The A r t & Sc ience Of A romathe rapy : Essential Oil Basics for

Herbalists

Part Three Phyto-Chemistry

Purchasing, Ethics & Safety

Presented by Colleen Emery, RHT (BCHA)

Clinical Herbalist & AromatherapistMentor & Educator

EO Basics for Herbalists Learning Goals / Objectives

1) To gain an understanding of what Essential Oils are, how they are produced by the

plant and how they are extracted.

2) To discern the difference between essential oil extractions and whole plant medicine.

3) To apply safe measures of use and application of essential oils.

4) To discover the theories of how essential oils influence health and support wellness.

5) To learn a basic understanding of the phyto-chemistry of essential oils.

6) To become equipped with the knowhow on ethical purchase of essential oils.

7) To feel confident to include certain essential oils in a herbal medicine practice.

PART ONE:

Essential Oil Production: Plant to Extraction

General Safety Considerations

PART TWO:

Theories and Mechanisms of Essential Oils

• Pharmacological • Olfaction, Sensory Integration and Aromatherapy• Odour and Psychological Effects

The Organoleptic Process

PART THREE:

Phyto-Chemistry Chemotypes

Purchasing Essential Oils: Ethics and Safety

PART FOUR:

The Essential Oils to Include

Routes of Administration and Dosage

What are Essential Oils?

• Complex, fragrant and volatile essences found in certain plants, typically extracted through distillation methods.

• Contain no fatty acids and are not suspect to the rancidity of carrier oils

• Extremely small in molecular composition; able to float & penetrate the skin

• Hydrophobic

• Very concentrated distillates: Not whole plant medicine

• One drop of an essential oil is approximately equivalent to 1 ounce/30 grams of the dried herb

Funct iona l g roup theoryNamed and defined for essential oils in 1990 by Pierre Franchomme and Daniel Penoel in their book, L’Aromatherapie exactement.

Since 1990, functional group theory (FGT) Recognized as a way of categorizing essential oils according to their main chemical constituents to explain and predict the effects of an essential oil on the body.

Functional Group Theory: Constituents are classified according to their functional group, or chemical family

Some approaches of aromatic medicine practice rely solely on the molecular make-up of the essential oil as way to describe its action.

A single essential oil will contain varieties of many functional groups. Very rarely is there only one or two groups represented.

In the last five years: The functional group theory debated, discussed and researched extensively by Robert Tisserand, Marco Valussi and others.

With more evidence of practice and use of essential oils gaps in this theory have emerged.

Through a holistic lens we rely on this evaluation as part of our overall approach.

Chemotypes

Indicates certain essential oils of different chemical composition, even though they are obtained from plants which are botanically identical.

The terroir of the essential oil rich plant greatly affects the chemotypes present. Aspects of the terroir include plant material, region it was grown in, relationship to the farmer, altitude, weather, soil quality, distillation technique, season harvested, part of plant and so on.

Chemotypes :

When the difference between crops of a particular plant grown in different conditions is sufficient to produce some variation in the properties of the oil, and this difference is constant, season after season, the resulting oil may be classed as a chemotype, in order to distinguish it from the 'standard' oil from the same plant.

Example: Thymus vulgaris ct. thymol (red thyme)Thymus vulgaris ct. geraniol (sweet thyme)

Terminology

Non-polar: Hydrophobic, Lipophilic, not soluble in waterNonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water as they cannot form hydrogen bonds (thus are hydrophobic) but do dissolve in lipids or fats (lipophilic).

Polar: Hydrophilic, soluble in water Molecule have areas where there is a partial positive or negative charge, it is called polar, or hydrophilic (Greek for "water-loving"). Polar molecules dissolve easily in water.

Lipophilic: Fat-lovingHydrophilic: Water-loving Hydrophobic: Not soluble in water

MONOTERPENES (have names ending in ENE)

Monoterpenes are ubiquitous in essential oils being found in varying degrees in nearly all essential oils. They are a class of Terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16.

Physical Characteristics • At least some terpene content in all essential oils • Highly volatile • Insoluble in water (they won’t show up in hydrosols) • Colorless• Low Boiling Point• Prone to oxidation • Generally, lack aroma • Non-polar compounds (not soluble in water)

General Therapeutic Actions of Monoterpenes

• Least bioactive agents• Serve as antiseptics and/or solvents• Medium strength expectorants• Act as a buffer for other oils (smooth out the blend) • General Tonic • Lymphatic Tonic • Stimulant/Energizing and Uplifting • Airborne anti-microbial • Drying/Dehydrating to the skin and mucous membrane

Examples: Limonene found in all Citrus oils, Cajeput, Lemongrass, and Lavender Pinene: Found in all needle oils (entirely solvent, able to dissolve) Myrcene: Juniper, Lemongrass, Laurel Terpinene: Marjoram, Thyme, Tea Tree Terpinolene: Coriander

ENERGETICS • Non-polar (hydrophobic), dry, lipophilic (fat-loving) molecules • Warm, stimulating and tonic with a mild yang energy. As monoterpenes have dry and warming energy, they tend balance the cold/damp nature of the phlegmatic humor. They are beneficial when excess mucous is present and would likely balance a Kapha imbalance.

