past, present and future of igm cosmology: a european ... · cosmology: a european perspective. may...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Stefano Cristiani
INAF-Trieste Observatory
Past, present and future of IGM
Cosmology: a European Perspective
![Page 2: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM
•Big Bang
•Recombination
•Dark Ages
•Formation of stars,
galaxies and QSOS
•Reheating and
reionization
![Page 3: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM
IGM - Absorption Lines – Why?
What were the physical conditions
of the primordial Universe?
What fraction of the matter was in a
diffuse medium and how early
did it condense in clouds?
Where are most of the baryons at
the various redshifts?
How early and in what amount have
metals been produced?
Which constraints on cosmology &
types of DM (e.g. ν ) are derived
from the IGM LSS?
What was the typical radiation
field, how homogenous, and
what was producing it?
When and how, after the Dark
Ages following recombination,
did the Universe get reionized?
Does the SBBN correctly predict
primordial element abundances
and CMB T evolution?
Do fundamental constants of
physics (e.g. , μ) vary with
time?
![Page 4: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
due to gas emitted by the QSO itself or originated by intervening material?
1969: Bahcall & Spitzer: most absorption systems with metals produced by
the halos of normal galaxies
1965: Bahcall and Salpeter predict QSO absorption lines
1966: Burbidge et al. 3C191 – detected!
![Page 5: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
The Lyman Forest: 4C 05.34 (Lynds, 1971)
One of the first QSOs with z > 2.5. The region bluewards of the Lyman-emission accessible to ground observations.
A “forest” of absorption lines, much more numerous than in the region longward the Lyman- emission.
→ intervening Lyman-α absorbers.
the sheer number of Lyman- forest lines strongly supported the idea that galactic and intergalactic gas, and not only material intrinsic to the QSO, is the source of most QSO absorption lines.
![Page 6: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
P200” +
IPCS
e.g. Young, Sargent,
Boksenberg 1982
![Page 7: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
...or the AAT YBS 1979
![Page 8: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Ekar 182 cm Early 80s
![Page 9: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Absorption lines in the spectra of quasi-stellar objects (~1982)
![Page 10: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
In the early 80’s ESO was very much child of a
lesser God with respect to other Observatories with
4-5 m telescopes
The 3.6m at la Silla had started operation
in 1978. Main instrument was a B & C
spectrograph with the 1D IDS.
Other detectors in use at La Silla:
o photographic plates,
o Mc Mullan Camera for imaging
o Reticon 1D array,
o first ESO CCD camera for imaging at
the Danish 1.5m,
o 1 pixel IR sensors
o as occasional visitor at the 3.6m,
Boksenberg’s IPCS
Annual
Report
1980
A turning point in ESO’s
history
![Page 11: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
+ SYB 82, Sargent, Young, Schneider 82, Carswell+ 82, Wright 82, Shaver+ 82, 83
![Page 12: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Weymann, Carswell, Smith, 1981, ARAA,
Absorption lines in the spectra of quasistellar objects
![Page 13: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Quasar continuum emission
![Page 14: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
quasar absorbers: metal & HI due to galaxies
![Page 15: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Quasar absorbers: H2
![Page 16: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Quasar absorbers: Lyman forest
![Page 17: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
first ESO-designed spectrograph for the 3.6m
telescope. Echelle format, suited for 2D detectors
based on excellent French optical design.
(problems with the SEC Vidicon detector)
proposal to use RCA 512x320 pix CCD system
with fast optical camera for first light at telescope.
Configuration well matched to the relatively poor
seeing of 3.6m. Competitive for faint work at
20000 resolution, with 90nm spectral coverage
very smooth and successful implementation
limited on the faint limit by the CCD r.o.n.
Providing an unique capability to European
astronomers for stellar and extragalactic work
A Turning Point: CASPEC + CCD commissioning - 1983
the MAMA device never made to
regular operation on the instrument.
CASPEC was operated with CCDs till
its retirement more than 10 years
later.
