ASHE) at the collection date of 1 April 2014.

The main findings from this latest report are as follows:

• Average earnings in the HE sector were higher than across the economy as a whole in 2014. Median full-time employee earnings were £35,022 a year across the HE sector compared to £27,024 a year across the whole economy. This is because 78 per cent of the HE workforce are ‘knowledge workers’ – Managers, professionals and associate professionals – which tend to be higher paid than other occupational groups.

• Full-time HE teaching professionals recorded median annual earnings of £47,750 in April 2014. Meanwhile earnings of all full-time employees in the UK in professional occupations were 77.6 per cent of this. The HE teaching professionals’ occupational group includes all academic staff with a teaching function from tutors to professors as well as clinical academics.

• HESA data shows that the median basic salary for full-time academics was £45,053 in 2014. Professors had a median salary of £70,000 while all other academic staff (including researchers) had a median salary of £42,476.

• HE teaching professionals have the fifth highest median earnings out of 72 professional occupations in 2014, according to the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings. It should be noted that the survey covers employee earnings only and therefore excludes self-employed individuals, such as barristers or partners in businesses.

• Average hourly full-time earnings for the 11 agreed benchmark research and support occupational groups were higher in HE than in equivalent occupations in the rest of the economy. However, for two of the 11 occupations, hourly full-time earnings within and outside HE were almost the same.

• Between 2002 and 2014, real-terms median full-time hourly earnings fell by 3.0 per cent across the whole economy while full-time earnings


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rose by 4.9 per cent in the HE sector. Most HE occupations fared better than comparators in the wider economy which saw greater falls or smaller growths in real-terms average earnings.

• Despite a slowdown in earnings growth since 2009, earnings for some HE occupations have grown in real terms since 2002. Part-time HE teaching professionals and some groups of support staff saw the largest earnings growth. For example, part-time cleaners and domestics in HE saw real-terms hourly earnings rise by 7.7 per cent while earnings for those outside HE fell by 3.4 per cent between 2002 and 2014. Over the same period, real-terms annual earnings grew broadly in line with inflation (0.2 per cent) for full-time HE teaching professionals but fell by 12.7 per cent for teaching professionals across all levels of education.

Readers should note the limitations of comparing pay over periods where there have been changes in data collection methods. The changes are summarised in the Methodology section in the previous report Pay in HE 2013, which also notes caveats expressed in previous reports.


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1. Introduction

This report is an update of the pay data originally collected and analysed for the 2008 Joint Negotiating Committee for Higher Education Staff (JNCHES) Review of Higher Education (HE) Finance & Pay Data. The original review was conducted as a consequence of the 2006 pay agreement and sought to establish commonly accepted data on the remuneration of HE staff. Parties to the review included representatives from all five HE trade unions and employers under the auspices of an independent Chair.

The following sections in the report are structured as below:

• Data sources – compares the data sources used in this report.

• HESA salaries data – provides detail on academic, professional and support staff basic salaries for the 2013/2014 academic year.

• ONS earnings data, HE and comparators – begins with outlining annual and hourly gross earnings for the HE sector and selected occupational groups. It then looks at HE earnings against comparators in the wider economy for the HE sector, HE teaching professionals, and finally the professional and support staff group.

• Minimum wages and low pay in higher education – this section compares the minimum hourly wages in HE against those in other sectors, and also against the National Minimum Wage and Living Wage.

• Gender pay gap – outlines the pay gaps for academic and support staff, as well as for comparators.

• Pay trends since 2002 – starts with reviewing historical salaries from HESA and then moves onto historical earnings from ASHE. Change in earnings for the period 2002 to 2014 are analysed in both nominal and real terms. Real-terms earnings changes for each HE group are then analysed against comparators outside HE.


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2. Data sources

The two main data sources used in this report are the Higher Education 2.1.Statistics Agency’s (HESA) Staff Record and the Office for National Statistics’ (ONS) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE). Table 2.1 compares the similarities and differences between the two. Notes on methodology related to the reconciliation of discontinuities in these data sets can be found in the 2013 data report.

Table 2.1: Data sources used in this report

Year HESA Staff Record ONS ASHE

Reference period

1 August to 31 July Earnings for tax year ending in April

Collection method

Annual HESA Staff Record returns from all HEIs receiving public funding

1 per cent sample of employees across the economy from employer’s P60 records for tax and National Insurance

Pay analysed

Gross annual basic salary. Excludes additional payments such as responsibility allowances and backdated pay awards

Gross earnings. Includes additional payments on top of basic salary such as overtime and shift pay

Definition of full time

Individuals who have a full-time contract. Full-time contractual hours vary between jobs and HEIs but are typically between 35 to 37 hours a week

Employees who work more than 30 paid hours per week or those in teaching professions working 25 paid hours or more per week

Academic staff coverage in Pay in HE

Full-time academics excluding clinical academics. Salaries are further differentiated by the ‘professor’ and ‘not a professor’ groups. Does not cover part-time staff salaries because earlier reports concluded that the figures were not reliable

Full-time gross earnings for researchers and HE teaching professionals. It is not possible to exclude clinical academics from the HE teaching professionals sample

Support staff coverage in Pay in HE

Twelve full-time support staff groups determined by the Activity field of HESA Staff Record 2003/04. Does not cover part-time staff salaries because earlier reports concluded that the figures were not reliable

Full-time and part-time gross earnings for selected occupational groups determined by the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and by HE employee sample size in the survey


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3. HESA salaries data

The median full-time academic salary was £45,053 in 2013/14, while for 3.1.support staff it was £33,562. Mean full-time salaries for both staff groups were higher; £47,496 for academics and £36,172 for support staff. See Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 for salaries by professorial status and support staff groups.

