Review Grammar 3

KHALIPAH1301240785

PASSIVE VOICE

GERUND &

INFINITIVE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

NOUN CLAUSE

S

ADVERB

CLAUSES

COORDINATING

CONJUNGTION

CAUSATIVES

PASSIVE VOICEIn the passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action of the verb. In other words, it

focuses on the receiver of the action more than actor.

Passive voice is only for transitive verbs

Either an indirect object or a direct object may become the

subject

Example :

The teacher was fired for his political activism ( the actor is unknown)

A handphone was buy in kalimantan ( emphasizes what was buy, the end result)

Be + Past Participle

Be + is, am, are ( present) + was,were (past) +

be (modal/future) + Being (progressive).

Stative passive is the passive form that is used to describe an exsiting situation or state, functions as an adjective.

The door is old, The door is Green, The door is Locked ( It is describe the door)

It gives the idea of becoming, beginning to be, growing to be. The function is less formal,

common in spoken.

Eg. I am getting hungry, let’s have lunch

I got worried because of these problems.

form : Used to + Infinitive ( repeated action in the past, past situation that no longer exist.

I used to live in kuala kapuas, now I live in Banjarmasin

• Be used to : to say that a situation is not ( no longer) new/strange• Get used to : to say an action/ situation becomes less strange/new, becomes more

comfortable

Stative passive

Passive with get

Used to, Be used to, get used to

Suppose vs Supposed

Meaning : meant to/ intended to (espectation)Eg. The class is supposed to begin at 8.30

Be Supposed to + Infinitive ( Verb 1)

I suppose I should goSuppose as a verb meaning : think, assume ( a belief that lacks certainty )

I am Supposed to goSupposed as an adjective meaning : Required, Obliged, similar to modal should.

The ing form a verb used a noun. The positions can be as a subject, an object of prepositions and a complement. Ing – form have different functions as a verb, an adjective and a noun. BE CAREFUL !

For examples :Walking is a good exercise gerund as a subjectWe enjoy playing badminton as and object with common

verbsI am interested in learning languages as the object of

preposition( Including used to, accustomed to, forward to, object to)

Gerund and InfintiveGerund

Idiomatic expressions Recreational activitiesExample :

Special expression followed by – ing

Go + Gerund

I went shopping in RamayanaI always go hunting in siring every weekendEka usually goes swimming on Saturday

We had a good time playing basketballShe spends most of her time studyingI had difficulty finding his house

InfinitivesTo live ina big city requires a lot of patience – as a subjectAnne wanted to stay at the beach – as direct object with common verbsIt is impossible to get a cheap apartment in a large city ( it + be + adjective)It is a good idea to save money for the future ( it + be + noun)It takes a lot of energy to find the perfect job ( it + takes + noun)I am happy to hear that ( after certain adjectives)I came here ( in order ) to study english ( infinitives of purpose)You should be careful not to strain your eyes in front of the computer ( negative form)

A Clauses is a group words containing a subject and a verb. There are two kind of clauses independent and dependent.

A noun clauses has a subject and a verb. And dependent clause works like a noun.

A noun clause is change the questions become statement.Example :

o Noun clause beginning with question words ( WH- Clauses)

o Noun clauses beginning with whether or if

o Noun clause beginning with That ( as a subject)

NOUN CLAUSES

I read what she wroteWhat she wrote is interesting

I do not know if you have studied a noun clause beforeI wonder wether or not Marry went to work yesterday / or not

I need to explain what a noun clause isTell me how old she is

That mary studied very hard was obviousto JohnThat he is still alive is a miracleIt is a miracle that he is stil alive

For example :• My mother told me where to go• My mother told me where I should go• Please tell me how to operate this machine• Please tell me how I could operate this machine

Noun clauses as a object I heard what he said I listened to what she said

Question words followed by

infinitive

Dependent clauses that must be joined to independent clauses Describe nouns and pronouns Often placed in a sentence right after the noun they describe Add details to sentences by functionig as adjectives Adjective clauses begin with one of the relative pronouns :

