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Atrophic endometriumAtrophy can be physiologic or pathologic.

Physiologic atrophy is common during early development. Some embryonic structures,

such as the notochord and thyroglossal duct, undergo atrophy during fetal

development. The uterus decreases in size shortly after parturition, and this is a form of

physiologic atrophy.

Pathologic atrophydepends on the underlying cause and can be local or generalized.

Loss of endocrine stimulation. Many endocrine glands, the breast, and the reproductive

organs are dependent on endocrine stimulation for normal metabolism and function.

The loss of estrogen stimulation after menopause results in physiologic atrophy of the

endometrium, vaginal epithelium, and breast.

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Atrophic endometrium

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LPO

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Clear cellCa, kidney

Most common type of renal cell carcinoma

Worst prognosis

Large and polygonal in shape

Cytoplasm is clear because of accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen and lipid

Sporadic, familial or in association with von Hippel-Lindau disease

Triad:

-pain(flank/costovertebral)

-palpable mass

-hematuria

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Acute suppurative appendicitis

Shows acute inflammatory infiltrate in the muscular layer of the wall of the appendix which consists primarily ofneutrophils

Mucosal ulceration & infiltration by PMNs, eosinophils, plasma cells, &lymphocytes throughout all layers & frequentlyinto serosa.

More advanced stage, the inflammatory process involved the full thickness of wall, with partial necrosis or infarction ofwall (perforated areas).

The smooth muscle fibers are separated by inflammatory edema

Sever continuing inflammation of the appendix wall often leads to extensive necrosis of the muscle layer whichpredisposesthe perforation of the appendix with more widespread peritonitis

Cause : It is associated with obstruction (fecalith, gallstone, tumor or ball of worms).

Abscess formation within the wall and foci of suppurative necrosis in the mucosa.

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Papillary Ca, ThyroidMost common typeYoung women under 40

Narrow stromal core covered with a layer of glandular epithelium

Stromal cores sometimes contain small calcified laminated bodies known as psammoma bodies

Ground-glass appearance of nuclei at higher magnification

Although this tumor is clearly not making thyroid hormone, there must be sufficient remaining normal thyroid gland

to maintain a euthyroid state.

RISK FACTOR: Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly during the first 2 decades of life.

Hallmark:

-Papillae

-Orpan Annie

Psammoma bodies

-Foci of lymphatic invasion

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scan


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LPO


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HPO


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Osteosarcoma

More common in children and adolescents

Has a variable appearance with islands of delicately pink-stained osteoids seen

The tumor cells are derived from osteoblasts are usually poorly differentiated andpleomorphic with much mitotic activity

Generally highly vascular and early blood stream metastasis to the lungs is common

Rb gene

p53

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HPO


patholab 11-15

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