Table 3.1: Full-time academic salaries, 2013/14 Mean (£) Median (£)

Professor 75,786 70,000

Not a professor 42,233 42,476

All academic staff 47,496 45,053 Source: Data commissioned from HESA

Table 3.2: Full-time support staff salaries, 2013/14

Mean (£) Median (£)

1 - Managers 53,244 47,787

2.2 - Non-academic professionals 38,432 36,661

3.1 - Laboratory, engineering, building, IT and medical technicians (including nurses) 28,709 28,133

3.2 - Student welfare workers, careers advisers, vocational training instructors, personnel and planning officers

32,162 30,728

3.3 - Artistic, media, public relations, marketing and sports occupations 30,961 29,836

4.1 - Library assistants, clerks and general administrative assistants 23,556 22,240

4.2 - Secretaries, typists, receptionists and telephonists 22,980 22,240

5 - Chefs, gardeners, electrical and construction trades, mechanical fitters and printers 23,572 22,927

6 - Caretakers, residential wardens, sports and leisure attendants, nursery nurses and care occupations 19,220 17,678

7 - Retail and customer service occupations 20,327 18,708

8 - Drivers, maintenance supervisors and plant operatives 21,139 20,972

9 - Cleaners, catering assistants, security officers, porters and maintenance workers 15,845 14,773

All support staff 36,172 33,562 Source: Data commissioned from HESA Note: Numbers relate to SOC codes. The majority of employees in Group 9 work part time. Those working full time are likely to be employed in relatively high-paid roles


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4. ONS earnings data, HE and comparators

This section summarises ASHE 2014 earnings for the HE sector and 4.1.benchmark occupations, and compares HE earnings against other sectors and occupations in the wider economy.

HE sector

Table 4.1 shows the earnings for full-time employees in the benchmark 4.2.occupations that were agreed in 2008 and subsequently updated to reflect changes in the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). The median earnings for full-time employees in the HE sector were £35,022 a year and £18.74 on an hourly basis.

The median earnings in the HE sector were higher than median earnings in 4.3.both the public and the private sector. As Table 4.2 shows, the median annual earnings for the whole economy were 77.2 per cent of that for the HE sector with median public sector earnings at 86.2 per cent of the HE median and private sector earnings at 73.5 per cent. The premium is higher when compared on a full-time hourly basis and even higher when compared on a part-time hourly basis. For example, the median earnings for the whole economy were 70.2 per cent of the HE sector on a full-time hourly basis and 57.4 per cent of the HE sector on a part-time hourly basis.

There are several reasons which could explain the HE earnings premium at 4.4.sector level. The primary reason is that the sector is dominated by knowledge jobs1 which tend to attract higher earnings. With regard to the enhanced hourly earnings premium, employees in the HE sector work fewer recorded hours on average than the typical employee in the wider economy which increases hourly earnings for a given annual salary. As for the part-time earnings premium, a higher proportion of HE sector employees in professional occupations work part time than in the wider economy. Despite these factors, the analysis on an occupational basis still shows earnings premiums across all occupations as compared to the wider economy which shows that part of the earnings premium is not solely due to workforce compositional and contractual hours.

1 Knowledge jobs are typically classified as those in the first three major SOC categories: managers and senior officials, professional occupations, and associate professional and technical occupations. ASHE 2013 estimates 77.8 per cent of HE jobs are in these categories compared to 50.0 per cent in the wider economy


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Table 4.1: Full-time gross earnings for the HE sector and HE occupations, April 2014

Annual (£pa) Hourly (£ph)

HE sector 35,022 18.74

HE teaching professionals 47,750 25.82

Business and related research professionals 33,166 17.62

Natural and social science professionals n.e.c. 35,867 19.05

Science, engineering and production technicians 27,540 14.27

Information technology technicians 31,586 16.64

Administrative and secretarial occupations 24,271 12.89

Secretarial and related occupations 23,849 12.81

Personal assistants and other secretaries 25,768 12.92

Cleaners and domestics 14,557 7.81

Kitchen and catering assistants 17,284 7.89 Source: HE sector earnings are from ASHE revised tables 16.1a and 16.5a, while HE sector earnings by occupation are specially commissioned from the ONS Note: Grid-patterned earnings show mean estimates where median estimates are less reliable. All other earnings are median estimates

Table 4.2: Median gross earnings in the HE sector and other sectors, April 2014

Annual Hourly

£pa Comparator as % of HE

£ph Comparator as % of HE

Full-time

HE sector 35,022 100 18.74 100

Whole economy 27,024 77.2 13.16 70.2

Public sector 30,173 86.2 15.45 82.4

Private sector 25,726 73.5 12.11 64.6

Part-time

HE sector 14.52 100

Whole economy 8.34 57.4

Public sector 10.79 74.3

Private sector 7.46 51.4 Source: ASHE revised tables 13.1a, 13.5a, 16.1a and 16.5a Median gross earnings in the HE sector and other sectors, April 2013 Note: Index sets the HE sector (or HE teaching professionals) value to 100, and shows earnings for the comparator in relation to this


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HE teaching professionals

Full-time HE teaching professionals recorded median annual earnings of 4.5.£47,750 (Table 4.3). Median hourly earnings were £25.82 for full-time and £24.77 for part-time HE teaching professionals.

Median earnings for HE teaching professionals were higher than for other 4.6.teaching professionals and professional occupations on all measures (Table 4.3). Annual earnings for full-time secondary teaching professionals were 77.7 per cent of HE teaching professionals’ earnings. When full-time hourly earnings for the two groups were compared this increased to 84.8 per cent, and to 94.5 per cent when part-time hourly earnings were considered. FE teaching professionals earned almost three-quarters of what HE teaching professionals earn on both annual full-time and hourly full-time basis. But on a part-time hourly basis, FE teaching professional median earnings were closer, at 85 per cent of HE counterparts.

