past, present and future of the paks npp in hungaryftp.vver2013.com/vver 2013 - day ii.,...
TRANSCRIPT
András Cserháti senior expert
VVER 2013 International Conference 11-13 Nov 2013, Prague
Past, present and future of the Paks NPP in Hungary
More than 30 years before
14 Dec 1982, 21:45 Connection to grid of unit 1 2
A good chance for future
• Change in safety philosophy (late ‘70s)
– designed for Ø500 mm primary tube rupture
(loss of coolant accident, LOCA),
– functionally similar confinement to western type containments
– chance to avoid closure of NPP at joining to EU!
V-230 V-213 hermetic volume
3
First period of R&D
• VVER-440/V-213 - a robust hardware – very good and reliable basis
• Identification, elimination of weaknesses of Soviet supply – full scope training simulator Nokia+KFKI+SZTAKI+Paks NPP
– monitoring of the reactor core VERONA system
– monitoring of the reactor pressure vessel embrittlement
= surveillance program, specimen testing = neutron spectrum and fluence measurements = interpretation and prediction expert panel
– confinement air tightness examination VEIKI
– monitoring of the environment KFKI
4
- late ’80s
Second period of R&D
• Problems – availability of the Soviet/Russian institutions – growing criticism in the world against Soviet-
designed reactors = GRS Greifswald study, = IAEA EBP on RBMK and VVER safety
– some missing answers to safety design = why it done that way?
• Reaction – sharp turn to safety related questions
• Solution – AGNES project, safety enhancement program
= show the cons/pros by Europe/US conform tools = give priorities for backfitting measures
5
early ’90s -
Second period of R&D
– The task required recognition and adaptation of the computer codes, input and run Paks NPP data and finally interpretation of the results.
– The expected accuracy was also analyzed due to use non-VVER tools.
AGNES project
partly transparent Soviet methods and assumptions, closed computer codes, incomplete documentation
internationally accepted and used methodology, codes, criteria, with adequate QA
Gidropress Chief Constructor Kurchatov Institute NPP Design Bureau, Kiev
V-213
Paks NPP units
Leading Hungarian institutes with moderate foreign help, supervision
Original design
6
early ’90s -
The AGNES project
• Aims of the project:
– a state of the art report on the reassessment of the nuclear safety,
– to carry out DBA and BDBA as well as PSA-1, – to determine the safety improvement priorities.
• Results – The up-to-date analyses do not differ much
from the Soviet ones. – The plant can safely run since the extreme
conservative original design overcompensates the weak points of those analyses.
– The conservative approach makes the operation of the plant more safe, but less economical.
Advanced General and New Evaluation of Safety
The results are accepted by the IAEA and the specialists in developed countries.
7
Major safety reports/reviews
Activity/Documents 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
PSAR (before construct.)
FSAR (before startup)
partial FSAR updates
AGNES project
new safety regulation
PSR for units 1&2
PSR for units 3&4
major FSAR update
annual FSAR updates TSR (stress test)
SAR – Safety Analysis Report, PSAR – preliminary SAR, FSAR – Final SAR PSR – Periodic Safety Review, TSR – Targeted Safety Reassessment
now
8
Mobile diesels
Cooling and feeding examples
Mobile feedwater to SG
9
• Summary – TSR has not revealed new
safety concerns – Ongoing safety upgrading
addresses problems raised by Fukushima
– There are no issues which question the economic viability of the plant operation
– There is no need to alter the plans concerning the construction of new nuclear units in Hungary
Targeted Safety Reassessment
10
Safety improvements
• 1996-2002: Safety enhancement program – Improvement of incident and accident management – Enhancing the reliability of the safety systems – Decreasing the loads on the items of equipment – More effective training of the operational personnel – Inspection of the containment – Improvements in the seismic resistance – Improvement in the fire safety
• 1998-2011: Management of the primary to secondary leakage (PRISE) • 2002-: Severe Accident Management
0,0E+00
5,0E-05
1,0E-04
1,5E-04
2,0E-04
2,5E-04
3,0E-04
3,5E-04
4,0E-04
4,5E-04
5,0E-04
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Co
re d
am
ag
e p
rob
ab
ilit
y
Sorozatok3 Sorozatok2 Sorozatok1
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Improvement unit 1 unit 2 unit 3 unit 4
Flooding the reactor cavity ready ready 2013 2014
Electric power supply system for designated consumers
ready
ready