![Page 18: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Webb + 1988
![Page 19: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
EFOSC
![Page 20: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Identifying the
absorbers:
from N(z) to
N(V) and σ
J.Bergeron +
![Page 21: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
EMMI echelle
spectra
Q0055-269
Early-mid 90’s
![Page 22: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The UV background via the proximity effect
(MaxLik: Giallongo, SC+ 1996)
Bianchi, SC+01
J22 = 5±1
![Page 23: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
The Lyman-forest IGM revolution
High-res, high S/N spectra → clustering, metallicity (Cowie+ 95)
Increasing clustering with increasing NHI (i.e. density contrast)
Cristiani, D’Odorico, Giallongo et al, 1995,1997
![Page 24: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
HIRES
@ Keck!
1995
Q1422+23
![Page 25: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
UVES @ VLT, 1999
![Page 26: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
From Early Models of the IGM… Discrete Clouds
• Clouds →Voigt Profiles →Too Low Density & Too
high ionization → No star formation
• No metals, No clustering, too many → unrelated to
galaxies
Pressure confined by a hotter and more tenuous ICM
PROBLEMS
• COBE (1989) limits
on hot intra-cloud medium
• Range in NHI - very large
• N(z)
• How did the clouds form??
![Page 29: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
…to a new IGM paradigm: the Cosmic Web
THE RISE OF DM MODELS – minihalos (Rees 86)
Cosmological Hydro simulations
large number of collapsed DMH - too small to form stars and turn
into galaxies
Warm photoionized IG gas sinks into mini-halos or accretes onto
DM filaments and sheets
thermal gas Press. prevents further collapse (i.e.no star formation)
visible only in absorption
![Page 30: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
DM
STARS
GAS
NEUTRAL
HYDROGEN
Wm = 0.26 WL = 0.74 Wb=0.0463 H = 72 km/sec/Mpc - 60 Mpc/h
COSMOS computer – DAMTP (Cambridge)
Courtesy
M.Viel
δ IGM ~ δ DM at
scales larger than
the Jeans length
~ 1 com Mpc
flux = exp(-τ) ~ exp[-(δIGM )1.6 T -0.7]
![Page 31: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
The (simple) physics of the Cosmic Web
~90 % of the baryons at z=3 are in the IGM (Lyman-α forest)
neutral hydrogen (HI) is determined by ionization balance between
recombination of e and p and HI ionization from UV photons
Recombination coefficient depends on T(gas)
Neutral hydrogen traces overall gas distribution, which traces dark matter
on large scales, with additional pressure effects on small scales
Density and temperature are correlated, modeled as a power law with slope
γ and amplitude To
![Page 32: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
![Page 33: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The primordial dark matter power spectrum
Tegmark & Zaldarriaga 2002
CMB physics
z = 1100
dynamics
Ly physics
z < 6
dynamics
+
termodynamics
CMB + Lyman Long lever arm
Constrain spectral index and shape
Relation: PFLUX (k) - PMATTER (k)?
Continuum fitting
Temperature, metals, noise
![Page 34: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SDSS z=3
e.g. Kim, Viel, Haehnelt, Carswell, Cristiani 2004
![Page 35: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cosmological implications: Warm Dark Matter particles
LCDM WDM 0.5 keV
30 comoving Mpc/h z=3
Viel + 2008, Seljak+ 2006, Boyarsky + 2009
m(sterile neutrino) > 28 keV (2σ)
m(WDM) > 4 keV (2σ)
In general if light gravitinos
![Page 36: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
e.g. the Large sample of UVES QSO Absorption Spectra (LUQAS) Kim, Viel, Haehnelt, Carswell, Cristiani 2004
Cosmological implications: combining the forest data with CMB
n = 1.01 ± 0.02 ± 0.06
s8 = 0.93 ± 0.03 ± 0.09
Statistical error
Systematic error
SDSS Seljak et al. 2004
Viel, Haehnelt, Springel 2004
M(ν) now in the range 0.05 – 0.3 eV
![Page 37: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The BOSS/SDSS-III perspective: 3D flux power
Slosar et al. 2011 (BOSS collaboration)
![Page 38: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Present perspectives: BAO
