Patte

1 Jiangsu IChina

CorresponCollege, 86-139-21

Received:

doi:10.553

Abstract

Based on embroidergeometricawidely avatextiles frozigzags anedgings buother pattethere are e

Keywords

Geometricsites along4thC AD)3thC- earlySilk Museu

1. Dots

Table 1. D

Figure

embroid

Astana

Huahai

BC-earl

Dots are camong whparticularlMurtuq, AThere are

erns on th

Intangible Cult

ndence: KuangJiangnan Un10-1775. E-m

September 9,

39/ass.v12n1p1

the archaeolored textiles ofal pattern is mailable, it is com the Silk Rnd crosses. As ut also create erns. Diamondexamples consi

s: geometrical

cal pattern is ag the Silk Road unearthed froy 5thC) from Dum. They are v

Dots on the emb

1. dots on

deries from

a, Yinpan,

etc., 2ndC

ly 4thC AD

ommon to seehich dots filledy popular and

Astana in Xinjiaother types of

he Embro

tural Heritage

g Yanghua, Jiniversity, 180ail: tinakyh200

2015 Acce

191

ogical evidencf the Han andainly found on

characterized bRoad include

the most comframes of vari

ds are also comisting of more

patterns, embr

another commod, especially oom Xinjiang pDulan or neighvaried in types

broidered texti

Figure 2. doembroiderie

Dulan oneighboring

late 3thC- ear

e on the embrod with volute d widely appeang province af dots, includin

idered TeⅡ: Geom

Kuang Yangh

Research Bas

iangsu Intangi00 Lihu Av05@aliyun.com

epted: Septemb

URL: http://

ces from the d Tang dynastn textiles fromby its varied tdots, roundels

mmon motif, dious kinds suc

mmon, besides than one type

roidery, the Si

on motif on emon the embroidprovince and thboring areas s.

iles unearthed

ots on es from or

g areas, rly 5thC

Figemb

neiglat

oidered textilesstitches execu

ear on the emband Huahai in ng dots filled w

Publ

191

extiles Unmetrical P

hua1 & Cui Ro

se, Textile & C

ible Cultural venue, Wuxi, m

ber 30, 2015

/dx.doi.org/10.

Silk Road, thties (2ndC BCNorthwestern

types. The regs, waves, who

dots not only inch as roundelsserving as patof geometrica

lk Road

mbroidered texderies dating frthe embroiderin Qinghai pro

from the Silk R

gure 3. dots onbroideries from

Dulan or ghboring areaste 3thC- early

5thC

s of the Han anuted in chain broidered textGansu provincwith a cross a

Asian SocISS

lished by Canad

nearthed Pattern

ongrong1

Clothing Colleg

Heritage ReseJiangsu Pr

Online Publi

.5539/ass.v12n

his paper reviC-early 9thC

n China rather tgular geometriorls, triangles,ntersperse wit

s, diamonds anttern they are oal patterns.

xtiles uneartherom the Han ared textiles of ovince now in

Road

n m

s,

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late 3thC5th

nd Jin dynastiestitch or split

tiles from Shace, especially oand triangular

cial Science; VSN 1911-2017 dian Center of Sc

from the

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earch Base, Trovince, 2141

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iews geometriAD). The ev

than Central Cical patterns o, diamonds, loth other patternnd hexagons eoften used as f

d from the graand Jin dynastif the Northern

the collection

. dots on

eries from an or ing areas, C- early hC

F

la

es unearthed fstitch (Figure

anpula, Niya, Yon the embroidornaments (Fi

Vol. 12, No. 1; E-ISSN 1911-

cience and Educ

Silk Roa

University, Jian

Textile & Clo122, China.