CAUTIONS Monoterpenes tend to oxidize and over time become skin irritants. They also can be drying to the skin and mucous membrane. Best used within one year of purchase.

SESQUITERPENES

Heavier than monoterpenes and tend to appear towards the end of the distillation process. They commonly occur in roots, resins and woods. Sesquiterpenes have 15 carbon atoms and are based upon the joining of three isoprene units. Generally, they are colorless with one main exception, chamazulene, which is blue. They are insoluble in water and are more aromatic, less volatile and have higher boiling points than monoterpenes. They also oxidize more slowly.

Physical Characteristics of Sesquiterpenes • Generally colorless • Insoluble in water • More aromatic and less volatile than monoterpenes • Oxidize more slowly • Rarer

General Therapeutic Actions of Sesquiterpenes

• Fairly gentle in action • Calming/Sedating/Soothing to the Nervous System • Anti-inflammatory• Hypotensive• Analgesic • Antispasmodic • Immune stimulating and modulating

ExamplesCadinene found in Cedarwood and Frankincense Caryophyllene found in Lavender, Thyme, Tea Tree Chamazulene (Azulene) found in Tansy, Chamomile and Yarrow (blue tinge)

ENERGETICS • Non-polar, dry, lipophilic molecules• Both warming and cooling, stimulating or relaxing and as much yin as yang. • Exhibit anti-allergenic and anti-inflammatory actions, activating venous and

lymph systems and lowering blood pressure. • Remarkable immune modulatory effects.

CAUTIONS Sesquiterpene components tend to be very gentle with no known contraindications or concerns.

MONOTERPENE ALCOHOLS (ending in OL)

Terpene Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to one of the carbon atoms of the monoterpene, sesquiterpene or diterpene chain. Essential oils can have monoterpenols (monoterpene alcohols) and sesquiterpenols(sesquiterpene alcohols) as well as on the rare occasion diterpenols (diterpene alcohols) found in clary sage (sclareol).

Physical Characteristics of Monoterpenols• Polar Molecules • Higher boiling point• Slightly soluble with water

General Therapeutic Actions of Monoterpenols• All are excellent infection fighters• Anti-infectious/anti-bacterial• Anti-viral • Well tolerated by the skin • Uplifting fragrance• Strengthens the terrain • Excellent for longer term use• Safe for children and eldercare • Harmonize and tone the nervous system

General Therapeutic Actions of Sesquiterpenols• Hormone regulator • Endocrine system influence • Strong affinity to the skin • Musculature system tonic

Examples: Geraniol found in Geranium, Grapefruit and LavenderLinalool found in Geranium, Lavender, Peppermint Menthol found in Peppermint Terpineol found in Laurel, Eucalyptus globulus Terpineol.4.ol found in Juniper, Marjoram, Tea Tree, Ravensara

ENERGETICS • Monoterpenols are polar, hydrophilic, moist/wet molecules warming,

stimulating and tonic in nature with more yang energy. • Supporting the overall health of the terrain yields an excellent preventative

to disease, considered non-toxic at normal doses. • Tend to be sedative, tonic to the nervous system and offer valuable

support to the immune system.

• Sesquiterpenols are polar, dry, hydrophilic, molecules that tend to be slightly warming, calming, yet stimulating/uplifting and balancing.

• They have a more balanced yin/yang quality and are suited for melancholic and choleric humor

CAUTIONS When exposed to air, primary monoterpenols slowly oxidize to aldehydes and acids or form resins meaning they need to be stored away from air and light/heat.

Special caution regarding Peppermint Essential Oil: Menthol Avoid using internally or close to the face on young and sensitive folks due to the potential to cause bronchospasm.

Special Caution regarding Linalol: Linalol readily oxidates on air exposure, forming linalool hydroperoxides, which are strong sensitizers. It is recommended to add 0.1% vitamin E oil to linalol rich oils such as ho wood, coriander, lavender and certain thymes.