The smaller full-time hourly premium HE teaching professionals have over 4.7.secondary teaching professionals could be explained in terms of paid hours worked. According to ASHE, the median paid hours worked for secondary teaching professionals was 32.5 hours but for HE and FE teaching professionals it was 36.8 hours a week. Secondary teaching professionals therefore worked fewer paid hours than HE and FE teaching professionals.

Smaller part-time hourly premiums could be explained by the use of supply 4.8.teachers in secondary and FE as well as workforce demographics. Supply teachers account for around 9.4 per cent of school teachers according to the National Union of Teachers (NUT). A NUT survey found over half (55 per cent) of supply teachers were aged 50 or more, and therefore would have probably reached the top of their pay scales.

Table 4.3: Median gross earnings of teaching professionals, April 2014

Annual Hourly

£pa Comparator as % of HE £ph

Comparator as % of HE

Full-time

HE teaching professionals 47,750 100 25.82 100 Secondary teaching professionals 37,098 77.7 21.89 84.8

FE teaching professionals 34,673 72.6 18.67 72.3

Professional occupations 37,056 77.6 19.42 75.2

Part-time

HE teaching professionals 24.77 100

Secondary teaching professionals 23.42 94.5

FE teaching professionals 21.06 85.0

Professional occupations 19.10 77.1

Source: Earnings are from ASHE revised tables 14.1a and 14.5a, except for HE teaching professionals which are specially commissioned from the ONS


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HE teaching professionals recorded the fifth highest median earnings in 20 4.9.of 72 occupations identified in ASHE within the professional occupations group (Table 4.4). ASHE data only covers employees, so partners and self-employed professionals, especially at more senior levels, do not appear in the ASHE sample.

Table 4.4: Top 20 average weekly full-time gross earnings for professional occupations (SOC codes 2XXX), April 2014 Occupation No. of jobs

(thousands) Median (£pw)

Mean (£pw)

Legal professionals n.e.c. 33 1,217.0 1,354.4

Medical practitioners 196 1,188.4 1,379.5 Senior professionals of educational establishments

74 974.7 987.3

IT project and programme managers 16 919.7 929.3

Higher education teaching professionals 104 915.8 1,008.1

Research and development managers 38 864.4 975.0

IT specialist managers 146 859.3 927.1

Actuaries, economists and statisticians 18 835.5 1,022.6 Business and financial project management professionals 199 821.1 925.4

Electrical engineers 22 808.0 856.6 IT business analysts, architects and systems designers 106 801.8 857.9

Mechanical engineers 35 783.9 838.6

Pharmacists 30 780.1 772.4

Solicitors 71 770.4 897.4 Management consultants and business analysts 128 766.6 848.5

Advertising accounts managers and creative directors

20 766.6 807.1

Programmers and software development professionals 172 765.5 799.1

Quality assurance and regulatory professionals 66 758.0 864.6

Veterinarians 10 752.3 790.1

Electronics engineers 6 751.1 837.5 Source: ASHE revised table 14.1a. HE teaching professionals are specially commissioned and exclude individuals not in HE. Note: Grid and diagonal patterns indicate that figures are less reliable than those without patterns. See co-efficient of variation key below:

Co-efficient of variation (CV) key:

CV <= 5%

CV > 5% and <= 10%

CV > 10% and <= 20%

x = unreliable, CV > 20% or unavailable


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Researchers

Annual full-time median earnings for natural and social science 4.10.professionals n.e.c. were £35,867 in 2014 and £33,166 for business and related research professionals. See Table 4.5 for annual and hourly earnings of the two types of researchers along with nine other occupations that have been tracked since the 2008 review.

Hourly earnings for natural science professionals in HE were slightly higher 4.11.than those in the rest of the economy. The HE premium is higher for HE business and related research professionals. Outside HE, natural science professionals earned 94.2 per cent of their HE comparators’ hourly earnings while business and related research professionals earned 85.5 per cent.

Technicians

On average, full-time information technology technicians earned £31,586 4.12.and science, engineering and production technicians earned £27,540 a year in the HE sector (Table 4.5). Hourly earnings for full-time information technology technicians were £16.64 at the mean, while for science, engineering and production technicians they were £14.27 at the median.

Hourly earnings for ‘not HE’ science, engineering and production 4.13.technicians were 93.9 per cent of HE comparators but in terms of annual earnings they were in line with HE (101.2 per cent). A similar pattern can be seen for information technology technicians (Table 4.5).

Administrative and secretarial occupations

As Table 4.5 shows, full-time employees in administrative and secretarial 4.14.occupations within the HE sector earned £24,271 at the median in 2014. Those in secretarial and related occupations earned £23,849 at the median, while personal assistants’ and other secretaries’ earnings averaged £25,768. On an hourly basis, these earnings fell within a range from £12.81 (secretarial and related occupations) to £12.92 (personal assistant and other secretaries). Median hourly earnings for part-time employees were lower for administrators and secretaries.

Administrators and secretaries in HE earned more than the rest of the 4.15.economy at the median. However, the earnings of a subset of secretarial and related occupations – personal assistants and other secretaries – were broadly in line with those outside the HE sector (Table 4.5).

Cleaners and catering assistants

Most cleaners and catering assistants in HE work part time according to 4.16.ASHE, so the part-time figures in Table 4.5 would more closely reflect their typical earnings. In HE, the median hourly earnings for part-time cleaners and domestics and domestics were £7.62, while for kitchen and catering assistants they were £7.81. Full-time mean hourly earnings were higher for both employee groups.


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Part-time cleaners and catering assistants in HE earned more on average 4.17.than those in the rest of the economy. Earnings as a percentage of HE earnings for employees in other sectors were 88.5 per cent for cleaners and domestics and 82.7 per cent for kitchen and catering assistants (Table 4.5).