Importance of transverse direction:
Viel et al 2002;
White 2003;
McDonald & Eisenstein 2007;
Slosar et al. 2009
about< 20 QSOs per square degree
with BOSS
Slosar et al. 2013
z(eff) = 2.3
![Page 39: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The small-scale Structure of the IGM
Multiple LOS
expansion-collapse in
the cosmic web
winds
Rauch, Becker, Viel et al. 2005
1-2
00 k
pc
X-shooter 2012
![Page 40: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Sensitivity and IR: X-shooter
Great! Sensitivity + resolution between
SDSS and UVES
LP: QSOs and their absorption lines: a legacy survey of the high-z Universe (2012)
100 h (P.I. S.Lopez + Cristiani, Cupani, V.D’Odorico, Viel,
Christensen, Dessauges, Ellison, Becker, Haehnelt, Menard, Paris, Prochaska, Hamann, Worseck)
![Page 41: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
X-shooter spectrum: J0818+1722 (zem= 6.00, Jvega = 18.5)
Si II 1260
z=5.79 C II 1334 O I 1302
Si II 1260
z=5.87
O I 1302 C II 1334
Si II 1526
z=5.06
VIS
N
IR
R=8800
R=5600
V.D’Odorico + 2010
![Page 42: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Metal pollution in the Universe
13.8< log N(CIV) <15
Adelberger 05
D’Odorico, Cupani, Cristiani + 2012
An archaeological record of past star formation
![Page 43: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ULAS J1120+0641
Damping wing @
z(systemic) = 7.085
fHI > 0.1
(Mortlock+11, Bolton+11)
![Page 44: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
INAF-OATs, 30.03.11 44
Sensitivity + Stability:
Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets
and Stable Spectroscopic Observations
![Page 45: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
INAF-OATs, 30.03.11 45
ESPRESSO @ the CCL of VLT Distances to Combined Lab
UT 1 – 69 m
UT 2 – 48 m
UT 3 – 63 m
UT 4 – 63 m
![Page 46: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
ESPRESSO: designed for stability
ΔRV =1 m/s
Δλ=0.00001 A
15 nm
1/1000 pixel
ΔRV =1 m/s
ΔT =0.01 K
Δp=0.01 mBar
![Page 47: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The ESPRESSO Team ESO:
H. Dekker, G. Avila, B. Delabre, O.Iwert, F.Kerber, G.LoCurto, J.L.Lizon, A.Manescau, L. Pasquini
IAC/Spain
R. Rebolo, M.Amate, R. García López, J.M.Herreros, J.L.Rasilla, S.Santana, F.Tenegi, M.R.Zapatero Osorio,
INAF-Trieste/Brera:
S.Cristiani, V.Baldini, R. Cirami, I.Coretti, G.Cupani,V. D’Odorico, V. De Caprio, P. Di Marcantonio, P. Molaro, E.Poretti, M. Riva, P.Santin, P. Spano`, E.Vanzella, M. Viel, F.M. Zerbi
Observatoire Geneve/Phinst Bern:
F.Pepe, W.Benz, M. Fleury, I.Hughes, Ch. Lovis, M. Mayor, D.Megevand, M.Pichard, D. Queloz, D.Sosnowska, S. Udry
Portugal (CAUP/FCUL Porto-Lisboa) :
N.Santos, M.Abreu, A.Armorim, A.Cabral, P.Figueira, J.Lima, A.Moitinho, M.Monteiro, J.Pinto Coelho
![Page 48: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
E-ELT
Airbus A 340
• Primary Mirror : 39.3 m • Collecting Area: 978 m2
• Weight of the main structure 2800 ton
1.1 GEU
![Page 49: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Relativistic Big Bang Cosmology
Abundance
of light
elements
Structure
formation
Cosmic
Microwave
Background
Expansion
![Page 50: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Which of the solutions of the Friedmann equation corresponds to reality?
Or in other words:
What is the stress-energy tensor of the universe?
For each mass/energy component i, what is Wi, w
i?
How can these be measured?
Dynamics
Geometry
Clustering (the universe is not homogeneous on small scales!)
Equation of state parameter Density parameter
Both determined by gravity in GR
![Page 51: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Which of the solutions of the Friedmann equation corresponds to reality?
Answers have already been provided by:
•Cosmic Microwave Background
•Supernovae type Ia
•Large scale structure of galaxies and intergalactic medium
•BAOs
•Galaxy clusters
•Weak lensing Tegmark et al. (2004)
![Page 52: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
With the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy, the
concordance model finds a FRW metric
with a non zero cosmological constant
Standard Model
We do not know what is and how it evolves.
