Pawitra PulbutrPawitra Pulbutr

M.Sc. In Pharm M.Sc. In Pharm (Pharmacology)(Pharmacology)

วั�ตถุ�ประสงค์�เชิ�งพฤต�กรรมวั�ตถุ�ประสงค์�เชิ�งพฤต�กรรม

• ม�ค์วัามเข้�าใจและอธิ�บายถุ งกลไกการออกฤทธิ�#และค์วัามเป$นพ�ษข้องสารเค์ม�ท�'เป$น Antiseptics และ Disinfectants

• ม�ค์วัามเข้�าใจและอธิ�บายถุ งข้�อดี�และข้�อเส�ยข้องสารเค์ม�ท�'เป$น Antiseptics และ Disinfectants

Sterilization การท*าให้�ปลอดีเชิ,-อ• destroy microorganism including spores

Disinfection การท*าลายการต�ดีเชิ,-อ• reduce or eradicate microorganism

WORDSWORDS

Disinfectants

• chemicals that inhibit or kill micoorganism

• use with non-living surface

Antiseptics

• chemicals that inhibit or kill microorganism

• less toxic

• use with living surface

Properties of good antiseptics & Properties of good antiseptics & disinfectantsdisinfectants

• active to all microorganisms

• rapid & long action

• water soluble & stable

• tolerate to soap & organic material

• non-toxic

• less systemic absorption, non-allergenic

• well penetrate

• no colored, good smell

• cheap

NO antiseptics & NO antiseptics & disinfectants!!disinfectants!!

Alcohol

• rapid evaporation…no residual action

• can not penetrate organic material

• may cause irritation & dryness

• USEUSE

• antiseptic before injection

• disinfectants

ChlorhexidineChlorhexidine

• has residual action

• tolerated to organic material

• - destroy by anionic & non ionicsurfactants

• less irritation to skin

• USE

• chlorhexidine digluconate 2%, 4%

• - pre operation … skin cleaning

• infant bathing

HalogenHalogen

• iodine

• chlorine

• oxidize sulhydryl (SH) into S-S

• denature protein

• protein dysfunction & precipitation

Iodine

• active to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus , spore

• tincture of iodine USP

• 2% iodine + 2.4 % sodium iodide in alc.

• Most potent antiseptics

• irritation & hypersensitivity

Iodophor

• cpx of iodine + surface active agents

• iodine + polyvinyl pyrrolidine

• = povidone iodine (betadine®)

• as active as iodine

• less irritation & hypersensitivity

• not staining

• USE

• wound antiseptic

ChlorineChlorine

• water soluble into hypochlorus, HOCL

• active to bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi, spore

• destroy by organic material

Chlorophor..slow release HOCL

• sodium hypochlorite

• chloramine

Phenolic compoundsPhenolic compoundsPhenol

• toxic….NO longer use

• carcinogenesis

• hyperbilirubinemia in neonates

Phenolic agents

• o-phenylphenol, o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol, p-tertiary amylphenol

• mixture of phenolic derivative

• cresol, xylenol

Phenolic compoundsPhenolic compounds

• cell membrane / cell wall disturbance

• precipitation of protein

• inactivate enz.

• Active to bacteria, fungi, virus

• No effect to spore

• USE

• disinfectants to hard surface..in lab/hospital

• not use in nursery…hyperbilirubinemia

HexachloropheneHexachlorophene

• active to most gm+ bacteria

• hexachlorophene 3% in soap

• USE

• antiseptic in pre-operation

• infant bathing ….

• May accumulate..cause heart & brain abnormal

•...cerebral edema , convulsion in premature infants

Quaternary ammonium Quaternary ammonium compoundcompound

• cationic surface active detergents

• benzalkonium chloride

• cetylpyridine chloride

• benzethonium chloride

• inactivate enzyme

• denaturation of protein

• active to bacteria(+), fungi, lipophillic virus

• sporistatic

AldehydesAldehydes

• formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

• alkylation protein / nucleic acid

• active to bacteria, fungi, virus, spore

• USE

• disinfectants in medical equipments

Hydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxide

• hydrogen peroxide 3% & 6%

• USE

• disinfectants…respirator, soft contact lenses

• wound antiseptics…catalase/ peroxidase...O2

gas + H2

O

• vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP)

• USE

• gaseous sterilant…less toxic than ethylene o xide, formaldehyde

Release hydroxyl radical …cell membrane disturbance

• thiomerosal (merthiolate)

• -thiomerosal 0.001 0.004%… preservative in vaccine

• -tincture merthiolate 0.1%…pre operation antiseptics

• merbromin (mercurochrome) ยาแดีง

Mercury saltsMercury salts

Silver saltsSilver salts

• silver nitrate

• used as eye drop to prevent gonococcal ophthalmitis in newborns

• silver sulfadiazine

• burn wound