PHENOLS (ending in OL)

Phenols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the carbon of a benzene ring, also known as an aromatic ring. The -OH group attachment to the benzene ring makes phenols more reactive which possibly creates more irritating compounds.

Physical Characteristics of Phenols • Complex alcohols• More water soluble than alcohol. • Higher boiling point • Polar compounds (due to the polar hydroxyl group)

General Therapeutic Actions of Phenols

• Strongest infection fighters• Too strong to use neat• Immune stimulant• Bactericide • Fungicide • Analgesic • Use 9:1 with a ‘safe’ alcohol (example 9 parts tea tree and 1 part

oregano)

Examples: Carvacrol found in some mints, oregano, and thyme Thymol found in Oregano and Red Thyme

ENERGETICS • Phenols are polar, hydrophilic, wet, moist molecules that end to be

warming (hot), stimulating, tonic and yang energy. • Hydroxyl molecules are stimulating, strong immunomodulators through

interaction with the psycho-neuro, endocrine immunity network.

CAUTIONS Phenol compounds may exhibit skin irritating properties. Use in very low dilutions and always with a carrier oil prior to applying to the skin. Phenol sounds like F-F-F-Fire! Phenol compounds are hot and are potential hepatotoxins.

Special Caution regarding CT. Thymol & CT Eugenol Avoid oral use of essential oils high in thymol when taking anticoagulant drugs or before major surgery, with a peptic ulcer, during childbirth, or for those with bleeding disorders. High and/or prolonged dosages of thymol rich essential oils may contribute to hepatoxicity.

Special Caution regarding CT. Carvacrol Avoid oral use of essential oils high in carvacrol when taking medication to control blood glucose for diabetes in addition to the above contraindications listed for CT. Thymol.

*CT Thymol: Thymus vulgaris, CT Eugenol: Clove bud/leaf, & CT Carvacrol: Oregano

OXIDES (ending in OLE)

Oxides are organic compounds which have an oxygen molecule situated between two carbon molecules.

Physical Characteristics of Oxides • Fairly unstable • Oxidize rapidly upon exposure to air and/or water • Susceptible to heat • Strongest odorants of all the functional groups

General Therapeutic Actions of Oxides • Work to stimulate the active mucous glands of the lungs • Airborne antimicrobial• Analgesic• Antibacterial• Antifungal• Anti-inflammatory• Antispasmodic• Antiviral• Expectorant• Increases cerebral blood flow• Mucolytic• Reduces tension headaches• Smooth muscle antispasmodic• Cough suppressant

Examples:1,8 Cineole Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Lavender, Ravensara. Eucalaytole found in Basil, Lavender, Laurel, Niaoulli, Rosemary, Tea Tree

ENERGETICS • Oxides are neither extreme polar or non-polar. • Balanced between wet and dry and hydrophilic and lipophilic. • Warming, stimulating and tonic in action with more of a neutral yang energy.

CAUTIONS • When used properly, these oils can be highly effective and safe. • If oxidized, essential oils high in 1,8 cineole may cause skin or mucus

membrane irritation or sensitization. • These oils may antidote homeopathic remedies.

High concentrations are too strong to use with babies or children under five years old. Do not use with animals. Care must be taken when using with asthmatics and those with compromised breathing, as they may not respond well to these oils.

ALDEHYDES (ending in AL)

Aldehydes and Ketones are two very closely related molecules. They are a special type of long link chain (hydrocarbon chain) with attached hydrogen molecules that form a functional group.

Like ketones, aldehydes are known as a carbonyl group, a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond. But, in aldehydes, this group is situated at the end of the chain vs ketones which are in the middle of the group.

Physical Characteristics of Aldehydes • Powerful aromas • Very reactive molecules • Can combine with oxygen to form acids (carboxylic acids) • Can be skin irritants and sensitizers • Mildly polar • Slightly more soluble in water than alcohol

General Therapeutic Actions of Aldehydes

• Calming, soothing and sedative to the nervous system

• Anti-inflammatory• Can be antiseptic• Anxiolytic • Calms fears, activates solar plexus • Low dose aromatic

Examples: Geranial found in Geranium Fufurol found in Cinnamon and Cloves Citronellal found in Lemon, Lemongrass and Eucalyptus citriadora

ENERGETICS Aldehydes are polar, moist, hydrophilic molecules. Tend to be cooling, anti-inflammatory, nervines with more yin energy. Calming to the nervous system while cooling and toning. Ideal for a choleric temperament.

CAUTION Can combine with oxygen to form acids called carboxylic acids which in turn can be skin irritants and sensitizers.

