particle acceleration and plasma heating in the chromosphere alexander stepanov, pulkovo...
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Particle acceleration and plasma heating in the chromosphere
Alexander Stepanov ,
Pulkovo Observatory, St.Petersburg, Russia
Valery Zaitsev
Institute of Applied Physics, N.Novgorod, Russia
Prague “Solar and stellar Flares”June 23-27, 2014
OUTLINE OF TALK
• BBSO New Solar Telescope : in situ choromosphere heating• Rayleigh-Taylor instability: General• Particle acceleration mechanism by induced electric field• Chromosphere heating mechanism (collisions)
Consequences:• Plasma radiation at sub-THz from chromosphere• Origin of sub-THz pulsations: Electric circuit model• Electric current diagnostics• Deja vu – come back to the ‘chromospheric flare’.
Haisheng Ji et al. (ApJ Lett 2012): In situ chromosphere heating to T ≥ 106 K.
Observation of Ultrafine Channels of Solar Corona HeatingHaisheng Ji et al. 2012 ApJ 750 L25
Indications on chromosphere heating in situ
Sharykin & Kosovitchev (ApJ 2014):
BBSO observations reveal previously unresolved sub-arcsecond structure of the flare ribbons consisting from numerous small-scale (≤ 100 km) bright knots.Plasma is heated to high temperature by some another mechanism different from thick-target model. I ≈ 5×1010 A. Joule heating?
Rayleigh-Taylor instability(Carlyne et al. ApJ 2014)
Rayleigh-Taylor Instability (Ballooning mode) in Corona and Chromosphere
Prominence at the loop top
Fp=ρg
Fc= 2nTRc/Rc2
18
2 2
20
ga
tV
Tnn
nT
ea
)(
)(
Instability condition:
Ballooning Instability in a Current-carrying Magnetic
Loop
TT
x
xnn a5
5.0182 10185.1
583.6exp102.71
)(
To determine the temperature to which the chromosphere should be heated we used a modified Saha formula:
KKKT 444 102.1,105.1,102 3141516 10,10,10 cmnnn atotfor
Current dissipation is provided by the Cowling conductivity related to electron-atom collisions.
2
2'
)1(
)1(
x
xVnmq riai
J
The radiation losses
nnnTq ar )()10397.1( 15.68
From qj > qr we obtain the lower boundary for the rate of photosphere convection that provides pre-heating: scmVr /105,3 4
Induced electric field in a current-carrying loop
Before R-T Instability:
Penetration of chromosphere plasma into a loop with velocity
From Eqs and
No acceleration!. But for the time s a disturbance dealing with is running away from instability domain as a non-linear
Alfven wave: E || Bz appears and particle
acceleration is realized in the electric field for
E ≈ 0.1 V/cm and the electron energy is about Є ≈ 1 MeV.
.)( constrBz 0 arBrB /)( 00
artVtrV rr /)(),(
}[ BVrott
B
t
B
cErot
1 ])[/1( BVcE
255 AA Vl /
),( trB
04 2
220
2
2
z
BB
t
Bz
lc
VIE A
z 20
3
AIcmlGBcmna9
072316 105105110310 ,)(,,
Particle Acceleration & Chromosphere Plasma Heating
• Disturbance of electric current in flare loop
due to ballooning instability. Electric field generation.
• Electron acceleration by induced Е-field.
• Heating of chromosphere plasma by
accelerated electrons.
• Accelerated particles don’t leave the source and lost energy completely.
• Plasma heating rate by fast particles(Knopfel & Spong, 1979):
• Radiation losses qr < qs for ED/Ez ≈ 40,ED is Dreicer field.
сmVlrc
IlVE r
z /10)51( 2
12
01
keVlEz 10005001s
Particle mean free path:
сmne
siieiee
74
2
1052
1l
z
D
z
D
z
Deiss E
E
E
E
E
Enq
4
2exp35,0
8/3
)105(10 62/1219 KTTnqr
FLARING LOOP
Ballooning instability
THz- source
“Transparency” conditions for chromosphere:
- Large currents in flaring loops ~1011 A
- Ballooning instability, which induced electron acceleration in the chromosphere, plasma heating and plasma wave turbulence generation.
Even for В = 2000 G ωp/ ωсe ≈ 40 >>1.
So, isotropic plasma approximation is
true.
keVсmn
KTсmn
s 1000500,10
,10103,105
s39
76314
Requirements to the source:
eips
n
n 610n
ns
Consequences: Plasma radiation in sub-THz (Sakai et al. 2006; Zaitsev, Stepanov, Melnikov, 2013)
Conversion l→ t: Radiation at the fundamental (ω = ωp ) and harmonic ω = 2ωp = (4π)×200 GHz
Tb2 ~ (nT)w2 w = Wpl/nT
extextextcnb Ta
T
exp1expexp1
“Transparency” at plasma turbulence level w ≥ 10-4
w
mm
TT
ne
ib
73
11
105.1exp106
1)exp(3
Maser-effect μ < 0:
Solar plasma radiation:
at sub-THz
at MHz-GHz
Challenge in solar physics: > 104 sfu emission at 212 and 405 GHz with pulsations (Kaufmann et al. 2004, 2009).
Pulsations with modulation depth 5-8% and periods 0.2-4 s.
Consequences: Pulsations at sub-THz from solar flares (Zaitsev, Stepanov, Kaufmann, SP 2013)
Puzzling proportionality between pulse repetition rate and mean emission fluxes
We suggest electric circuit model (RLC) for QPPs
Modified Alfven oscillations: νRLC = VAφ/r – that is RLC-pulsations with к
almost perpendicular to В (cosθ = Bφ/Bz << 1).
Flare trigger: – plasma tongue driven by ballooning instability
Current in the flare I ≈ 1011 A.
Let us determine L, C, R и Q:
L ≈ 10l = 1010 сm = 10 Henry; С = (с2/VA2)S/l ≈ 1011 сv = 0.1 F.
Period Р = √LC ≈ 1 с.
Q-factor Q = R-1(L/C)1/2 Reff = W/I 2 = 1018 W/1022 А2 = 10-4 Ohme.i. Q ≈ 3×104 >> 1
Coronal loop as an equivalent RLC-circuit
For small current deviation → the equation of a linear oscillator (Khodachenko et al 2009):
Excitation:
Oscillation frequency
Quality factor
II ~
44
22
4rnmc
lIR
ia
4
78ln4
r
llL
310/1 CL
cRQRLC
0)(
~~||)(
~
21
2
2
ICI
tI
crlV
IRtI
cL r
2
2
2
24
,2 A
AAi
c
c
l
S
lI
SnmcC
)/(||)( 21 rclVIR r
imncr
I
ILC
c
22
2
0
210
02
1
/)()(
Diagnostic of electric current in a flare using pulsations at sub-THz
From pulse rate variation in the flare on 4 November 2003 (Kaufmann et al. ApJ, 2009) a decrease of the electric current from 1.7×1012А in the flare maximum to 4×1010А after the burst was found.
imncr
I
ILC
c
22
2
0
210
02
1
/)()(
Conclusions
Rayleigh-Taylor instability plays important role in particle acceleration and plasma heating in deep layers of the solar atmosphere.
Deja vu – back to the ‘chromospheric flare’ (Ŝvestka,Fritsova- Ŝvestkova)
Coronal flares ate also possible
To comprehend physics of solar chomosphere flares more multi-wavelength observations including THz band are needed.
Thank you