Other occupational groups

Table 4.5 also shows mean full-time HE and comparator earnings for 4.18.skilled trades occupations and caring, leisure and other service occupations. Both groups represent a diverse range of occupations so they are more useful for comparing average earnings for employees at a general skill level rather than a specific occupation. For example ASHE’s definition of skilled trades occupations include groundsmen and greenkeepers, electricians and electrical fitters, and catering and bar managers.

Table 4.5: Average gross earnings of research and support occupations in HE and not HE, April 2014

Annual Hourly

HE (£pa)

Not HE (£pa)

Not HE as % of HE

HE (£pa)

Not HE (£pa)

Not HE as % of HE

Full-time Business and related research professionals

33,166 28,891 87.1 17.62 15.07 85.5

Natural and social science professionals n.e.c.

35,867 35,742 99.7

19.05 17.94 94.2

Science, engineering and production technicians

27,540 27,869 101.2 14.27 13.40 93.9

Information technology technicians

31,586 30,606 96.9 16.64 15.43 92.7

Administrative and secretarial occupations

24,271 21,346 87.9

12.89 10.84 84.1

Secretarial and related occupations

23,849 20,236 84.8 12.81 10.41 81.3

Personal assistants and other secretaries

25,768 26,576 103.1 12.92 12.85 99.5

Cleaners and domestics 14,557 15,918 109.3 7.81 7.67 98.2

Kitchen and catering assistants 17,284 14,615 84.6 7.89 7.13 90.4

Skilled trades occupations 26,034 27,285 104.8 13.00 12.40 95.4 Caring, leisure and other service occupations

21,899 18,823 86.0 11.07 9.25 83.6

Part-time

Administrative and secretarial occupations 10.40 9.50 91.3

Secretarial and related occupations 12.57 9.56 76.1

Personal assistants and other secretaries x 10.78 x

Cleaners and domestics 7.62 6.74 88.5

Kitchen and catering assistants 7.81 6.46 82.7 Source: ASHE, specially commissioned from the ONS Note: Grid-patterned earnings show mean estimates where median estimates are less reliable. All other earnings are median estimates


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5. Minimum wages and low pay in higher education

The 2010 update of the pay data from the Review of Higher Education 5.1.Finance and Pay Data (2008) included an additional section on minimum wages and low pay in higher education. This section replicates and updates the table of figures included in the 2010 report. Unlike the data presented in the rest of the report, which is reliant on data publication schedules, this section provides information as at the most recently agreed HE pay settlement at the time of publication (2015-16).

The section compares the equivalent hourly wage of the first point on the 5.2.higher education pay spine to the equivalent figures in the NHS, local government and further education. It also includes figures for the National Minimum Wage (NMW), the London Living Wage (LLW) and the Living Wage (for employees outside of London) for comparison. The NMW, Living Wage and LLW are described in more detail below along with the rates as at the date of publication.

National Minimum Wage

Set by the Low Pay Commission and is the legal floor for hourly pay. It was introduced in 1998 and in 2014 was estimated to cover around 1.4 million jobs (5.3 per cent of jobs across the economy). The rate, as at 1 October 2015, for adults 21 years or older is £6.70 an hour. From April 2016, the National Living Wage for workers aged 25 or over will be £7.20 an hour.

Living Wage

The Living Wage is defined by the Living Wage Foundation as the hourly rate of pay “deemed adequate for a worker to provide their family with the essentials of life”. Set by the Centre for Research in Social Policy at Loughborough University and supported by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. It has no statutory basis but is adopted voluntarily by a range of public and private sector organisations. The rate, as at 1 August 2015, was £7.85 an hour.

London Living Wage

Set by the Greater London Authority (GLA) and a higher rate than the Living Wage to reflect the cost of living in the capital. The rate, as at 1 August 2015, was £9.15 an hour.

Because of nationally negotiated agreements, the minimum rate of pay in 5.3.HE and other sectors such as local government, further education and the NHS is higher than the NMW. Table 5.1 details the current hourly rates in these sectors based on the lowest pay point on the relevant national pay spine and compares them to the NMW and LLW. The minimum hourly pay


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in HE as at 1 August 2015 was £7.85 for a 35-hour week, which puts the sector in line with the Living Wage and above other comparator sectors at that reference date. A UCEA survey of 87 HEIs in 2015 found that HE staff at points 1 and 2 of the 51-point pay spine typically work a 37-hour (37.9 per cent of respondents) or a 35-hour week (27.6 per cent of respondents). HEIs that operate a 37-hour week would therefore have a lower minimum hourly rate of £7.42 if they employ staff at point 1.

The LLW is £1.30 above the HE minimum for a 35-hour working week or 5.4.£1.73 for a 37-hour working week. However, including the lowest London allowance of £2,134 would bring the minimum hourly rate in HE to £9.02 for a 35-hour working week.

Table 5.1: Minimum hourly wages compared as at 1 August 2015 Effective

from Hours Minimum

salary Hourly rate

Inner London Allowance

Outer London Allowance

Higher Education

Aug-15 35 - 37.5 £14,323 £7.85* £2,672***

Local Government Jan-15 37 £13,500 £7.00 £3,405 £1,812

NHS England Apr-15 37.5 £15,100 £7.72 £4,117

(minimum) £3,483

(minimum) Further Education

Aug-14 Hours vary

£14,712 £7.63** **** ****

London Living Wage Nov-14 37.5 - £9.15 N/A N/A

Living Wage Nov-14 37.5 - £7.85 N/A N/A

National Minimum Wage

Oct-14 - - £6.50 N/A N/A

Note: The hourly calculations based on annual salaries use a divisor of 365/7 (52.14 weeks). * Based on a 35-hour week. ** Based on a 37-hour week. *** London allowances are not determined nationally. The quoted figure is the mean London allowance for support staff based on a sample of 20 out of 21 HEIs that responded to a UCEA survey in 2014. A further nine HEIs have consolidated London allowances into their grading structure and therefore no longer have a separate allowance. **** The Association of Colleges no longer sets London allowances but individual FE colleges may increase existing allowances in line with the annual pay increase


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6. Gender pay gap

The gender pay gap is the difference between the earnings of male and 6.1.female employees as a percentage of male earnings. The ONS headline figures use full-time hourly earnings excluding overtime to calculate the gender pay gap, but it is common for gross earnings to be used.