KETONES (ending in ONE)**expect Camphor

Ketones are similar to aldehydes with the exception that only carbons are directly attached to the carbonyl group (C=O)

Physical Characteristics of Ketones• Modestly polar • Stable and not prone to oxidation • Slightly more soluble in water than alcohols

General Therapeutic Actions of Ketones

• Best friend of the skin• Best wound healer (vulnerary) • Strong mucolytic and lipolytic (break down mucous and fats) • Anti-viral • Many ketones must be avoided altogether or used sparingly during

early pregnancy and/or with children or for internal use. • Many Ketones have serious precautions see CAUTIONS

Examples: Carvone found in Peppermint Lactone found in Bergamot and LimeThujone found in Hyssop, Sage, Tansy, Wormwood Verbanome found in Rosemary

ENERGETICS Ketones are polar, moist, hydrophilic molecules. Generally cooling, anti-inflammatory and relaxing (nervine) with more yin energy. Indicated for Choleric temperament.

CAUTIONS All Ketones are mucolytic and lipolytic, meaning they melt mucous and fat. They need to be avoided in pregnancy, with children and for internal use. Avoid with nerve disorders.

Essential Oils with Ketone Content with Safety Concerns

Rue Ruta graveolens Abortifacient, phototoxic, photocarcinogenic

Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Neurotoxic

Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Neurotoxic, embryofetotoxicity, abortifacient

Thuja Thuja occidentalis Neurotoxic

Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic. AVOID

Sage Salvia officinalis Neurotoxic

ESTERS (ending in ATE)

Esters are the product of a chemical reaction that occurs between an alcohol and an organic acid. Organic acids have a terminal carbon that shares electrons with both a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. This entire unit, COOH, is call a carboxyl group

An example of an ester forming would be Acetic Acid + Linalol = Linalyl acetate + molecule of water

Physical Characteristics of Esters • Intense, fruity aromas • Similar boiling point as alcohols or ketones • Somewhat soluble in water

General Therapeutic Actions of Esters

• Affect the central nervous system (balancing) • Anti-spasmodic• Sedative• Anti-fungal

Examples: Linalyl acetate found in Bergamot, Clary Sage, Lime and Lavender Neryl acetate found in Helichrysum Methyl salicylate found in Birch, Cloves and Wintergreen

ENERGETICS

• Esters are non-polar, lipophilic and dry molecules.

• They tend to be cooling, anti-inflammatory and relaxing with more yin energy. Most essential oils contain a diverse range of esters, the intensity of the anti-inflammatory action is very diversified which contributes to the regulating, balancing and harmonizing actions.

• Esters are great antispasmodics, working on several levels: central nervous system, muscle receptors and more.

CAUTIONS Safety with ester rich oils lie within the specific ester: Methyl Salicylate.

Ingestion of this compound poses the threat of severe, rapid-onset salicylate poisoning. Excessive usage of these preparations in patients receiving warfarin may result in adverse interactions and bleedings. Can cause contact dermatitis.

Both Birch and Wintergreen essential oils can contain upwards to 98% of this compound and its often adulterated with synthetic methyl salicylate. Death has been reported from ingestion of less than one tsp in a small child.

Should be avoided in GERD disease and with small children. Do not sure on broken skin or with folks taking warfarin.

PHENOLIC ETHERS (ending in OL) Also referred to as PHENLYPROPANOIDS

Phenylpropanoids have a basic 3-carbon chain attached to a benzene ring. Phenylpropanoids are biosynthetically derived from the shikimic acid pathway.

Plants often produce and store phenylpropanes in their vegetable parts as a defense against herbivores and parasitic bacteria and fungi.

Physical Characteristics of Phenolic Ethers• Quite rare in essential oils • Pleasing aromas and flavor • Higher polar molecules

General Therapeutic Actions of Esters

• Similar to esters but stronger analgesics • Produce severe skin reactions • Cardiotonic • Anti-bacteria • Spasmolytic • Stress modulating • Digestive

Examples: Eugenol found in Clove, Cinnamon Leaf, Patchouli and Nutmeg Methyl Eugenol found in Basil Methyl Chavicol found in Basil Cinnamic Aldehyde found in Cinnamon bark

ENERGETICS Phenolic ethers phenylpropanoids are highly polar, wet, hydrophilic compounds with warming, stimulating and tonic actions.

CAUTIONS

Safety of Phenolic Ethers lies within individual chemotypes as indicated below: Cinnamic Aldehyde: Caution for those with diabetes taking drugs to control blood sugar, anyone taking anti-coagulant medicine, major surgery, childbirth, peptic ulcer, bleeding disorder.

Eugenol: Dermal irritant, caution with MAOIs, SSRIs, pethidine, plus the above listed cautions.