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO

WHY

WHOSE- WHOM

WHICH / THAT

WHEN - WHERE

RELATIVE PRONOUNS EXPLANATION EXAMPLE

WHO refers to people, as subject in the clauses

The lady who teaches in political science department is my mentor

WHOM refers to people, used as object of prepositions

and of the clauses

She is the woman about whom I told you

WHICH / THAT refers about things and animals. Which more

formal than that

The watch that I bought was expensive

WHOSE refers to possession/ownership

The father whose child is missing is very sad

WHEN ( on which)Refers to a time, cannot be a subject but omitted

I will never forget the day when I graduated

WHERE ( in which)Refers to a place, cannot

be subject, can be omitted and usually

must be add prepositions

The house where he stays is old

WHY Refers to reason, can be omitted

I do not know why he winked

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that often modifies, or describes, the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence.

For example :After she bought safe equipment, Leigh explored the wreek

of the Britannic.In this sentences, the adverb clauses after she bought safe equipment modifies

the verb explored. The adverb clause tells when Leigh explored the wreck of the Britannic.

Scuba divers wear tanks because they cannot breathe underwater.

modifies the verb wear

At first, communicating with my new friend was difficult because I did not know how to sign ( it can also modifies

adjective)

Zoe can explain the theory of relativity to you better than I can.

( It modifies verb)

Adverb clauses

How When Where Why Under what

Since After While Because Unless

If Before Where Although Even if

In order that Until wherever So that Even though

Whether When, whenever

though Provided that

As Once Than

As if while That

Subordinating Conjungtions

My sister went to bed because she was sleepy – showing cause and effect

Now that I am married women, I have more responsibilities – because now

Since Thursday is a holiday, we do not have to go campus – because it is a fact that

Even though I am tired, I try to finish this task on time – ex. Unexpected result

Whereas Olla is slim, her sister is fat – show direct contrastMy sister is free, while I am so busy – show direct contrastWhile she was sleepig her child left the house – during the time thatEven if he does not join us , we are going to have a vacation

My son will get hungry if he does not have breakfast – showing conditionThey can not travel abroad unless they have passports

The final test will be canceled only if I have a meeting – there is only one condition that will cause a particular result.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNGTIONS

The causative is a common structure in English.

It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do

something.

It shows that somebody or something is indirectly responsible for an action.

The subject doesn't perform the action itself, but causes someone or

something else to do it instead. Pinker, (1988)

CAUSATIVES

Basic causative structures

There are two basic causative structures. One is like an active, and the other is like a passive. These examples use the causative verb "have“.

They arranged for the handphone to be fixed by your brother

You caused him to fix it.

• You arranged for the handphone to be fixed by someone.

• We don't know who, so this is like a passive

You have your brother fix the handphone

You have the handphone fixed

Example : susan has her her brother do homework

we have the carpenter fix our window The passive causative structureIn the passive form, there is usually no agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it

Example : we have our door fixedrose has her hair cutkhalipah has the window cleaned

This is the basic structure of the active form, along with some more examples

The Active Caustive Structure

Have someone do something

Have something done

There many other verbs that can be used with causatives. In the active form, some of these verbs require the action verb to have "to" before it. These are some examples of the most common causative verbs. Verb Meaning

Form of Action

VerbExamples

make

Force, Compel ( Require –

Force)

plain form

- The robbers made us lie on the floor.

[No passive form]

get same as "have" "to" form

- I got Jane to pick me up in the car.

- She got her hair cut.

let Allow - permit plain form

- I'll let you borrow my bike.- My dad used to give me

permission to stay up until 10 PM on Saturdays. [No passive form]

Common causative verbs

• allow, permit, require, force, urge, motivate, encourage, get, convince, persuade, hire, employ, want

• make, have, let• help

For example:

•The lawyer convinced the judge to reduce the fine. •The teacher encouraged his students to apply for the scholarships. •The boss required new employees to attend training sessions twice a week.