patterns of inheritance chapter 11. pre-mendel’s theories blending hypothesis: when parents with...
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PATTERNS OF INHERITANCEChapter 11
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Pre-Mendel’s Theories
Blending Hypothesis: when parents with different traits have offspring, they will always show a blending of the traits
Spontaneous generation: Non-living matter giving rise to living matter
Homunculus: The little man inside the sperm
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Particulate hypothesis: Parents pass on to their offspring separate and distinct factors (genes) that are responsible for inherited traits
Gene: factors pass on from parents to offspring. Sequence of DNA that determines a trait
Trait: a specific characteristic of an individual
Genetics: the study of heredity
Mendel’s experiments with pea plants
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hf9XlqXcal0 3:00https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExaQ8shhkw8 10:00
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Mendel’s experiments started with
True-breeding plants: when self-fertilized, a true-breeding plant produces offspring identical in appearance to itself generation after generation
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Cross-fertilization, sperm from the pollen of one flower fertilizes the eggs in the flower of a different plant
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the offspring of two different true-breeding varieties are called hybrids.
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Monohybrid cross: pairing in which the parent
plants differ in only one (mono) character.
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HUMAN KARYOTYPE
A display of all the 46chromosomes of an Individual.
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9.5 page 2
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Genus species (organism) NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES Homo sapiens (human)______________________________46
Mus musculus (house mouse)_________________________40
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)_____________________8
Caenorhabditis elegans (microscopic roundworm)_________12
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) ______________32
Arabidopsis thaliana (plant in the mustard family) ________10
Xenopus laevis (South African clawed frog)______________36
Canis familiaris (domestic dog)________________________78
Gallus gallus (chicken) ______________________________28
Zea mays (corn or maize)____________________________20
Muntiacus reevesi (the Chinese muntjac, a deer) _________23
Muntiacus muntjac (its native american cousin) __________6
Myrmecia pilosula (an ant) ___________________________2
Parascaris equorum var. univalens (parasitic roundworm)___2
Cambarus clarkii (crayfish)___________________________200
Equisetum arvense (field horsetail, a plant)______________216
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Horsetail
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Mendel’s principle of segregation
There are alternative forms of factors (genes) called alleles.
For each character, an organism has two alleles for the gene controlling that character, one from each parent. Homozygous = same alleles Heterozygous = different alleles
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Principle of segregation (cont.)
When only one of the two different alleles in an heterozygous individual appears to affect the trait, that allele is called the dominant allele. The allele that does not appear to affect the trait is called the recessive allele
The two alleles for a character segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (sex cells). Each gamete carries only one allele of each character (Principle of segregation)
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Phenotype refers to the observable trait (purple flowers)
Genotype refers to the combination of alleles (PP)
Phenotypic ratio: ratio of plants with purple flowers to those with white flowers (3 purple : 1 white)
Genotypic ratio: ratio of possible combinations of alleles (1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp)
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Phenotype refers to the observable trait (purple flowers)
Genotype refers to the combination of alleles (Pp)
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• Phenotypic ratio: ratio of plants with purple flowers to those with white flowers (3 purple : 1 white)
• Genotypic ratio: ratio of possible combinations of alleles (1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp)
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Probability and Punnett Squares
Probability: Chance of Something happening
Punnett Square: Diagramused to show the probabilityof a genetic cross
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How can you find out the genotype of an individual showing the dominant trait?
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TESTCROSS
In a testcross, an individual of unknown genotype, but dominant phenotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
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DIHYBRID CROSS
crossing of organisms differing in two characters
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Possible allele combinations from a heterozygous dihybrid for round an yellow seed
R r Y y
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DHYBRID CROSS
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Principle of Independent Assortment
During gamete formation in an F2 cross, a particular allele for one character can be paired with either allele of another character
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Not all traits are inherited following the patterns found by Mendel in pea plants
Intermediate or incomplete inheritance
CodominanceMultiple allelesPolygenic inheritanceEnvironment - Epigenetics http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/genetics/
notes_incomplete_dominance.html
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Intermediate or Incomplete Inheritance
The heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
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Codominance
condition in which both alleles for a gene are expressed when present (cattle: red, white, roan coat = codominant)
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Multiple Alleles -
Genetic Determination of Blood Type
Phenotype(Blood type)
Genotypes
O
A
AB
B
IA IB
IB IB or IB i
IA IA or IA i
ii
For many genes several alleles exist in the population.
Multiple alleles control the character of blood type in humans.
There are six possible genotypes.
The alleles IA and IB exhibit codominance, meaning that a heterozygote expresses both traits.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L06TJTMVkBo
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Polygenic inheritance
When two or more genes affect a single character
In humans, height, eye and skin color have polygenic inheritance
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The Environment - Epigenetics
Phenotype depends on environment as well as genes
Temperature affects fur color in Siamese cats
In humansNutrition affects built
Exposure to sun affects skin tone
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Sex-Linked Genes (any gene located on sex chromosomes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGzFsme22s8
Bill Nye – Greatest Scientific Discoveries (genetics 3:40-8:00)
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HUMAN KARYOTYPE
A display of all the 46chromosomes of an Individual.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWyrp3hu4KE
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Morgan's monohybrid cross for fly eye color produced a 3 : 1 phenotypic ratio of red to white eyes in the F2 generation. However, none of the flies with white eyes were female.
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Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Genes are located on chromosomes
Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns – chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis
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INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMESDURING GAMETEFORMATION
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Gene locus: location at which alleles of a gene reside on homologous chromosomes
Linked genes: genes that are located in the same region of a chromosome
Genetic linkage: tendency for the alleles on one chromosome to be inherited together. The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the greater the genetic linkage
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Meiosis
• Organisms that reproduce sexually have specialized cells called gametes (sex cells)
• Gametes are the result of a type of cell division called meiosis
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Diploid and haploid
• Almost all human cells are diploid or containing two homologous sets of chromosomes
2n = 46• Eggs and sperm cells (gametes) are haploid or
containing a single set of chromosomes n = 23
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MITOSIS
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Meiosis
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In the human life cycle a haploid egg and sperm fuse and form a diploid zygote. Mitosis produces an embryo with numerous cells that continue to multiply and develop.
haploid egg and sperm
diploid zygote
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120074/bio17.swf::Comparison%20of%20Meiosis%20and%20Mitosis
2n
2n 2n
MITOSISMEIOSIS
Original diploid cell
2 diploid daughter cells
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Genetic variation is a result of two processes that occurs during meiosis:
• Independent assortment of chromosomes, and • Crossing over
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• During metaphase I, the independent assortment of chromosomes that end up in the resulting cells occurs randomly
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• Crossing over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
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• Genetic recombination: new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
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(pages 195, 200, & 201) MITOSIS MEIOSIS
TYPE OF CELL (that undergoes this division)
# OF CELL DIVISIONS
Starts/ends as diploid or haploid cell
# OF DAUGHTER CELLS
# OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER DIVISION
EXCHANGE OF DNA (Y/N)
UNIQUE OR IDENTICAL CELL AFTER DIVISION
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Development of egg and sperm