Parts of Speech

Nouns• Common nouns: chair, flower, cat• Proper nouns: India, France, Meera• Countable nouns: building, apple, boy• Uncountable nouns: air, water,

information• Collective nouns: family, herd, bunch• Abstract nouns: happiness, sadness,

love, warmth

Cases of Nouns

Subject caseThe boy is sitting.

Object caseThe teacher scolded the boy.

Possessive caseThe boy’s parents are here.

I. Spot the nouns in the following sentences and state what kind they are:

1. On Saturday, we raked the leaves into a large pile in the yard.

2. How many times have I asked you to not chase the cat around the house?

3. This pen has completely run out of ink, but I am not done filling out the form.

4. Did Jeremy pick up all the dirty dishes from the table in the kitchen?

5. Love and kindness are important for the world to be a happy place.

6. The family is not going to be happy to hear this news.

Articles• Indefinite articles: A, An

• The first sound of a word determines the use of a and an

• A/An – only before singular common and singular collective nouns

• Definite article: The can come before singular and plural nouns

• The – specific reference• The can also come before proper nouns

Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary1. I like _____ apples. I eat ________ apple every day. 2. I like to listen to ________ music. Can I play _____ song for

you?3. My sister works for _______ insurance company in Hyderabad. 4. They have ________ problem but it can be resolved with

_______ patience. 5. I like your ______ suggestion. It’s _____ very interesting idea. 6. I like ______ volleyball. It is _____ popular sport in _____ India. 7. It was not my _______ fault. It was _________ accident. 8. Excuse me, can I ask you _______ question. Sure, but don’t

expect ______ answer!9. On many _________ days, I wake up late. 10. A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat _____ meat.

Fill in the blanks with a/an or the:

1. Yesterday I bought ____ newspaper and ____ old magazine. ____ newspaper is in my bag, but where did I put ____ magazine?

2. I witnessed _____ accident this morning. ____ car crashed into _____ tree. ____ driver of _____ car wasn’t injured, but _____ car was badly damaged.

3. Who is _____ owner of ____ blue car parked outside your house?4. “Can you recommend ____ good and cheap restaurant?” “You

should try ______ Flame Grill. It is ____ very good restaurant. In fact, some people would say it is _____ best restaurant in ______ whole city.

5. I am going away for ______ week. For _____ entire week, my phone will be switched off.

6. ____ Himalayas are ____ longest mountain range in _____ world. 7. Could you close _____ door please? There is ____ beehive

outside, and I’m afraid the bees might get in.

“a” or “an”

Use a/an• When the noun is singular• When the noun is countable A class of students is here. A boy is standing outside.

Do NOT use a/anBefore proper nounsBefore abstract nounsBefore plurals

When using a/an

• Go by the sound of the word just after the article:

• An apple. • A red apple. • An old, red apple. • A big, old, red apple.

Using the

• In case of a plural noun, consider whether it is a particular set or a general one.

Apples are good for health. The apples you bought yesterday are good. • In case of proper nouns: Use “the” before names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, forests, gulfsUse “the” before designations, but not before names of people.

AdjectivesDescribe nouns and pronouns

What kind?How much/How many?

Which one?• Common adjectives: yellow, pretty, sad

• Proper adjectives: Italian, Indian, American• Compound adjectives: far-off, teenage, bygone• Indefinite adjectives: some, many, several

Order of Adjectives

Correct the order of adjectives in the following sentences.

1. We used to own a German red big car.2. The Joneses bought that black tin big shed and converted it into a ping pong nice room. 3. Please put the yellow pretty new flowers in the old pottery Chinese vase. 4. I want some plastic drinking green glasses for the party. 5. The necklace was silver, antique, Egyptian.

PronounsPersonal Pronoun in Subject position

Personal Pronoun in Object position

Possessive Pronoun

I (I am going) me (Saina told me) my, mine (This is mine)

you (You are going) you (I will tell you) your, yours (This is yours)

he (He is going) him ( I told him) his (this is his)

she (She is going) her (I told her) her, hers (that is hers)

it (It is going) it (I broke it) its (Its tail is wagging)

they (They are going)

them (I told them) their, theirs (that is theirs)

we (We are going) us (She told us) our, ours (that is ours)

VerbsActionLinking

Auxiliary (Helping)

Action Verbs• Actions verbs can be transitive or

intransitive• Transitive verbs need a direct object

Meera likes ice-cream.She gave me a gift.

• Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object

He called.The baby slept.

Linking Verbs• Join the subject and the predicate

• Do NOT express action• Link additional information about subject to

the subject• Check by replacing the verb by am, are or is

He is going for a walk.The kids look excited.

Helping VerbsHelping verbs = Auxiliary verbs

• Help to make the meaning of another verb clearer

• All forms of be• All forms of have• All forms of do• Modal Verbs

AdverbsAnswers questions like When? How? Where? To what

extent?• With verbs: went quickly, walked slowly, deeply

hated, arrived late

• With adjectives: a very fast car, really wonderful class, almost gigantic iceberg

• Conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, therefore, hence, finally

Phrases

• Noun Phrase: a good boy

• Verb phrase: has finished

• Adjectival phrase: bright red

• Prepositional phrase: under the wall

Conjunctions

1. Coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so

2. Correlative conjunctions both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not

only…but also3. Subordinating conjunctions

although, because, since, after, before, if, unless

Interjections• Express a feeling or emotion

• Usually marked by an exclamation mark

!hey, hurrah, wow, ugh, darn, ouch,

oh, ha, gee

Preposition• Preposition = pre-position

• Normally placed before a noun/pronoun• Links noun/pronoun to another word in the

sentence• The noun/pronoun following a preposition

is called the object of the prepositionabove, under, in, out, of, except, toward, with,

from