ber 21, 2015

ical pattern onvidences showChina. Althougon the embroidozenges, chevns or form lin

etc. then filled frames. In add

aveyards or anies (2ndC BC-

Wei dynasty n of China Nat

Figure 5. dots an embroiderfrom Noin-Ul

ate 1stC BC-ea1stC AD

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thing Tel:

n the w that

h not dered vrons, es as with

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dots enclosmall as ri

Although was edgings

(1) Dots in

In this casseem to hawith a douinstance thHuhai (Zhsometimes

Table 2. Fr

Figure 1on an emDulan oareas, la

Figure 4on an emAstana,

Figure 8.on an emDulan oareas, la

(2) Dots as

Dots can b

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osing smaller sce grains (Figu

widely appears or frames of v

ntersperse with

e, dots are usuave links with uble-headed bhe dots on a rhao, 2008)]; ss freely scatter

rames formed

1. pearl roundembroidery fromor neighboringate 3thC- early

5thC

4. pearl roundembroidery from, 640-mid8thC

. hexagon frammbroidery fromor neighboringate 3thC- early

5thC

s edgings

be linked into s

spots (Figure 3ure 5 in Table

r, dots are seldvarious kinds s

h other pattern

ually used as suother patterns

ird found in Zed gauze piecometimes thes

red (the piece f

by linked pear

el m g y

Figure 2on severa

fromneighbo

3thC-

el m C

Figure 5.on embDulan oareas, la

me m g y

Figure 9two e

collectedlate 3r

straight lines a

Asian

3 in Table 1), 1). However, d

dom caught alosuch as rounde

ns

upplementary s [for instanceZhagunluke (Ze with embroise dots are arfrom Zhagunlu

rls on the embr

2. pearl roundeal embroiderie

m Dulan or oring areas, late- early 5thC

diamond framroideries from

or neighboringate 3thC- early

5thC

. coin frame onembroideries d by Chris HalrdC-late 5thC

and combine w

n Social Science

192

dots empty indots of these ty

one. They eithels, lozenges, d

to other pattere the dots on aZhao, 2005)] bidered vines arranged regulauke for instanc

roidered textil

el es

e Figure 3.

me m g y

Figure 6on embDulan areas, l

n

l,

Figure 1on an em

Shanpula4

with other patte

n the center (Fypes are less fa

er intersperse diamonds and

rns to add visua green plain wbut sometimesattached to the arly (the piecece).

es unearthed f

overlapped pefrom Astan

6. diamond frambroideries fromor neighboringlate 3thC- early

5thC

0. lozenge frammbroidery froma, 2ndC BC-ea4thC AD

erns to decorat

Figure 4 in Tafavored than th

with other pathexagons etc.

ual interest. Sowoven silk frags do not have

front of an ve from Huaha

from the Silk R

earl roundels oa, 640-middle

me m g y

Figure 7on an e

the Mog3thC

me m

arly

Figurframe o

froneighb

3thC

e the edgings o

Vol. 12, No. 1;

able 1) and dohe previous one

tterns or form

metimes thesegment embroidany relevanceest unearthed

ai for instance

Road

on an embroide8thC

7. hexagon framembroidery frogao Grottoes, lC- early 5thC

re 11. lozenge on embroiderie

om Dulan or oring areas, la

C- early 5thC

of clothing or

2016

ots as e.

lines

e dots dered e [for from ) but

ery

me m ate

es

te

other

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articles of with a stripfound in S(Museum from the W

(3) Dots as

Dots can aroundel (FsometimesPearl rountaohuanliaa pearl rouExcept forTable 2) an9 in Table & 11 in Ta

2. Rounde

Roundels hconcentricpatterns. Scommon iroundels eRoundels a

Table 3. R

Figembro

Grottoe

3. Waves

Waves refeneighborinneatly donribbons. Twhich are articles ofheart-shap

Some pattebut earliersilk threadpattern. Hfavored ma similar

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f daily use. Forp of heart-shapShanpula bearof Xinjiang U

West, probably

s frames

also be linked Figures 1-4 in s are outlined ndels outlined anzhu in Chineundel are replar roundels, linknd hexagons (F2). Generally,

able 2).

els

here refers to c circles enclosSometimes, thein this period executed in emare mostly sca

Roundels on the

ure 1. roundel oidery from thees, late 3thC- e

fer to S-shapedng areas, servinne in split stitcherefore this pusually filled

f daily use. ped florets and

erns are not inr than most of ds in red and bowever, it cou

motif in the Hanvisual effect.