Table 6.1 shows that the gender pay gap for full-time academic staff has 6.2.

closed from 14.1 in 2001/02 per cent to 3.6 per cent in 2013/14. Over the shorter period between 2003/04 and 2012/13, the gender pay gap for full-time support staff fell from 12 per cent 5.8 per cent.

Table 6.2 shows that the HE sector’s gender pay gap was 13.5 per cent in 6.3.

2014, higher than for the whole economy but lower than for the private sector. The median gender pay gap of 9.2 for HE teaching professionals was lower than for the professional occupations major group (Table 6.3).

Table 6.1: Full-time staff median basic salaries, 2001/02 to 2013/14

Academic Support

2001/02 2013/14 2003/04 2013/14

Male salaries (£) 32,537 45,338 21,010 28,972

Female salaries (£) 27,939 43,724 18,495 27,292

Gender pay gap (%) 14.1 3.6 12.0 5.8 Source: Data commissioned from HESA

Table 6.2: Median hourly full-time gross earnings in HE sector and comparators, 2014

Earnings (£) Jobs (thousands) Pay gap

(%) % of

females Male Female Female All

HE sector 20.06 17.35 204 453 13.5 45.0 Whole economy 13.73 12.31 7,056 17,877 10.3 39.5 Public sector 16.52 14.67 2,418 4,176 11.2 57.9 Private sector 12.87 10.53 3,932 12,358 18.2 31.8

Source: ASHE revised tables 13.5a and 16.5a

Table 6.3: Median hourly full-time gross earnings for HE teaching professionals and comparators, 2014

Earnings (£) Jobs (thousands) Pay gap

(%) % of

females Male Female Female All HE teaching professionals 26.75 24.30 35 104 9.2 33.7

Secondary teaching professionals

22.77 21.57 184 311 5.3 59.2

FE teaching professionals

18.98 18.50 40 91 2.5 44.0

Professional occupations 20.50 18.28 1,867 4,158 10.8 44.9

Source: Earnings are from ASHE revised tables 14.5a, except for HE teaching professionals which are specially commissioned from the ONS


19

7. Pay trends since 2002

The original JNCHES review agreed that any time series analysis should 7.1.cover the period from 1 August 2001 when the Joint Negotiating Committee for Higher Education Staff (JNCHES) was established. As ASHE’s reference period is April, the ASHE 2002 data would therefore include uplifts from 1 August 2001. This section therefore looks at pay trends from ASHE 2002 to 2014 and HESA 2001/02 to 2013/14. Earlier reports also looked at pay trends from ASHE 2001, so for pay trends from ASHE 2001 to 2014 see Appendix 1.

This section analyses pay from the HESA and ASHE time series and looks at 7.2.nominal and real increases in pay over time. The section begins with an analysis of academic and support staff salaries from the HESA time series and moves on to a more in-depth analysis of the ASHE time series. The first ASHE table in this section summarises the nominal and real-terms increases for benchmark occupations between 2002 and 2014. The ASHE tables that follow look at increases in HE as well as comparators, firstly by sector, secondly by major occupational group, and thirdly by benchmark occupations.

Academic staff (HESA data)

Figure 1 plots academic median salaries by professorial status from 2001/02 7.3.and shows that salary increases slowed down from 2008/09. Despite this, academic salary increases remained higher than RPI inflation increases relative to 2001/02 up until 2011/12 (see Figure 2). The method for identifying professors changed from 2012/13 and as such, data from this period onwards have been excluded from the graph.

In 2013/14, the ‘not a professor group’ who are predominantly covered by 7.4.the New JNCHES national negotiating arrangements had a median salary of £42,476 (Table 7.2). The mean salary was £42,233 and is almost the same as the median (Table 7.1).

Table 7.3 and Table 7.4 show the nominal and real-terms change in 7.5.earnings for academics from 2008/09 to 2011/12, when professors were identified using a different method.


20

Figure 1: Full-time median salaries by professorial status, 2001/02 to 2013/14

Source: HESA

Figure 2: Full-time median academic salaries by professorial status compared to RPI inflation, 2001/02 to 2013/14

Source: HESA

£31,573

£45,053

£25,000

£35,000

£45,000

£55,000

£65,000

£75,000 Professor

Not a professor

All academics

All academics, 142.7

RPI, 145.5

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14

Ind

ex 2

001/

02 =

100

Professor

Not a professor

All academics

RPI


21

Table 7.1: Full-time academic mean salaries by professorial status, 2012/13 to 2013/14

Mean (£) Change (%)

2012/13 2013/14 Nominal Real Professor 74,847 75,786 1.3 -1.2 Not a professor 41,846 42,233 0.9 -1.6 All academics 46,939 47,496 1.2 -1.3

Source: Data commissioned from HESA

Table 7.2: Full-time academic median salaries by professorial status, 2012/13 to 2013/14

Median (£) Change (%)

2012/13 2013/14 Nominal Real Professor 69,310 70,000 1.0 -1.5 Not a professor 42,055 42,476 1.0 -1.5 All academics 44,607 45,053 1.0 -1.5


Table 7.3: Full-time academic mean salaries by professorial status, 2008/09 to 2011/12


2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Nominal Real

Professor 72,679 73,585 74,127 74,617 2.7 -9.5

Not a professor 41,628 41,996 42,297 42,411 1.9 -10.2

All academics 45,589 45,942 46,256 46,604 2.2 -9.9 Source: Data commissioned from HESA

Table 7.4: Full-time academic median salaries by professorial status, 2008/09 to 2011/12


2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Nominal Real Professor 67,960 68,364 68,774 68,848 1.3 -10.7 Not a professor 42,351 42,563 42,733 42,883 1.3 -10.7 All academics 43,622 43,840 44,016 44,166 1.2 -10.8


Support staff (HESA data)

Full-time support staff salaries increased by 65.4 per cent at the mean and 7.6.76.3 per cent at the median from 2003/04 to 2013/14 (Table 7.5 and Table 7.6). Taking account of RPI inflation, which rose by 33.7 per cent between July 2004 and July 2013, mean support staff salaries increased by 23.7 per cent in real terms over this period.