ready
ready
Passive autocatalytic recombiners
ready
ready
ready
ready
Reinforcement of the spent fuel pool cooling system
ready
ready 2013 ready
Dedicated instrumentation system
ready
ready 2013 2013
Severe accident management guidelines
ready ready 2013 2014
Severe Accident Management
• Present status of SAM works
12
Improvement example
• External cooling of the reactor pressure vessel – fill up the 270 m3 reactor cavity
13
Electricity production
14
Load factors unit 1: 90.8% unit 2: 85.9% unit 3: 91.9% unit 4 91.0%
NPP average: 89.9%
WANO - World Association of Nuclear Operators
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Nuclear capacity increase
• Power uprate (past)
– the four Paks NPP units now on 108% – 440->460->500 MW
• Lifetime extension (present)
– 30+20 years – licensing is in progress
• Cycle length expansion (near future)
– shift from 12 to 15 month fuel cycle – rare shutdown, more production
• New nuclear build (future)
– political support exists – preparation started F
elix
Sock
well
C15
16
Steps graphically
lifetime extension power uprate
30 yrs +20 yrs
new build cycle length expansion
100% 108%
N N
N
t t
unit 1
unit 2
unit 3
unit 4
unit 5
unit 6
t
N
t 3
11 mo oper
1 mo stop
14 mo oper
1 mo stop
12 months cycle
15 months cycle
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The power uprate
• Initial state – beginning of commercial operation: 440 MW
• Intermediate state – ’90s: 440460-470 MW, due to turbine
modifications, secondary circuit reconstructions, efficiency increase
• Final state – since 2006 at
every year an additional unit
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
unit 1
unit 2
unit 3
unit 4
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The power uprate
• Performance improvement program – Feasibility Study - Nov 2001
= 8% increase is possible, keeping safety barriers = achiavable only with new, upgraded fuel = the secondary circuit can receive more traffic turbine
conversion
– Concept - Oct 2002 = goal: thermal power: 1375 1485 MW, electric power: 470 500 MW = principles: untouched safety, life length, failure rate
and maintenance costs, economic return during remainder of the original life
= review of necessary modificatoins = schedule
108%
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The power uprate
• Technical items, modifications – the introduction of new fuel assemblies – primary pressure regulator replacement – core monitoring system refurbishment – new reactor protection system set points – changes in passive emergency core cooling,
accumulator parameters – main circulating pump impeller modification (unit 2) – turbine conversion – emergency boric acid concentration increase
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The power uprate
• Safety analyzes – all repeat for 108+4% power level, – results:
= probabilistic safety analysis: the insignificant increase in core damage frequency (1.4%)
= the limits are exceeded, a significant reduction in the existing reserve is expected.
• Licensing
– there wasn’t such a complex authorization yet! – with involvement of many administrations – multi-stage process
= permits - common principal ~, units specific ~, authorities’ (environmental, water etc) specialized ~ , fuel use ~, modification ~, operation ~
AEKI, VEIKI, Erőterv Gidropress, Kurchatov I., TVEL Turboatom
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The power uprate
• Economics – a total of >120 MW of new capacity was
established with HUF 4.8 billion budget – 3.5 years after the investment has been profitable – 0.50 HUF/kWh cost reductions (that is 5% at the Paks 10-11 HUF/kWh price) – comparison with other investments:
types of plants mil HUF/MW bil HUF/120 MW
biomass 400 48
lignite 350 42
gas turbines 125 15
nuclear with power uprate 40 5
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Lifetime extension
• Main preparatory steps, schedule
Program elaboration
Report on program
Authority assessment of program
Implementation of program
Operation monitoring of conditions of license
Environmental impact assessment preliminary final
2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 2032 …
Feasibility study
Unit Started 30 yrs 50 yrs
1. 1982 2012 2032
2. 1984 2014 2034
3. 1986 2016 2036
4. 1987 2017 2037
• Dates
-4 yrs -1 yr applicaton intention
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Lifetime extension
• Parliamentary approval – 2005: accepted with 96.6% of votes
• Environmental licensing – Environmental impact assessment
– Public hearings = in HU: Paks és Kalocsa / Espoo Convention:
Nagymarton (AT), Eszék (HR), Nagyvárad (RO)