r example, an ped florets in brs a line of li

Uygur Autonombeing an imita

into various fTable 2), whiwith circles onwith circles o

ese (Figure 3 iaced by squareked dots can foFigures 7-8 in , dots on the fo

the pattern cosing grasses (Fere are ornamand known a

mbroidery are attered or regul

e embroidered

on an

e Mogao early 5thC

d patterns or pang as the edginch respectivelypattern can alsod with other pTwo examplehalf four-peta

n S-shape but uthe relics foun

beige on this puld possibly ben dynasty. (Fig

Two exampl

Asian

embroidered between (Mokuinked dots commous Region eation of the pa

frames then filch is considern either the inon both sides n Table 2). Oc

es (Figure 4 in orm various geTable 2) or m

four corners of

onsists of one (Figure 1 in Ta

ments on the cias floral round

widely descrlarly arranged

textiles uneart

Figure 2.embroiderneighborin

ea

atterns which angs of a squary in red and bo be identifiedatterns to form

es respectivelyalled florets fill

up and down and in Cave 17 piece creates ae part of the p

gure 4 in Tableles from Dula

n Social Science

193

border from Mushiki, 1999); mbining with et al, 2001). P

attern on wool

lled with otherred as a patternnside or both th

are sometimeccasionally, theTable 2), whic

eometrical frammore complex ff a diamond ar

(Figure 1 in Taable 3), floretsircles (Figure dels or tuankeribed in the poand occasiona

thed from the

. roundel on twies from Dulang areas, late 3tarly 5thC

are just like coe embroidered

blue but both od as ribbons. (Fm a strip theny from Shanpled in S-shaped

and look like cin dating. Nea

an effect similpattern showine 4) Besides, a an or neighbo

Murtuq shows another piece a strip of he

Patterns of thistapestry.

r patterns. Then originated inhe inside and

es overlapped e dots on the toch is consideremes such as diframes consistire different and

Table 3) or mors (Figures 2-3 3 in Table 3)

e in Chinese (oems of Tangally overlapped

Silk Road

wo n or thC-

Figufro

ontinuous wavd piece. It showoutlined in yelFigure 1 in Tabn decorate on pula and Duld frames (Figu

ontinuous wavatly done stitcar to waves. I

ng mountains repeat of reve

oring areas sh

linked dots infrom a plain w

eart-shaped flos sort perhaps

e most common Sasanid Empoutside (Figurto form a newop, bottom, lefed to be a stroamonds (Figuring of several d more orname

re than one (Fin Table 3) or

).Roundels fill(Figures 2-3 i

g dynasty (Pend (Figure 3 in T

ure 3. roundel om Dulan or ne

late 3thC-

ves. An examplws two S-shapllow. These wble 4) There arthe edgings olan or neighbures 2-3 in Tab

ves. An examphes executed i

It is too fragmenveloped by

ersed U-shapedhow reversed

Vol. 12, No. 1;

n two straight woven silk garorets as the boshow an influ

on example is pire. Linked pres 1-2 in Tablw frame knowft and right enng Sassanid flres 5, 6, 10 & geometries (Fental (Figures

Figure 2 in Tabr other geomeled with floretin Table 3). Fng Dingqiu, 1Table 2).

on an embroideighboring areearly 5thC

le is from Duled entwined w

waves are similre S-shaped fraf clothing or

boring areas sble 4).

ple is from Cavin chain stitch

mented to reveaclouds, which

d pattern can cU-shaped pat

2016

lines rment order uence

pearl pearls le 2).

wn as ds of lavor. 11 in igure 5-10

ble 3) trical ts are Floral 986).

dery eas,

an or waves lar to ames, other show

ve 17 with

al the h is a create tterns

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regularly rclothing or

Table 4. W

Figurene

Figure 3on embr

Figembroid

4. Whorls

Whorls refrom the Stextiles of a decoratio

Table 5. W

Figure 1

Figure 2

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respectively arr other articles

Waves on the em

e 1. waves on eighboring area

. waves filled roideries from

late 3th

gure 5. reverseddery from Dul

3thC

s

fer to spiral shSilk Road. Ondifferent layer

on (Figures 3-5

Whorls on the e

. whorl on an elate 1stC BC

. whorl on an elate 1stC BC

rranged in a lins (Figures 5-6 i

mbroidered tex

embroideries fas, late 3thC- e

with half four-m Dulan or neighC- early 5thC

d U-shaped palan or neighbor

C- early 5thC

haped patternse is very largers together (Fig5 in Table 5).

embroidered te

embroidery froC-early 1stC A

embroidery froC-early 1stC A

Asian

ne and in two in Table 4).

xtiles unearthe

from Dulan or early 5thC

-petalled floretghboring areas

C

atterns on a ring areas, late

s. There are twe in scale, it isgures 1-2 in Ta

extiles unearthe

om Noin-Ula, AD

om Noin-Ula, AD

n Social Science

194

rows. Patterns

ed from the Silk

Figure 2.embroid

ts s,

Figure 4the M

e Fig

embroid

wo types of ws not only useable 5). One is

ed from the Si

Figure 3. w

Figure 4.