22

Table 7.5: Full-time support staff mean salaries, 2003/04 to 2013/14

Group Mean (£) Change (%)

2003/04 2013/14 Nominal Real 1a - Managers 37,497 53,244 42.0 6.2 2b - Non-academic professionals 30,242 38,432 27.1 -4.9 3a - Laboratory, engineering, building, IT and medical technicians (including nurses)

21,667 28,709 32.5 -0.9

3b - Student welfare workers, careers advisers, vocational training instructors, personnel and planning officers

24,599 32,162 30.7 -2.2

3c - Artistic, media, public relations, marketing and sports occupations 22,876 30,961 35.3 1.2

4a - Library assistants, clerks and general administrative assistants 17,899 23,556 31.6 -1.5

4b - Secretaries, typists, receptionists and telephonists

17,023 22,980 35.0 1.0

5 - Chefs, gardeners, electrical and construction trades, mechanical fitters and printers

16,522 23,572 42.7 6.7

6 - Caretakers, residential wardens, sports and leisure attendants, nursery nurses and care occupations

13,815 19,220 39.1 4.1

7 - Retail and customer service occupations 14,928 20,327 36.2 1.9 8 - Drivers, maintenance supervisors and plant operatives

16,523 21,139 27.9 -4.3

9 - Cleaners, catering assistants, security officers, porters and maintenance workers 12,825 15,845 23.5 -7.6

All support staff 21,873 36,172 65.4 23.7 Source: Data commissioned from HESA Note: Numbers relate to SOC codes. The majority of employees in Group 9 work part time. Those working full time are likely to be employed in relatively highly-paid roles.

Among support staff groups, the highest median salary increases from 7.7.2003/04 to 2013/14 period were among lower-paid support staff groups. Group 5 saw the highest increase of 40.8 per cent, followed by groups 8 increased by 40.6 per cent. As Table 7.6 shows, group 5 covers occupations such as chefs and gardeners, while group 8 includes drivers and maintenance supervisors.


23

Table 7.6: Full-time support staff median salaries, 2003/04 to 2013/14

Group Median (£) Change (%)

2003/04 2013/14 Nominal Real 1 - Managers 34,838 47,787 37.2 2.6 2.2 - Non-academic professionals 29,128 36,661 25.9 -5.8 3.1 - Laboratory, engineering, building, IT and medical technicians (including nurses)

21,010 28,133 33.9 0.2

3.2 - Student welfare workers, careers advisers, vocational training instructors, personnel and planning officers

23,643 30,728 30.0 -2.8

3.3 - Artistic, media, public relations, marketing and sports occupations 21,852 29,836 36.5 2.1

4.1 - Library assistants, clerks and general administrative assistants 16,945 22,240 31.2 -1.8

4.2 - Secretaries, typists, receptionists and telephonists

16,458 22,240 35.1 1.1

5 - Chefs, gardeners, electrical and construction trades, mechanical fitters and printers

16,284 22,927 40.8 5.3

6 - Caretakers, residential wardens, sports and leisure attendants, nursery nurses and care occupations

13,285 17,678 33.1 -0.5

7 - Retail and customer service occupations 15,131 18,708 23.6 -7.5 8 - Drivers, maintenance supervisors and plant operatives

14,917 20,972 40.6 5.2

9 - Cleaners, catering assistants, security officers, porters and maintenance workers 11,580 14,773 27.6 -4.6

All support staff 19,042 33,562 76.3 31.9 Source: Data commissioned from HESA Note: Numbers relate to SOC codes. The majority of employees in Group 9 work part time. Those working full time are likely to be employed in relatively high-paid roles

Figure 3: Full-time academic and support staff salaries, 2001/02 to 2013/14


15,000

25,000

35,000

45,000

55,000Academic meanSupport staff meanAcademic medianSupport staff median


24

Figure 3 shows the growth in full-time academic and support staff salaries 7.8.up to 2013/14. Unlike academic staff, mean salaries were higher than median salaries for support staff throughout this period. When the mean salary is higher than the median, it indicates that the distribution of salaries is skewed towards the top end.

HE sector and teaching professionals (ONS data)

Looking at Figure 4 HE sector earnings for full-time employees rose faster 7.9.than RPI inflation since 2002. Full-time HE teaching professionals’ earnings, on the other hand, grew faster than inflation between 2004 and 2011 but has gradually been overtaken by inflation since 2012. Between 2002 and 2014, HE sector full-time hourly earnings increased by 49.8 per cent, or by 3.0 after removing the effects of RPI inflation. HE sector part-time hourly earnings grew faster than full-time earnings – part-time earnings grew by 75.2 per cent or 20.4 per cent in real terms (Table 7.7).

Earnings growth for the sector as a whole might be partly explained by 7.10.compositional change. For example, the increased availability and take up of flexible working could have increased the number of people in high-earning occupations in part-time roles. It could also be that the relative mix of occupations in the sector has changed over the period. This composition effect is reduced in the analyses of specific occupations that follow.