Methyl eugenol: closely related to estragole, otherwise known as methyl chavicol. Potential liver toxicity and tissue damage.

FURANOCOURMARINS

Furanocoumarins are one of the coumarin derivatives. They can be grouped into the linear type or the angular type based on their chemical formulation. Linear type includes psolaren, xanthotoxin, bergapten and isopimpinellin. Angular type is represented by angelicin, sphondin and pimpinellin.

Physical Characteristics of Furanocoumarins • Coumarins are a type of lactone • Low volatility • Mostly found in citrus oils and angelica oil • Very slightly soluble in water • Linear furanocoumarins can cause photosensitization toward UV light

General Therapeutic Actions of Furanocoumarins

• Photosensitizers: helpful with skin pigmentation and psoriasis • Antimicrobial • Antitumoral activity • Stimulates melatonin production • Anti-depressant activity • Hepatoprotective

Examples:

Angelicin: Angelica root (angular type) Bergapten: Bergamot, Lime, Lemon, Grapefruit, Angelica root and Tangerine *Citrus oils only contain furanocoumarins when expeller pressed/cold pressed.

ENERGETICS Furanocoumarins are quite polar, hydrophilic, moist/wet molecules that tend to be quite balancing in temperature and energetics.

CAUTION The main risk with furanocoumarins lies within the photosensitivity of the following essential oils:

• Angelica root Angelica archangelica• Bergamot Citrus bergamia• Cumin Cuminum cyminum• Distilled or Expressed Grapefruit Citrus paradisi• Expressed Lemon Citrus limon• Expressed Lime Citrus medica• Expressed Bitter Orange Citrus aurantium• Rue Ruta graveolens

A REVIEW ON RISKS FROM PART ONE

DERMAL TOXICITY Essential oils containing phenol and aromatic aldehydes are the main dermal-caustic oils. They cause irritation, burn the skin and damage fragile mucous membranes.

A dilution of 10% minimum is recommended. Overuse or repeated use may cause sensitization in the user as a saturation level has been reached. Essential oils • Thymus vulgaris CT (Thyme) • Thymus serphyllum (Thyme) • Eugenia caryophyllus (Clove) • Satureja montana (winter savory) • Origanum vulgare, O. hercleoticum, O. compatum (oregano, Greek oregano and

compact oregano) • Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)

PHOTOSENSITIVITY Citrus fruit zest essences and certain plants from the Apiaceae family contain coumarins, which when used externally can cause rashes and even blisters if exposed to sunlight.

Recommended to not got into the sun within 2 hours of external application of these essential oils

Essential Oils Citrus sp. (zest) Angelica archangelica (angelica)

HEPATIC TOXICITY Hepatic toxicity usually arises after a prolonged use of high doses of 30 drops or more per day of phenolic containing oils.

Essential oils Thymus vulgaris CT (thyme) Thymus serphyllum (thyme) Satureja montana (winter savory) Origanum vulgare, O. hercleoticum, O. compatum (oregano, Greek oregano and compact oregano)

RENAL TOXICITY Renal Toxicity usually only occurs after prolonged use with single incident high dosage.

Essential oils • Juniperus communis (juniper) • Santalum album (sandlewood) • Turpentine (extracted from different conifers and found in

TCM formulations)

NERVOUS SYSTEM TOXICITY Essential oils containing Ketones can have this undesirable effect. Contra-indicated for pregnancy, nursing, babies and young children.

Essential Oils Lavendula stoechas (French lavender) Salvia officinalis (Sage) Thuja occindetalis (Cedar)

ALLERGY PROVOKING Lactone containing essential oils are the main constituent capable of triggering local reactions such as dermatitis, blisters and rashes

However allergies to essential oils are link to individual sensitivity and remain quite rare.

PREGNANCY

General Guidelines• Refrain from taking any essential oils internally for the duration of the

pregnancy• Refrain from use of essential oils within the first 3 months of the

pregnancy • The safest application method is diffusion for short periods of time• Refrain from using any essential oil that modifies the hormone

systems. • Essential oils with ketones and lactones are to be avoided throughout

the pregnancy. • A women’s sense of smell is very heightened during pregnancy to

protect the baby. • Do not massage with essential oils around the stomach or pelvic area.