Figure 5. w

s of this sort us

k Road

. waves filled wdery from Sha

4. waves on anMogao Grottoes

gure 6. reverseeries from Dul

3thC-

whorls accordined as a decorats small in size,

lk Road

whorls on an em1stC BC-

. whorls on an 2ndC BC

whorls on an em1stC BC-

sually decorate

with heart-shapanpula, 2ndC B

AD

n embroidery frs, 2ndC BC -la

ed U-shaped palan or neighbo- early 5thC

ng to the embrtion but also a it is usually li

mbroidery fromearly 1stC AD

embroidery frC-early 4thC

mbroidery fromearly 1stC AD

Vol. 12, No. 1;

e on the edgin

ped florets on BC-early 4thC

rom cave 17 atate 5thC AD

atterns on oring areas, late

roideries uneaas a method toined up and us

m Noin-Ula, laD

rom Xinjiang,

m Noin-Ula, laD

2016

gs of

a

t

e

rthed o join ed as

ate

ate

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5. Triangl

On the topof similar triangles, wthe outsidebelt on topheads of aare used ovNoin-Ula in Table 6)each enclo

Table 6. Tr

Figure

FigZ

6. Diamon

Table 7. D

Figure ne

Figure 3ne

Embroidera lot of diaof a embroin Table 7)

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les

p of several emtriangles. Th

with smaller tre (Figures 1-2 p and tiny revea double-headever the heads o(now in tatters). A similar pieosing a little bi

riangles on the

1. triangles onearly 3r

gure 3. triangleZhagunluke, 2n

nds and Lozen

Diamonds and l

1. diamonds oneighboring are

3. diamonds oneighboring are

ries from Dulaamonds. Theseoidery or fram). Similar diam

mbroideries wihose on the emriangles in diffin Table 6). Th

ersed triangulaed bird and proof important Bs) shows decoece was found rd (Chen Wanx

e embroidered

n an embroiderrdC- early 4thC

es on an embrondC BC-early

nges

lozenges on th

n embroiderieas, late 3thC- e

n embroiderieas, late 3thC- e

an or neighborie diamonds ar

mes for other pamonds or lozen

Asian

ith double-heambroideries fr

fferent colors fhose on the emar pieces beneaobably indicat

Buddhist livingorative borders

at Mozuizi in xiong, 1998).

textiles uneart

ry from AstanaC

oidery from 4thC AD

e embroidered

s from Dulan oearly 5thC

s from Dulan oearly 5thC

ing areas in Qie usually smalatterns. Sometinges appear on

n Social Science

195

aded birds founfrom Astana afilled in the intmbroidery fromath (Figure 3 ite zheshe, whicg beings (Kuans consisting of

Gansu provin

thed from the

a, Figure

Figure 4

d textiles unear

or Figure

or Figure n

inghai in the coll, being arrangimes they are

n a piece from

nd in Astana aare almost ideteriors and hoo

m Zhagunluke in Table 6). Thch is common ng Yanghua, 20f triangular patnce, showing a

Silk Road

2. triangles on2ndC BC

4. triangles on late 1stC

rthed from the

e 2. lozenges oearly 3

4. lozenges onneighboring are

ollection of Chged in 3-5 stagoutlined with Noin-Ula and

and Zhagunlukentical in the ok-shaped ornare close to a hese triangles on a valance 013a). An embtterns along fostring of ident

n an embroiderC-early 4thC A

an embroideryBC-early 1stC

Silk Road

on an embroide3rdC- early 4th

n an embroidereas, late 3thC-

hina National Sggered rows astraight lines oa piece from A

Vol. 12, No. 1;