Figure 4: Growth in median hourly full-time gross earnings compared to RPI, HE sector and HE teaching professionals, 2002 to 2014

Source: ASHE, specially-commissioned from the ONS

100

110

120

130

140

150

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Ind

ex 2

002

= 1

00

HE teachingprofessionals

HE sector

RPI Index (April)


25

Table 7.7: Change in gross earnings for HE sector employees, 2002 to 2014

Annual (%) Hourly (%)

Nominal Real Nominal Real Full-time HE sector 48.9 2.3 49.8 3.0 HE teaching professionals 45.9 0.2 42.9 -1.8 Business and related research professionals 40.6 -3.4 43.8 -1.2


43.3 -1.5 45.2 -0.3

Science, engineering and production technicians 43.5 -1.4 42.8 -1.9

Information technology technicians 40.8 -3.2 44.4 -0.8 Administrative occupations 47.7 1.5 48.4 1.9 Secretarial and related occupations 50.2 3.2 51.4 4.0 Personal assistants and other secretaries 54.9 6.4 47.5 1.4

Cleaners and domestics 32.3 -9.1 42.1 -2.4 Kitchen and catering assistants 55.9 7.2 42.6 -2.0 Part-time HE sector 75.2 20.4 HE teaching professionals 56.8 7.8 Administrative occupations 55.9 7.1 Secretarial and related occupations 69.0 16.1 Personal assistants and other secretaries x x Cleaners and domestics 56.7 7.7 Kitchen and catering assistants 61.1 10.7

Source: ASHE, specially commissioned from the ONS Note: Grid-patterned earnings show mean estimates where median estimates are less reliable. All other earnings are median estimates. Unreliable figures are marked 'x'

Occupational groups (ONS)

Researchers

Full-time HE business and related research professionals median annual 7.11.earnings increased by 40.6 per cent, a decrease of 3.4 per cent in real terms (Table 7.7). The real-terms fall was smaller on an hourly basis (-1.2 per cent). Similarly, natural and social science professionals saw larger increases on an hourly rather than annual basis. Although the group saw median hourly earnings increase by 45.2 per cent, the increase was broadly in line with RPI inflation, -0.3 per cent in real terms.

Technicians

Full-time science and engineering technicians in the HE sector recorded a 7.12.43.5 per cent increase in median annual earnings or a decrease of 1.4 per cent in real terms (Table 7.7). Growth in median hourly earnings was lower at 42.8 per cent (a reduction of 1.9 per cent in real terms). Information technology technicians’ median annual earnings rose by 40.8 per cent (-3.2


26

per cent in real terms), while their hourly earnings grew by 44.4 per cent (-0.8 per cent in real terms).

Clerical and secretarial occupations

Earnings for the three HE clerical and secretarial occupational groups 7.13.increased in nominal and real terms in for all measures shown in Table 7.7. Looking at full-time hourly earnings, secretarial and related occupations saw the highest real-terms increase of 4.0 per cent between 2002 and 2014. This is followed by administrative and secretarial occupations (1.9 per cent in real terms) and personal assistants and other secretaries (1.4 per cent in real terms).

Cleaners and catering assistants

Part-time hourly earnings grew by 56.7 per cent for cleaners and 61.1 for 7.14.kitchen and catering assistants. In real terms these translated to median increases of 7.7 per cent and 10.7 per cent respectively (Table 7.7). As employees in the two groups typically work part time in HE (15,000 part time jobs), ASHE could only provide an estimate for the number of cleaners and domestics in 2014 (3,000 full-time jobs). There was no estimate for the number of full-time kitchen and catering assistants because the figure was unreliable. Mean full-time hourly earnings for cleaners and domestics grew by 42.1 per cent or -2.4 per cent in real terms.

HE sector compared to other industries

Median annual earnings in the HE sector grew by 48.9 per cent between 7.15.2002 and 2014, faster than its industry comparators shown in Table 7.8. The education industry’s earnings (which included the HE sector) rose by 32.9 per cent over the same period. Earnings growth in the education industry was actually lower than for the whole economy (35.2 per cent) and 16.0 percentage points lower than the HE sector’s earnings.

HE occupations and comparators in the rest of the economy

Major occupational categories

Looking at Table 7.9, HE staff in the four major occupational categories 7.16.saw larger earnings increases than those elsewhere in the economy between 2002 and 2014. Although earnings fell in real terms for three of the four major occupational categories in HE, comparators outside HE saw larger real-terms fall in earnings.


27

Table 7.8: Change in median gross earnings in the HE sector and comparators, 2002-2014


Nominal Real Nominal Real

Full-time

HE sector 48.9 2.3 49.8 3.0

Whole economy 35.2 -7.1 38.4 -4.9

Public sector 38.2 -5.0 38.7 -4.7

Private sector 33.9 -8.0 36.0 -6.6

Public administration and defence; compulsory social

42.3 -2.2 40.8 -3.3

Education 32.9 -8.7 32.6 -8.9

Human health activities 32.0 -9.3 33.8 -8.1

Part-time

HE sector 75.2 20.4

Whole economy 45.9 0.3

Public sector 65.0 13.4

Private sector 42.4 -2.2

Public administration and defence; compulsory social 54.7 6.3

Education 61.4 10.9

Human health activities 45.8 0.2 Source: ASHE, tables 13.1, 13.5a, 16.1a and 16.5a

Table 7.9: Change in annual full-time gross earnings for HE and not HE major occupational groups, 2002 to 2014

Nominal (%) Real (%)

HE Not HE HE Not HE

Professional occupations 33.5 30.6 -8.3 -10.3 Associate professional and technical occupations 44.0 24.4 -1.1 -14.5

Administrative and secretarial occupations 50.9 36.7 3.7 -6.0

Elementary occupations 42.9 28.3 -1.8 -11.8 Source: ASHE, specially commissioned from the ONS Note: Grid-patterned earnings show mean estimates where median estimates are less reliable. All other earnings are median estimates

Teaching professionals

As shown in Table 7.10, full-time HE teaching professionals recorded 7.17.higher earnings growth than comparators from 2002 to 2014 on both an annual and hourly basis. Annual median earnings increased by 19.1 percentage points ahead of secondary teaching professionals and 15.7 percentage points ahead of professional occupations. Part-time HE teaching professionals saw higher earnings increases of 56.8 per cent.