Contra-indicated essential oils during pregnancy • Achillea millefolium (yarrow)• Chamaemelum nobile (roman chamomile) • Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) • Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) • Cymbopogon martini (palmarosa)• Daucus carota (wild carrot)• Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) • Eugenia caryophyllus (clove)• Lavendula stoechas (French lavender) • Matricaria recutita (German chamomile)• Melaleuca quinquenervia (niaoulli) • Origanum vulgare, O. hercleoticum, O. compatum (oregano, Greek oregano and compact oregano)• Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) • Salvia sp (sage) • Thymus vulgaris CT (thyme) • Thymus serphyllum (thyme) • Thuja occindetalis (cedar)

Principle Precautions Checklist • Only use essential oils that are unadulterated and 100% pure.• The parts of the plant extracted and the botanical species listed in

Latin should appear on the label. • Purchase essential oils that are in dark amber bottles. • Do not pour undiluted essential oils in water. Always emulsify first. • Do not apply on sensitive mucous membrane. • Use caution when utilizing essential oils around those with respiratory

concerns. • Carry out a skin test prior to using oils topically. • Avoid use of certain essential oils when pregnant or nursing. • Use extreme caution when using phenolic rich and neuro-toxic ketone

containing essential oils • Avoid use with small animals, cats. Use with dogs and larger animals

should be done so under the guidance of a professional/clinical aromatherapist.

• Internal consumption should be done so under the guidance of a professional/clinical aromatherapist. Internal usage should be reserved for acute, crisis situations.

ETHICAL PURCHASE OF ESSENTIAL OILS

How does one ethically and safely purchase essential oils in the ever expanding and often confusing marketplace?

Top Adulterations of Essential Oils

1) Construction of an ‘essential oil’ using isolated chemotypes from other extractions of other species of plants.

GOAL: to produce a ‘super oil’, one that has an intensively potent health response.

2) Inclusion of synthetic chemotypes that have been manufactured in a lab. GOAL: Profit. Synthetics cost less.

3) Essential oil extraction cut with alcohol, oils or other ingredients, often synthetic, to extend the end volume. Commonly found in rare flower oils and expensive essential oils. GOAL: Profit

4) Labeling one species as another. When certain plants become harder to obtain companies will substitute an essential oil for another species to meet market demand without disclosing. Selling a threatened plant extraction for a sustainable one. GOAL: Maintain stock levels, meet public demand

Quality Criteria

1) What should appear on the label?2) What type of paperwork should the company provide? 3) Consider the Method of Cultivation, Harvest Techniques plus

Distillation process. 4) Your senses and judgement

What should appear on the label?

Botanical SpeciesThe label must show the plant’s complete Latin name as this is the only means of being sure of the species.

Example: Lavandula angustifolia is the most well known species of Lavender containing a large portion of esters (linalyle acetate) and monoterpenols (linalool). Famous first aid essential oil, excellent at healing burns as well as calming nervous function Lavandula stoechas contains around 70% monoterpenic ketones, making it neurotoxic. External use is only by guidance of a qualified practitioner for extreme respiratory infections.

The Plant Parts Distilled A plant can produce essential oils with different compositions depending on the part of the plant distilled. Example is bitter orange, Citrus aurantium. Young branches = Petitgrain, Flower = Neroli, Zest = Orange essential

ORIGIN CHEMICAL PROFILE

PROPERTIES

Corsica Vebenone

BornylAcetate

Hepatic Stimulant

Neuro-endocrine balancer

Spain Camphor

Borneol

Muscle Spasms

*neuro-toxic*

France 1,8 Cineol Bronchial Antiseptic

What type of paperwork should the company provide?

Evidence of Chemotypes (CT)

A plant’s chemical profile differs depending on the ecological conditions (terroir) to which it grows.

A rosemary that grows in Corsica has a very different Chemotype profile than one that is grown in Spain or in France. Example: Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis

Chemotype evidence • Offered through a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry report

• GC/MS Test checks evaporation residue, refractory index and density

• Ethically the GC/MS is done off site, with a third-party test, to ensure the testing paperwork is not adjusted to allow for adulteration

• Helpful but avoid using this as sole definitive guide to purchasing

• Used with olfactory appraisal, confidence in the supplier and their intentions and other analytical techniques such as Thin Layer Chromatography, Infra-Red analysis, Specific gravity, Refractive index and Optical rotation

