Chapter 2Chapter 2

Patterns of Early Patterns of Early CivilizationsCivilizations

What is the most important What is the most important invention of all time?invention of all time?

Results of Growth of FarmingResults of Growth of Farming

• Spend less time hunting. Have Spend less time hunting. Have more time for other things.more time for other things.

Social Classes developSocial Classes develop• Leaders and priests on top, Leaders and priests on top,

merchants, farmers, craftsmen in merchants, farmers, craftsmen in middle, poor and slaves at bottom. middle, poor and slaves at bottom.

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Don’t need to chase after their foodDon’t need to chase after their food

Stay in one place.Stay in one place.

Enabled People to Settle downEnabled People to Settle down

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Cities require governingCities require governing• Governments collect taxes to support city Governments collect taxes to support city

programs that help people that live thereprograms that help people that live there Roads, schools, police, fire departments, defense, Roads, schools, police, fire departments, defense,

medical, water quality / sanitation, etcmedical, water quality / sanitation, etc

• Taxes require record keepingTaxes require record keeping• Record keeping requires written ledgers – Record keeping requires written ledgers –

writing systems evolve. writing systems evolve. Paper used.Paper used.• Writing helps spread cultures, religions, and Writing helps spread cultures, religions, and

maintain accurate histories better than word maintain accurate histories better than word of mouth. of mouth.

Growth of CivilizationsGrowth of Civilizations

Cities merge into civilizations Cities merge into civilizations Road networks and trade are keyRoad networks and trade are key

• China, South America Mid East – all China, South America Mid East – all have great road networkshave great road networks

The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire

Followed the Greek empireFollowed the Greek empire Centered on Rome, Italy Centered on Rome, Italy

• Center of learning, technology, politics, Center of learning, technology, politics, art, culture, military, etcart, culture, military, etc

Most powerful empire in EuropeMost powerful empire in Europe• 750 B.C. to 476 A.D. (roughly)750 B.C. to 476 A.D. (roughly)

Creation of CivilizationCreation of Civilization

What does it take for What does it take for civilizations to rise and civilizations to rise and

survive?survive?

““Requirements for civilization,”Requirements for civilization,”

Every society must be able to answer the Every society must be able to answer the basic biological needs of its membersbasic biological needs of its members• food, drink, shelter, and medical care.food, drink, shelter, and medical care.

Every society must provide for the Every society must provide for the production and distribution of goods and production and distribution of goods and services services • through a division of laborthrough a division of labor• Through rules concerning property and tradeThrough rules concerning property and trade• Through ideas about the role and importance Through ideas about the role and importance

of workof work

requirements for civilization requirements for civilization continuedcontinued

Every society must provide for the Every society must provide for the reproduction of new members and reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to consider laws and issues related to reproductionreproduction• regulation, marriageable age, number of regulation, marriageable age, number of

childrenchildren etc. etc.

requirements for civilizationrequirements for civilization

Every society must provide for the Every society must provide for the training of an individual so that he or training of an individual so that he or she can become a functioning adult she can become a functioning adult in the societyin the society• education, apprenticeship, passing on of education, apprenticeship, passing on of

values, morals, respect for law, respect values, morals, respect for law, respect for others etcfor others etc

requirements for civilization requirements for civilization continuedcontinued

Every society must provide for the Every society must provide for the maintenance of internal and external maintenance of internal and external orderorder• laws, courts, police, militaries, wars, laws, courts, police, militaries, wars,

diplomacydiplomacy Every society must provide meaning and Every society must provide meaning and

motivation to its members.motivation to its members. • People need to feel a reason for living and People need to feel a reason for living and

contributing. contributing. • Motivation leads to advancement. Apathy Motivation leads to advancement. Apathy

leads to decline. leads to decline.

Civilization’s Needs

Basics

Reproduction

Training

Order

Meaning

GovernmentsGovernments Monarchy – hereditary rule by one person, Monarchy – hereditary rule by one person,

generally a kinggenerally a king• May be “absolute” (total control) or “limited”May be “absolute” (total control) or “limited”

Theocracy – government based on Theocracy – government based on religion.religion.

Democracy – everyone votes on every Democracy – everyone votes on every issueissue• Cumbersome in large populationsCumbersome in large populations

Republic – representatives vote on issuesRepublic – representatives vote on issues

EconomiesEconomies Barter – Simple tradeBarter – Simple trade

• I give you a goat, you give me three chickensI give you a goat, you give me three chickens

Market – Buying and selling. No Market – Buying and selling. No government interferencegovernment interference

Command – Government runs the Command – Government runs the economy. economy. • Sets prices. Owns businesses etcSets prices. Owns businesses etc

Mixed – Free enterprise (like market) with Mixed – Free enterprise (like market) with government regulations (like command).government regulations (like command).

ReligionsReligions

Polytheistic – many godsPolytheistic – many gods

Monotheistic – one godMonotheistic – one god

Important Ages or Eras of Important Ages or Eras of Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

Medieval (or Middle) AgesMedieval (or Middle) Ages• After the fall of the Roman EmpireAfter the fall of the Roman Empire• Era of lost knowledge – “The Dark Ages”Era of lost knowledge – “The Dark Ages”• Feudal system developed for protectionFeudal system developed for protection

Castles, knights, lords, serfs, etcCastles, knights, lords, serfs, etc

RenaissanceRenaissance• Age of rebirthAge of rebirth• We began rediscovering knowledge that had We began rediscovering knowledge that had

been lost after the fall of Romebeen lost after the fall of Rome• Age of great artists, sculptures, architects, Age of great artists, sculptures, architects,

writers writers

Important Ages or ErasImportant Ages or Eras

Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration • Europeans begin to sail the seas seeking Europeans begin to sail the seas seeking

trade routes to Asia and Indiatrade routes to Asia and India• Driven by desire for moneyDriven by desire for money• Leads to the creation of colonies and Leads to the creation of colonies and

rise of “mercantile system” rise of “mercantile system” Age of Absolute MonarchsAge of Absolute Monarchs

• Kings and queens rule countries and Kings and queens rule countries and spread empires around the worldspread empires around the world

Important Ages or ErasImportant Ages or Eras

Age of ReasonAge of Reason• People rethink the need for kings and People rethink the need for kings and

queensqueens• Democracy takes hold (begins in U.S)Democracy takes hold (begins in U.S)

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution• Development of factories, urbanization, Development of factories, urbanization,

modern transportation systems, labor modern transportation systems, labor unions, worker reformsunions, worker reforms

Important Ages or ErasImportant Ages or Eras

Age of ImperialismAge of Imperialism• Africa, India, Asia colonized and Africa, India, Asia colonized and

controlled by European empirescontrolled by European empires Modern AgeModern Age

• 2020thth Century conflicts – World War I, Century conflicts – World War I, WWII, Cold War, “War on Terror”WWII, Cold War, “War on Terror”