Dynamics has never been measured.
All other experiments, extremely successful such as
High Z SNae search and WMAP measure geometry:
dimming of magnitudes and scattering at the
recombination surface and clustering (growth of structure).
![Page 53: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
a(t0 + t
0)
a(t0)
a(te)
a(te + t
e)
a(t)
t te t
e + t
e t0
t0 + t
0
H(z)
H0
Testing General Relativity
Dynamics: measuring a(t) ← H(z)
z(t0 + Δ t
0) - z(t
0)
Δ t0
![Page 54: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
A small signal ..
this is for 107 years… Having much less time at our disposal the
shift is much smaller.. Why can we conceive to detect it NOW?
![Page 55: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Feasibility Test with a ₨~105 spectrograph at
the E-ELT
Not observable
from the ground!
Pasquini et al. 2005, Cristiani et al. 2007, Liske et al. 2008
Different coloured points reflect different targeting strategies
4000 hrs on 39-m E-ELT over 21.5 years, or
1200 hrs on 39-m E-ELT over 40 years
SKA
![Page 56: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Fundamental? Constants?: [Note: Only low-energy limits of constants discussed here]
Why “fundamental”?
Cannot be calculated within Standard Model
Why “constant”?
Because we don’t see them changing
No theoretical reason – see above
Best of physics: Relative stability of ~10-17 yr-1 (Rosenband
et al. 2008)
Worst of physics: Sign of incomplete theory?
Constancy based on Earth-bound, human time-scale experiments
Extension to Universe seems a big assumption
See Murphy
ESO 50yrs
![Page 57: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
/=1×10-5 v=200ms-1
The Many Multiplet (MM) method:
![Page 58: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
143 Keck/HIRES absorbers: MTM et al. (MNRAS 3003; LNP, 2004)
![Page 59: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
153 VLT/UVES absorbers: Webb et al. (PRL, 2011), King et al. (MNRAS, 2012)
![Page 60: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Dipoles from Keck & VLT agree:
VLT Keck Combined
![Page 61: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Update
Absorbers toward QSO HE2217-2818 reveal no
evidence for variation in α at the 3 ppm level (1σ)
(the expectation from the dipole being 3.2-5.4 ±1.7 ppm)
61
Molaro et al 2013
![Page 62: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
What if it’s correct?: ELTs MUST confirm it!
ELTs MUST characterize variation accurately:
Does depend on redshift, density, [other]?
What are the astrophysical systematics?
What if it’s incorrect?: VLT/ESPRESSO refutes it
Motivation for new measurements same as now
E-ELT obtains best possible constraints
E-ELT finds new, real effect?
![Page 63: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
H2 constraints on m/m:
Malec et al. (MNRAS, 2010) J2123-0050
![Page 64: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Extragalactic values of m/m:
2 x NH3 absorbers
Can more be found???
H2: King et al. (PRL, 2008), Malec et al. (MNRAS, 2010), Van Weerdenburg et al. (2011), King et al. (MNRAS, 2011), Bagdonaite et al. (MNRAS, 2012), Wendt & Molaro (A&A, 2012). NH3: Murphy et al. (Science, 2008), Henkel et al. (A&A, 2009), Kanekar (ApJL, 2011).
![Page 65: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Precision from future instruments:
VLT/UVES (e=17%)
GMT
VLT/ ESPRESSO (e=20%)
TMT E-ELT
Calibration is key!
![Page 66: Past, present and future of IGM Cosmology: a European ... · Cosmology: a European Perspective. May 2011 S. Cristiani The IGM •Big Bang •Recombination •Dark Ages •Formation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022050114/5f4b90313f28315d8f7cec9f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Laser Frequency Comb
Astro-comb
Th-Ar
Astro-comb: ~ 450 lines per order
Th-Ar: ~ 150 lines per order
Comb RV mean Th RV mean Comb RV RMS Th RV RMS
1 order -7.73132km/s -7.66583km/s 7.7cm/s 220cm/s
72 orders - -7.69770km/s 0.9/0.8cm/s * 24cm/s
* Extrapolation to 72 orders
Measure RV of 61 Vir using 30 wavelength calibration files on one stellar spectrum