Peak Report TIC R.Time Name Area%

6.252 Toluene 0.04 12.202 Hashishene 0.20 12.323 Tricyclene 0.09 12.478 alpha-Thujene 9.43 12.926 alpha-Pinene 44.82 13.438 Thujadiene isomer 0.24 13.826 Camphene 0.41 14.023 Thuja-2,4(10)diene 0.13 15.117 Sabinene 4.46 15.431 beta-Pinene 3.37 16.055 Myrcene 2.52 16.125 unidentified 0.03 17.146 alpha-Phellandrene 0.78 17.293 delta-3-Carene 0.85 17.814 alpha-Terpinene 0.18 18.302 para-Cymene 2.97 18.412 Octyl methyl ether 0.35 18.613 Limonene 9.99 18.721 beta-Phellandrene 0.21 18.812 1,8-Cineole 0.31 19.001 cis-beta-Ocimene 0.32 19.698 trans-beta-Ocimene 0.09 20.494 gamma-Terpinene 0.33 22.326 Terpinolene 0.08 22.640 para-Cymenene 0.07 23.280 Linalool 0.07 24.553 beta-Thujone 0.11 25.170 alpha-Campholenal 0.08 26.144 trans-Pinocarveol + trans-Verbenol 0.14 26.455 unidentified 0.09 26.804 Frankincense unidentified 0.08 28.092 Frankincense unidentified 0.05 28.266 p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol 0.12 28.910 Terpinen-4-ol 0.61 29.315 para-Cymen-8-ol 0.08 29.918 alpha-Terpineol 0.27 30.714 Verbenone 0.10 30.971 Octyl acetate 6.61 32.135 Decyl methyl ether 0.92 36.036 Bornyl acetate 0.16 40.228 alpha-Cubebene 0.09 42.115 alpha-Copaene 0.48 42.640 alpha-Bourbonene 0.15 42.999 beta-Elemene 0.30 44.937 beta-Caryophyllene 3.30 45.777 trans-alpha-Bergamotene 0.24 47.188 alpha-Humulene 0.51 47.456 Alloaromadendrene 0.08 48.385 trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene 0.20 48.772 Germacrene D 0.21 49.269 beta-Selinene 0.15 49.698 alpha-Selinene 0.16 49.844 alpha-Muurolene 0.10 50.727 gamma-Cadinene 0.24 51.031 delta-Cadinene 0.55 54.819 Caryophyllene oxide 0.39 55.548 Viridiflorol 0.37 58.263 tau-Cadinol 0.26 59.013 alpha-Cadinol 0.09 83.565 Incensole 0.08 83.665 Serratol 0.32

100.00

Chromatogram Frankincense_carterii Y:\GC3\EOU\Academic\Frankincense_carterii 31685.qgd

min

24,838,503

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

TIC

6.25

2

12.2

0212

.323

12.4

78

12.9

2613

.438

13.8

2614

.023

15.1

1715

.431

16.0

5516

.125

17.1

4617

.293

17.8

1418

.302

18.4

1218

.613

18.7

2118

.812

19.0

0119

.698

20.4

94

22.3

2622

.640

23.2

8024

.553

25.1

7026

.144

26.4

5526

.804

28.0

9228

.266

28.9

1029

.315

29.9

1830

.714

30.9

7132

.135

36.0

36

40.2

28

42.1

1542

.640

42.9

99

44.9

3745

.777

47.1

8847

.456

48.3

8548

.772

49.2

6949

.698

49.8

4450

.727

51.0

31

54.8

1955

.548

58.2

6359

.013

83.5

6583

.665

Sample Information Analyzed by : Dr. Robert S. Pappas

Analyzed : 10/31/17 1:24:20 AM Sample Type : Essential Oil Sample Name : Frankincense_carterii

Sample ID : 31685 Injection Volume : 0.10

Data File : Y:\GC3\EOU\Academic\Frankincense_carterii 31685.qgd Instrument ID: : GC-3

Comments:The analysis of this Frankincense batch sample meets the expected chemical profile for authentic essential oil of Boswellia carterii. No contamination or adulteration was detected. ©Copyright 2017 by Essential Oil University. All rights reserved. Any publishing,

copying, use, dissemination, or distribution of this report, including online, without the express written permission of Essential Oil University is strictly prohibited.

Other Paperwork the company may offer

• MSDS (Medical Safety Data Sheet) • Certificate of Analysis • Organic Agriculture Certification • GRAS (generally regarded as safe) • ISO and/or ANFOR (standard regulatory organizations that define

what a substance for market is) • Other Quality and Regulatory Information included origin of plant

material and country of distillation

Therapeutic Grade There is no governing body or organization regulating “Therapeutic Grade.”It is a term created and copyrighted and used by certain essential oil companies. It has no merit in clinical or ethical evaluation.

Consider the Method of Cultivation & Harvest Techniques plus Distillation process

How the plant is grown, where and how and when it is collected and harvested will greatly influence the outcome of the distillation process.

Fertilizing and excessive watering benefits the development of the plant but is detrimental to the development of the secondary metabolite production; the basis for the creation of aromatic molecules in the plant.