ke there are a sshape of reve

naments attachvalance, showall appear oveor a canopy w

broidered quilt our edges (Figutical triangular

ry from AstanaAD

y from Noin-UC AD

ery from AstanhC

ry from Dulan early 5thC

Silk Museum sand used as edgor curves (FigAstana (Figure

2016

string ersed ed to

wing a er the which

from ure 4 r tags

a,

Ula,

na,

or

show gings ure 1 e 2 in

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Table 7), hdiamonds

Large lozelozenges clozenges a

In most cexamples diamonds arranged in(Figures 5with roundor geometr6 in Table

Table 8. D

Figembroneighb

Figureembroneighb

7. Chevro

Table 9. C

Figure 1embro

Dulan oareas, la

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however, they (Figure 3 in Ta

enges can be ucomposed of are usually exe

cases, diamondon the embroior lozenges on a line or in & 6 in Table

d dots (Figure rical rosettes (8).

Diamond and lo

gure 1. diamonoideries from Doring areas, la

early 5thC

e 4. lozenge froideries from Doring areas, la

early 5thC

ons and Zigzag

hevrons and z

1. chevrons onoideries from or neighboring ate 3thC- early

5thC

are large and able 7).

used as alone small ones an

ecuted in satin

ds or lozengeideries from Shf different sizestaggered row8). The four c2 in Table 8),

(Figure 5 in Ta

ozenge frames

nd on Dulan or ate 3thC-

e

ame on

Dulan or ate 3thC-

F

gs

igzags on the e

n

y

Figure embroid

neighbor

Asian

flat. Occasion

pattern. One end outlined wstitch with stro

s are used ashapula, Niya, e formed by l

ws and filled wcorners of the tiny diamonds

able 8) etc. On

on the embroi

Figure 2. diamembroidery fro

BC-ear

igure 5. lozengin the State H

embroidered te

2. chevrons ondery from Dularing areas, late early 5thC

n Social Science

196

nally diamonds

example is frowith concentricongly twisted c

frames and fYinpan, Noin-ines of differe

with floral or gdiamonds or l

s (Figure 4 in n a piece from

idered textiles

mond frame onom Shanpula, 2rly 4thC AD

ges on embroidermitage Muse

extiles unearth

n an an or 3thC-

Figuemb

or lat

s consists of a

om Dulan or nc lozenge gridcolored silk th

filled with oth-Ula and Dula

ent thickness (geometrical patlozenges are uTable 8), floraNoin-Ula app

unearthed from

n an 2ndC

Fene

deries eum

emb

hed from the Si

ure 3. zigzags broidery from neighboring a

te 3thC- early

set of triangle

neighboring ards of differen

hreads (Figure

her patterns. Tan or neighbor(Figures 1 & 3tterns or occas

usually embellal roundels (Fipear concentric

m the Silk Roa

Figure 3. lozenmbroideries freighboring are

early 5

Figure 6. lozebroidery from 1stC BC-earl

ilk Road

on an Dulan

areas, 5thC

Figuan e

Dulaareas

Vol. 12, No. 1;

es and even sm

reas, showing nt thickness. T4 in Table 7).

There are a lring areas, sho3 in Table 8) esionally used aished, for instgure 11 in Tabc diamonds (F

ad

nge frame on rom Dulan or eas, late 3thC- 5thC

enges on an Noin-Ula, late

ly 1stC AD

ure 4. zigzags embroidery froan or neighbors, late 3thC- ea

5thC

2016

maller

large These

ot of wing

either alone ance, ble 2) igure

e

on om ring arly

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Chevrons collection stitch withthin threadlatter is us

8. Crosses

It is not clozenges eneighborinblue grounthreads anformed by1960).

Table 10. C

Figurembroide

BC

9. Geomet

Table 11. Eunearthed

Figure

However, from ZhagZhagunlukformed byof decoratifrom the showever, fconsisting

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and zigzags of China Nati

h thick threads ds and loosely ed as pattern f

s

common to seembroidered wng areas, bearinnd. Another pd outlined wit

y alternately ar

Crosses on the

e 1. crosses onery from Niya-early 4thC AD

trical Pattern

Examples of gfrom the Silk

e 1. geometricaZhagunluke, e

in some casesgunluke and a ke is composey short equidistive pattern (Fisame tomb (Mfrom the relicsof two triang