28

Table 7.10: Change in median gross earnings of HE teaching professionals and comparators, 2002-2014


Nominal Real Nominal Real

Full-time

HE teaching professionals 45.9 0.2 42.9 -1.8

Secondary teaching professionals 26.8 -12.9 21.6 -16.5

FE teaching professionals 32.6 -8.9 32.7 -8.8

Professional occupations 30.2 -10.5 28.7 -11.5

Teaching professionals 27.0 -12.7 27.1 -12.7

Business and related research professionals 40.6 -3.4 43.8 -1.2

Natural and social science professionals n.e.c. 43.3 -1.5 45.2 -0.3

Part-time

HE teaching professionals 56.8 7.8

Secondary teaching professionals 42.4 -2.2

FE teaching professionals 43.3 -1.5

Professional occupations 40.5 -3.4

Teaching professionals 40.3 -3.6 Source: ASHE, tables 14.1a and 14.5a, except for HE teaching professionals, business and related research professionals and natural, and social science professionals n.e.c.

Researchers in HE and elsewhere

Annual full-time earnings for the two researcher groups in HE fell by 3.4 7.18.per cent and 1.5 per cent in real-terms respectively between 2002 and 2014 (Table 7.10). In comparison, earnings across all professional occupations (which included research professionals) fell by 10.5 per cent in real terms. Looking at Table 7.11 and Figure 5, research professionals outside HE saw larger falls in real earnings than those within HE. For example, full-time business and related research professionals saw real-terms annual earnings fall by 3.4 per cent in HE and by 13.7 per cent outside HE.

Technicians in HE and elsewhere

Between 2002 and 2014, technicians’ earnings in HE have not fallen as 7.19.much as their counterparts’ earnings outside HE (Table 7.11). Science, engineering and production technicians in the HE sector recorded a 1.4 per cent fall in annual earnings compared to an 8.7 per cent fall for those outside the HE sector. Information technology technicians outside HE saw annual earnings fall by 30.7 per cent, dwarfing the 3.2 per cent real-terms fall experienced in HE.

Administrative and secretarial occupations in HE and elsewhere

In administrative and secretarial occupations, real-terms earnings grew in 7.20.in HE and shrank for those outside HE on both annual and hourly measures (Table 7.11 and Figure 5). For example, administrative and secretarial occupations saw annual earnings rise by 1.5 per cent in HE but fall by 5.3 per cent outside HE.


29

Cleaners and catering assistants in HE and elsewhere

Part-time HE sector cleaners and catering assistants recorded greater 7.21.median hourly earnings growth than counterparts outside the sector by a substantial margin – Table 7.11. While median earnings for cleaners and domestics in HE increased by 7.7 per cent, earnings for those outside HE decreased by 3.4 per cent in real terms. Similarly part-time kitchen and catering assistants saw median earnings grow by 10.7 per cent in HE but fall by 4.5 per cent outside HE.

Table 7.11: Real-terms change in gross earnings for HE researchers and support staff along with their comparators, 2002-2014


HE Not HE HE Not HE

Full-time

Business and related research professionals -3.4 -13.7 -1.2 -9.0

Natural and social science professionals n.e.c. -1.5 -15.7 -0.3 -16.8

Science, engineering and production technicians -1.4 -8.7 -1.9 -8.7

Information technology technicians -3.2 -30.7 -0.8 -30.0

Administrative occupations 1.5 -5.3 1.9 -5.9

Secretarial and related occupations 3.2 -10.2 4.0 -10.1

Personal assistants and other secretaries 6.4 -3.5 1.4 -3.9

Cleaners and domestics -9.1 -10.1 -2.4 -8.2

Kitchen and catering assistants 7.2 -9.0 -2.0 -8.2

Skilled trades occupations -3.1 -9.9 0.1 -8.8

Caring, leisure and other service occupations -13.0 -10.1 -14.3 -9.8

Part-time

Administrative occupations 7.1 -3.5

Secretarial and related occupations 16.1 -10.7

Personal assistants and other secretaries x -11.4

Cleaners and domestics 7.7 -3.4

Kitchen and catering assistants 10.7 -4.5 Source: ASHE, specially commissioned from the ONS Note: Grid-patterned earnings show mean estimates where median estimates are less reliable. All other earnings are median estimates. Unreliable figures are marked 'x'


30

Figure 5: HE and not HE real-terms change in median hourly full-time gross earnings by occupation, 2002 to 2014

Source: ASHE, specially commissioned from the ONS. Full-time gross earnings used except for kitchen and catering assistants, and cleaners and domestics where part-time earnings have been used as the figures are more reliable and representative of the groups

-4.5

-3.4

-10.1

-5.9

-3.9

-8.8

-16.8

-30.0

-9.0

-8.7

-9.8

10.7

7.7

4.0

1.9

1.4

0.1

-0.3

-0.8

-1.2

-1.9

-14.3

-40 -20 0 20

Kitchen and catering assistants

Cleaners and domestics

Secretarial and related occupations

Administrative occupations

Personal assistants and other secretaries

Skilled trades occupations


Information technology technicians

Business and related research professionals

Science, engineering and production technicians

Caring, leisure and other service occupations

Real-terms change (%) HE Not HE

pay in higher education 2014 · of the 11 occupations, hourly full-time earnings within and outside...

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