A wild plant living in difficult conditions is rich is aromatic molecules that are produced as a result of the natural balance between their plant and its environment.

A plant grown in intensive agriculture has lost natural defenses to survive through abiotic and biotic stress.

Skilled botanists and farmers who grow specifically to distill know how to allow these plants to have conditions that build these aromatic molecules in their framework.

The method of distillation must be in harmony with the plant matter and making the best use of this plant material.

The amount of raw plant material needed for distillation is a consideration as well. Improper or unethical harvest of certain plants has left species at risk or endangered. Ethical harvest is essential.

• 256 Lbs peppermint leaf yields 1 Lb peppermint essential oil• 150 Lbs lavender flowers yields 1 Lb lavender essential oil• 5000 Lbs rose petals yield 1 Lb of rose essential oil

Distillation also extracts residues from chemical treatments and concentrates them making organic cultivation essential.

QUALITIES TO LOOK FOR IN A PROVIDER

1) Dedicated to supplying essential oils to the aromatherapy practitioner market and educated public. Labels meet industry standard.

2) Owned by an aromatherapy practitioner or essential oil specialist who has relationships with his/her distillers

3) Can supply a batch-specific GC/MS report on each essential oil provided as well as other testing paperwork requested.

4) Readily able to provide material safety data sheets (MSDS) as needed

5) Has a strong ethical reputation in the field

6) Provides details of their Ethical Essential Oil Standard when requested

7) Suggested usage meets the educational standard of NAHA, AIOA, BCAPA, BCAOA and the CFA.

Storage 100% pure, unadulterated, essential oils, stored upright in a well closed glass bottle away from daylight and heat will store for years.

However, oxidation happens quickly when essential oils are exposed light, heat and oxygen.

Oxidized essential oils are unsafe to use.

Safe Storage Techniques• Stock in Glass bottles • Use airtight lids and close after use to avoid evaporation and oxidation • Keep at a consistent temperature between 18 and 23 degrees. • Keep upright. • Keep your inventory small and intentional

Certain essential oils will get thicker in storage (those high in terpenes) but this does not indicate quality or expiry.

QUALITY CRITERIA: Follow your senses

Be your own judge of whether to purchase an essential oil

1. Strengthen your sense of smell

2. Strengthen your relationship with aromatic plants in their whole forms

3. Compare and Contrast Essential Oils

Trust Your Nose: Organoleptic Testing

Conducting an organoleptic test is using all of your senses to experience and evaluate an essential oil to help identify potential adulterants and extenders and guarantee purity.

The Organoleptic Test: Keep a Journal of your Discovery!

1. Feel the oil by rubbing it between your fingers.

2. Smell the oil by dropping a drop on a blotter. Record the aroma immediately, after 5 minutes, after 30 minutes, and after a few hours.

3. Record how long it takes the oil to evaporate. Observe if the oil leaves a colored stain on the blotter or not.

4. Taste the oil - you can put a very small drop on the back of your hand and lick it. (Advanced!)

5. Describe the aroma and your experience with descriptive language.

R E F E R E N C E S A N D R E S O U R C E S

Healing Intelligence of Essential Oils, Kurt Schnaubelt, PhD, Pub. Healing Arts Press

Medical Aromatherapy, Kurt Schnaubelt, PhD. Pub. Frog Ltd

Advanced Aromatherapy, Kurt Schnaubelt, PhD, Pub. Healing Arts Press

Aromatic Medicine, Volume I, Kathy Skipper/Patrice de Bonnevel, Pub. Editions des Savoirs Naturels

The Practice of Aromatherapy, Jean Valnet, MD, Pub. Healing Arts Press

The Art of Aromatherapy, Robert Tisserand, Pub. Healing Arts Press

Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals, Robert Tisserand/Rodney Young, Pub. Elsevier Canada

Aromatica: A Clinical Guide to Essential Oil Therapeutics. Volume 1: Principles and Profiles Peter Holmes Pub. Singing Dragon

Aromatica: A Clinical Guide to Essential Oil Therapeutics. Volume 2: Principles and Profiles Peter Holmes, Pub. Singing Dragon

Essentials Oils: Handbook for Aromatherapy Practice, Jennifer Peace Rhind, Pub. Singing Dragon

Listening to Scent; Jennifer Peace Rhind Pub: Singing Dragon

Aromatherapeutic Blending, Jennifer Peace Rhind: Singing Dragon

Aromatherapy with Chinese Medicine, Dennis Willmont, Pub. Willmountain Press

Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin, Steffen Arctander, Pub Author/Reprinted by Pathfinder books for Rugters State University in Newark USA