are found ononal Silk Musand closely ararranged (Fig

filled in other f

ee crosses on with dark browng checks each

piece from theh more crosserranged rectan

e embroidered

n an , 2ndC D

emnei

ns Consisting o

geometrical paRoad

al patterns on aearly 8thC BC-

s geometrical ppiece from Nid of three parttant curves, onigure 1 in Tabl

Museum of Chs dating to the les or approxi

Asian

n the embroidseum. There arrranged (Figurgures 2 & 4 in frames and als

embroideries.wn-colored woh enclosing a c same areas ss inside and ou

ngles, mushroo

textiles uneart

Figure 2. crosmbroidery fromighboring area

early 5t

of More Than

atterns consisti

an embroidery-late 1stC BC

patterns are a iya for exampts, two triangl

ne is outlined tle 11). Similarhinese Historysimilar period

imately two tri

n Social Science

197

eries from Dure two types ofes 1 & 3 in TaTable 9). Geno as a method

. One examplol threads on cross embroideshows a large utside. A piece

om-shaped geo

thed from the S

sses on a m Dulan or as, late 3thC- thC

n One Geomet

ing of more th

y from Fig

result of comble. The unit pales at two endthe other is notr red-painted py et al, 2002). d found in neigiangles formed

ulan or neighf chevrons andable 9), the othnerally, the form

to join textiles

e is from Niywhite felt. Anered with threacross embroid

e from Noin-Uometrical patte

Silk Road

Figure 3. cDulan or

tries

han one geome

gure 2. geomefrom Niya

bining more thattern on the es and a whorlt. The unit pat

pattern was alsWhat this pa

ghboring areasd by short cur

hboring areas d zigzags: one her is executed mer is adopteds of different la

ya, showing cnother exampleads in beige andered with red

Ula also show aerns and crosse

crosses on an eneighboring a

early 5thC

etries on the em

trical patterns a, 2ndC BC-ear

han one geomeembroidered w in the middle

ttern freely repso found on a yattern indicatess, we found parves with a wh

Vol. 12, No. 1;

in Qinghai inis executed inin short stitch

d as frames anayers together

crosses enclosee is from Duland dark brownd and blue coa rectangular fes (Sueji Ume

embroidery froareas, late 3thCC

mbroidered tex

on an embroidrly 4thC AD

etries. Take a pwool fragment e. The trianglepeats to from ayellow wool tes is still unknatterns of this shorl in between

2016

n the long with d the .

ed in an or

n on a lored

frame ehara,

om C-

xtiles

dery

piece from

es are strip

extile nown, sort - n - is

www.ccsenet.org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 12, No. 1; 2016

198

widely spread (Kuang, 2013b). The uppers of a pair of leather boots unearthed from Niya is decorated with colored embroidered geometrical patterns, consisting of rectangles in two rows in the middle with triangles and whorls at two sides. The rectangles are divided into several smaller geometries and according to the structure they can be classified into two groups: one is divided into a lozenge in the centre around with four triangles and one is divided into a “T”-shaped geometry, two geometries similar to trapezoid and a triangle. Rectangles of this two sorts are finally arranged in staggered rows (Figure 2 in Table 11).

10. Conclusion

Embroidered textiles of the Han and Tang dynasties, which are the most important archaeological evidences for the study of embroidery in the Han and Tang dynasties, are mainly found in the graveyards or ancient sites along the Silk Road in China. The evidences show that geometrical pattern is another common motif on embroidered textiles from the Silk Road, especially on the embroideries dating from the Han and Jin dynasties unearthed from Xinjiang province and the embroidered textiles of the Northern Wei dynasty from Dulan or neighboring areas in Qinghai province now in the collection of China National Silk Museum. The regular geometrical patterns on the embroidered textiles from the Silk Road include dots, roundels, waves, whorls, triangles, diamonds, lozenges, chevrons, zigzags and crosses. As the most common motif, dots not only intersperse with other patterns or form lines as edgings but also create frames of various kinds such as roundels, diamonds and hexagons etc. then filled with other patterns. Diamonds are also common, besides serving as pattern they are often used as frames. In addition, there are examples consisting of more than one type of geometrical patterns. The geometrical patterns on the embroidered textiles from the Silk Road reflects the design philosophy of the Han and Tang, especially the Han, Jin and Northern Wei dynasties, which not only promote a better understanding of pattern design in this period but also provide a helpful reference to pattern design in modern times.

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. 14LSC002) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. JUSRP11469).

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