– License issued
– Green legal campaigns and consequences = Energy Club appealed the decision
= higher instance upheld with minor alterations
= Energy Club asked for a new procedure
= court refused, no more appeal possible
N
E
N P K
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Lifetime extension
• Economics – Fully financed by the NPP – , : very profitable project
= costs: 1/3 of CCGT investment, 1/2 of CCGT O/M
– return on capital
– dividends even to 4.4x if investment
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The C15 project
• VVER fuel cycles (operation and shutdown)
– now: 12 mo
– later: 15 mo
• Need for fuel with higher enrichment
~415-425 days operation
~320-340 days operation
instead 4.7% now 4.2% average
4,0
4,4
4,4+Gd
4,6
4,95
3,6
4,0
4,4
4,4+Gd
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The C15 project
• For 5 years – 4 shutdowns instead 5 – +25 days/year operation – -20% maintenance cost
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
no
w
• check the maintenance cycles,
• renew the safety assessment
Σ ~200 tasks
1
2
3
4
e.g. unit 2 in 2016 does not
shut down
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New build fundamentals
• Power rate: grid and economy calculations – 600-1000-1600 MW What is the offer?
• Siting: Paks
vs. other
sites
• Not FOAK • 60 years
lifetime
• Light / pressurized water reactor (PWR)
• Load following capacity (50-100%)
quicker, cheaper at Paks!
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The Paks site
Danube river
Existing units
Spare area
Cooling water intake Discharge
water
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Ministry
Government
Parliament
Preconditions, time scale
Paks-5 Paks-6
2007 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
years
studie
s 7. (2) For the start of preparation of new nuclear unit, or storage facility or extension of the existing NPPs by new unit is necessary to obtain the prior principal agreement of the Parliament. Atomic Act
licensing
bidding
construction design commis- sioning
Teller Lévai
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Paks-II
New build - -
• Topics studied 1. Production, grid analysis 2. Energy policy, strategy 3. Economy, trade
4. Public acceptance, communication
5. Nuclear issues, environment 6. Law and licensing
• Studies completed – Feasibility study – Preliminary environmental assessment – Analysis of the storage of spent fuel and
radioactive waste from the new units
Teller Project
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Options and types
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New build - -
• Tasks and working areas 1. Financing, project company
= strategic studies, joint venture founding preparations
2. Bidding = BIS preparation, collection of domestic suppliers, bid evaluation
3. Deeper economic & technical studies = cooling (Danube / tower), electricity demand, energy markets,
system-wide regulatory network development and reserve analysis
4. Early licensing preparation = dose constrain, site preparation and environmental approval
5. Legal issues = regulatory procedures, role of licensee, legislation harmonization
6. Public acceptance, communication = moving visitor’s center, polling, conference series
7. Social & economic relations, embedding of project = human resources, analysis of training needs, nuclear cluster
Lévai Project
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Thank you for attention!
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The lecturer Education
−Moscow Power Engineering Institute – nuclear engineer, −Budapest University of Economic Sciences – engineer economist, −International courses (USA-Canada, W-Germany, Japan)
Professional experience
Date Location Position Job description
2012- Paks NPP SAR team senior technical expert yearly SAR updates, PSR, PLEX
2009-2011 Paks NPP, Lévai project
department head new nuclear build, bidding, strategic issues, types, investors
2007-2008 Paks NPP, Teller project
senior technical expert
2003-2007 Paks NPP, Damaged fuel recovery project
senior technical expert, deputy recovery leader
damaged fuel recovery preparation and implementation
2000-2003 Paks NPP, Techn. Div.
department head technical support
1995-1999 Paks NPP, Safety Div.
technical expert, team leader safety reviews, PSR
1985-1994 Paks NPP department head R&D, AGNES, technical documentation
1978-1983 Paks NPP, Nucl. Div. reactor physicist reactor physics, in-core measurements
1976-1977 ERŐTERV MTA KFKI
young engineer as the NPP employee
designer institute research institute
András Cserháti [email protected]