pathogens, immunity & inflammations
TRANSCRIPT
Pathogens, Immunity & Inflammations
ByTemitope Olubode
Pathogens
DefinitionA pathogen is any organism that causes a
disease in another organism.
Types of Pathogens
Viruses- which cause chicken pox Bacteria- which cause food poisoningFungi - which cause ringworm, athlete’s foot,
and Oral thrush.
How Pathogens are spread
Contact with bodily fluids Ingesting undercooked food Swimming in contaminated water Personal contact thru Saliva, feces,
intercourse and unsanitary practices
Control of Pathogens
Pathogens can be controlled bySterilization- Complete removal of all
pathogensDisinfection- Inhibition of pathogens by
disinfectant Antisepsis -Inhibition of pathogens on living
surface by antisepticAntibiotic -An agent that is used to kill
pathogens inside the hostBody, (naturally produced by some microbes)
InflammationWhat is inflammation?
Inflammation is the body's basic response to injury.
Signs of inflammation
Inflammatory reactions are characterized by 5 distinct signPain- due to chemical released by damaged
cellsEdema- due to influx of fluid into damaged
regionRedness- due to expansion of the blood vesselsHeat- due to increase in blood flowImperative function- due to increased swelling
and pain
Stages of inflammatory reaction
Tissue injury- Damage that occurs during trauma
Release of Chemicals – Histamine Prostrogladins , Kinins
Leukocyte migration- Macrophages and Neutrophils- They neutralize and engulf harmful bacteria and ingest them
Tissue healing
Collagenation- Wound healing, Occurs toward inflammatory process
Revascularization- Damaged area forms new capillaries for blood in the region
Proliferation- Which lasts up to 4 weeksRemodeling - New cell mould to produce a
functioning tissue
ImmunityWhat is immunity?
Immunity - protection from disease and especially infectious disease.
Cells and molecules involved in such protection constitute the immune system
The response to introduction of a foreign agent is known as the immune response.
Types of immunityInnate or natural immunity- Made up of
several componentsPhysical barriers are the first line of defense
against infection. E.g. The skin and mucous membranes
Physiological factors- such as pH, temperature and oxygen tension limit microbial growth
Protein secretions such as lysozyme also help resist microbial invasion.
Molecules such a C-reactive protein are of considerable importance in protection against infection.
Types of ImmunityAdaptive or acquired Immunity-
Develops to meet the specific needs brought about by an individual’s circumstances.
Constantly evolves its capacity to defend the body against pathogens.
Strengthened as a result of exposure to diseases
Vaccinations also facilitate the adaptive system’s efficiency
Leukocytes, commonly known as WBC are the dedicated agents of acquired immunity
Types of ImmunityAdaptive immune system can be broken
down into two components:Humoral immunity- involves the production
of immunoglobins (antibodies) by B cells in response to bacteria and viruses.
Cell-mediated immunity- involves the production of immunoglobins by T cells in response to virus-infected cells.
Referenceshttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/
sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Immunology/ImmuneSystem/OrgansCells/WhatisImmunity/WhatisImmunity.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen