Table of contents 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.3 Job Distribution ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.0 Background Information of the Site

2.1 Historical Background of Melaka ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2.2 Demographics ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2.3 Festivals and celebrations .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3.1 Chinese New Year 2.3.2 Thaipusan 2.3.3 Palm Sunday 2.3.4 Malacca Carnival 2.3.5 Mid Autumn Festival 2.4 Malaccan culture and heritage ................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.4.1 Baba and Nyonya 2.4.2 Portugese 2.5 Site observations ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2.5.1 Jalan Hang Kasturi 2.5.2 Landmarks 2.5.3 Street Art

3.0 Fui Chew Association

3.1 Migration of thw Chinese Ethnic Clans Associations in Malaya ................................................................................................................................. 3.1.1 Migration of South Chinese to Malaya 3.1.2 History of Chinese Associations 3.2 Roles & Functions of Chinese Ethnic Clans Associations in Malaysia ....................................................................................................................... 3.2.1 Mechanism of Chinese Association

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0.1 List of figures and tables ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... i

Table of contents

3.3 History of Fui Chew Association in Malaysia .............................................................................................................................................................. 3.4 Fui Chew Association in Melaka ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3.5 Current Occupancy of 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi, Melaka. ............................................................................................................................................

4.0 Architecture Styles

4.1 Overview of Melaka Shophouses .........................................................................................................................................................................................4.2 Evolution of Melaka Shophouses Style ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4.2.1 Dutch style 4.2.2 Southern Chinese Style 4.2.3 Early Shophouse style 4.2.4 Early Transitional style 4.2.5 Early Strait Eclectic style 4.2.6 Late Strait Eclectic style 4.2.7 Art Deco style 4.2.8 Early Modern style4.3 Major Materials Introduced Accordance to Style and Time ..................................................................................................................................................4.4 Various Styles seen in Jalan Hang Kasturi ...........................................................................................................................................................................4.5 Southern Chinese Eclectic Features of 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi ...........................................................................................................................................

5.0 Spatial Organizations

5.1 Spatial Organization and its Function ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5.1.1 Ground Floor 5.1.2 First Floor 5.2 Properties of Spaces .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5.2.1 Public and Private Area 5.2.2 Building’s Circulation

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6.0 Architecture Analysis & Environmental Analysis

6.1 Building Orientation .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6.2 Massing and Heirarchy .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6.3 Environmental Studies ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6.3.1 Natural Ventilation 6.3.2 Natural Lighting 6.3.3 Drainage 6.4 Architecture Principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6.4.1 Juxtaposition of styles 6.4.2 Juxtaposition and balance between oriental philosophies 6.4.3 Unit to whole 6.4.4 Symmetry

7.0 Architecture Features

7.1 Roof ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7.1.1 Roof Type 7.1.2 Roof Ridges 7.1.4 Roof Tiles 7.1.5 Roof Eaves

7.2 Walls ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7.2.1 Parapet Walls 7.2.4 Internal Partitions 7.2.5 Gable and Gable Ends 7.3 Openings .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7.3.1 Doors 7.3.2 Shutters and Windows 7.3.3 Air Vents 7.3.4 Prefabricated Air Vents 7.3.5 Air-wells

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7.4 Floors and Staircase .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7.4.1 Type of flooring and materiality 7.4.2 Types of staircase found

7.5 Ceiling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7.5.1 Ground Floor 7.5.2 First floor 7.5.3 Exposed Tiles, Purlins and Rafters 7.5.4 Mugoujia 7.6 Columns and beams .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7.6.1 Exterior columns 7.6.2 Interior columns 7.6.4. Balcony timber beams

8.0 Ornamentations

8.1 Carvings ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8.1.1 Crab 8.1.2.Guardian lions 8.1.3 Birds and Florals 8.2 Jian Nian .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8.3 Use and symbolism of colour ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8.3.1 Red 8.3.2 Yellow or Gold 8.3.3 Green 8.3.4 Blue 8.3.5 White 8.4 Altar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8.5 Doorknob .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8.6 Corbels ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8.7 Maze ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8.8 Palace Lantern ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................

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9.0 Materials

9.1 Materials Used ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.1 Concrete .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9.1.2 Timber ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.3 Plaster ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.4 Granite ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.5 Cardboard drywalls .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9.1.6 Clay ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.7 Terracotta ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9.1.8 Glass ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.9 Zinc .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.1.10 Other Metals .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9.2 Materials Scedule .......................................................................................................................................................................................................

10.0 Current and Future Outlook

10.1 Dilapidation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10.2 Conservation efforts 10.2.1 Maintaining original walls 10.2.2 Maintaining original tiling 10.2.3 Maintaining ornamentation 10.2.4 Preserving timber 10.2.5 Use of paint 10.3 Conservation and Preservation Concept and Principles .......................................................................................................................................... 10.4 Conservation and Preservation Objectives .............................................................................................................................................................. 10.5 Future Outlook ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

11.0 Conclusion

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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12.1 Appendix

12.1 Interview Information Extraction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12.2 Photobook ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12.3 Scaled Drawings .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12.4 Glossary12.5 References

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List of figures and illustrations

List of figures

Figure 1 Photo of ground floor facade of Fui Chew Association taken in 1989Figure 2 Taking photos of details using measuring tapeFigure 3 Using plumbline to determine section lineFigure 4 Retreiving information with the help of employees during working hoursFigure 5 Conducting interviews with employeeFigure 6 Records of association displayed at galleryFigure 7 Taking scale-photos of details with rulersFigure 8 Records of association displayed at galleryFigure 9 Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing located near the new museum devoted to Zheng He. (2007 photo by Peter Pang, Released into the public domain by the author)Figure 10 Hang-Li-Po's Well near "China Bukit Hill" in Melaka.(2007 by Rudolph A. Furtado)Figure 11 Fort of Malacca,The life of Ferdinand Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the globe (1891 by Guillemard, Hill, Ruth and Parr )Figure 12 The remarkably in tact remains of Francis Xavier are on display every 10 years in Goa (2014 from BBC)Figure 13 A tourist attraction in Malacca, this Japanese graveyard is dated with grave stones from 1911 to 1940 with a total of around 40 Japanese layed to rest here (2013 by Wisatan Budaya dan Warisan)Figure 14 Malacca Warrior Monument for the Chinese Victims of Anti-Japanese Occupation, Malacca Town, Central Malacca, Malacca, Malaysia. Constructed in 1948 by the Malayan Federation (2015 by Chongkian)Figure 15 St Peter’s Church photographed as seen in a vintage postcardFigure 16 Map of The Straits of Malacca 1854, with map of Malacca highlighted in yellow.Figure 17 Demographics of Malacca vs Malaysia as of 2016 based on raceFigure 18 Demographics of Malacca based on religious faithFigure 19 Language literacy amongst locals of Malacca focusing on English, Malay, Tamil and othersFigure 20 Figure Distribution of Malaccans by ageFigure 21 Figure Distribution of Malaccans by ocupationFigure 22 Figure Live performances and thousands of spectators at Jonker Walk (2011 by Justin Klein)Figure 23 Figure Procession lead by standard of Holy Eucharist and Mater Dolorosa began from St Peter’s Church in Malacca (29/3/2010 by Maleisie News)Figure 24 Figure An Indonesian dancer perfoming among the ruins of St. Paul’s Church during Melaka Art & Performance Festival (2014 by Tamara Thiessen)

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Figure 25 Peranakan Family Portrait circa 1910Figure 26 A group of Kirstang people in their traditional dress, where women were the saia, red or white clothing as well kercheifs around their heas and men who wear jackets with bowties and fedoras.Figure 27 Melaka Tengah highlighted within MelakaFigure 28 When facades are not facing streets, the side elevations are exposed with minimal openingsFigure 29 View (B) from juntion connecting main road into J.H.KFigure 30 View (C) Alternate view of junction from main road into J.H.KFigure 31 View (D) Juntion from Jalan Tukang Besi into J.H.KFigure 32 Site plan diisplaying the flow of traffic from the two-way main road (Jln Merdeka ) into single lane secondary road Jalan Hang Kasturi in lighter yellowFigure 33 The view of back allerys taken at eye levelFigure 34 Site plan displaying The location of major back alleysFigure 35 Jonker walk sign in day timeFigure 36 Jonker walk market at nightFigure 37 Tanhkera mosque in 1972Figure 38 Tanhkera mosque courtyardFigure 39 Furniture on displayFigure 40 Museum as seen from streetFigure 41 Facade of Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca.Figure 42 Collabration between Khiels and local artist from Gombak, Mohd. Anuar (known also as Fritilldea) has produced this bright abstract painted walls outside the Khiel’s store near Jonker WalkFigure 43 Located just across the Khiels store, Orang Utan House is a gallery that showcases the work of artist Charles Cham where he also sells T-shirts. It is located in Jalan Tukang Besi and there are two smaller branches in the area.Figure 44 Realistic street art as seen in the back alleys that are formed around and in the back of the shophouses. The homogenous white walls have been adorned with a series of similar works that make an interesting walk.Figure 45 Strait-Chinese or Baba Nyonya were the first wave of Han Chinese. Image. c 1941Figure 46 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca is the oldest functioning temple in Malaysia (2012 by Michankow)Figure 47 Wooden engraving depicting a battle during the first Opium War. The war occured as China was increasingly predatorial against weaker countries to exploit them illegally.

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Figure 48 The picture (1860s) shows the surface mining at Kelian Pauh, by the early Chinese miners. This was the first area where tin-deposits were found. The Founder was the Malay chief, Long Jaafar.Figure 49 The current Hua Zhong or Federation of Chinese Associationa Malaysia logo as designed in 1991 (2012 from Hua Zhong)Figure 50 Levels of authorityFigure 51 Divisions under General Assembly Figure 52 Current banner on Fui Chew Association Melaka’s website with their vibrant logo on the leftFigure 53 An employee conducting daily morning prayers in the altar room after showing up for work in the building.Figure 54 The altar room as seen with committee members in 1989Figure 55 An association member holding up an honorary bannerFigure 56 The region behind the shophouse and back alley showing the steel door of the kitchenFigure 57 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi on the right side as seen from the main streetFigure 58 Example of early dutch styleFigure 59 Example of Southern China styeFigure 60 Depiction of early traditional styeFigure 61 Example of Early Strait Eclectic StyleFigure 62 Example of Late Strait Eclectic StyleFigure 63 Example of Art Deco StyleFigure 64 Example of Early Modern StyleFigure 65 Shophouses styles introduced briefly with timeline( 20114 from Properture)Figure 66 Showing the summarized version Southern Chinese Eclectic Features of ou Features of a typical Penang shophouse that are very familiar to the ones as seen in Malacca and Singapore (2013 from Warisan Dunia)r assigned BuildingFigure 67 Features of a typical Penang shophouse that are very familiar to the ones as seen in Malacca and Singapore (2013 from Warisan Dunia)Figure 68 Spaces according to the ground floor planFigure 69 Current condition of five foot wayFigure 70 Facade as seen in 1989Figure 71 Main HallFigure 72 Air-well facing the altar(top) and hall(bottom)Figure 73 Altar fwith rontal viewFigure 74 Side profile of altar

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Figure 75 erpective view of altarFigure 76 Back air-wellFigure 77 Dry kitchen used for storageFigure 78 Back door of kitchenFigure 79 Bathroom cubiclesFigure 80 Storage in wet kitchenFigure 81 Spaces according to the first floor planFigure 82 Gallery areaFigure 83 ParaphernaliaFigure 84 Hung honourary bannersFigure 85 Gallery as viewed from galleryFigure 86 Main air-well facing stairsFigure 87 Main air-well facing officeFigure 88 Viewing the air-well from interiorFigure 89 Office interiorFigure 90 Office exteriorFigure 91 Altar room with high ceiling with grand altar and seatingFigure 92 Altar on balconyFigure 93 Balcony space when facing buildings acrossFigure 94 Ground floor plan colour coded to show degree of privacy and publicity each space receivesFigure 95 First floor plan colour coded to show degree of privacy and publicity each space receiveFigure 96 Ground floor plan with spaces labelled and directional arrows to show circulation of visitors and employeesFigure 97 First floor plan with spaces labelled and directional arrows to show circulation of visitors and employeesFigure 98 Local site plan with Fui Chew Association highlighted in orangeFigure 99 The sunpath with the Fui Chew Association in the centerFigure 100 The heirarchy of the structure expressed using coloursFigure 101 Cross ventilation accross Western SectionFigure 102 Cross ventilation accross ground floor planFigure 103 Cross ventilation accross first floor plan

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Figure 104 Stack ventilation whereby red regions show warmer air escaping the interiors while blue represents movement of cooler airFigure 105 The airwells highlighted in red show the main directions where natural lighting and outside air are trnasitted throughout the interior spacesFigure 106 Natural lighting as rendered in yellow seen coming into the interiorsFigure 107 Catchment area of main air-well on rainy dayFigure 108 The flow of rain water from the tile roofing to the gutters and down the pipes during rainfall. Some water is seen flowing onto zinc extensions. Main air-wellFigure 109 Pipes in the back air- wellFigure 110 The flow of rain water aroud and into the structure as seen in the sectioFigure 111 Diagramatic summation of the facade and how it is infulenced by oriental philosophiesFigure 112 Diagram expressing how the spaces within a shophouse are symbolic represenation of individuals within ordered societiesFigure 113 Symmetry of elevationFigure 114 Symmetry of plan shown via circulationFigure 115 Roof ridge and balcony roof explained in more detailFigure 116 Roof layering found at main air-wellFigure 117 Tiles and drip tiles as seen above balcony rooFigure 118 Function and aprts of drip tile explainedFigure 119 Roof eave width highlightedFigure 120 Concrete parapet walls that act as railings for the balconyFigure 121 Division between main air-well and living roomFigure 122 Conrete bar that separates the placesFigure 123 Opening between the partition or doorFigure 124 Partition between wet and dry kitchenFigure 125 View of office from corridorsFigure 126 As seen in this photo taken in the 80s, the partition was still archedFigure 127 View of doors of altar roomFigure 128 Gallery room with curtains seen covering doorway to vacant back roomFigure 129 The gable end of the last pitch of the roof is plain. The wet kitchen area as an inclined roof instead of a pitched roofFigure 130 The gable ends of roof structures throughout the front two pitched roofs.Figure 131 Gable ends seen of the first three pitches from the frontFigure 132 View of the solid door from inside

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Figure 133 hinge connects solid-wood entrance door with the timber foor-frameFigure 134 The solid door as seen from the outside. Metal grills outside placed for added securityFigure 135 Granite block at entrance though inconvenient with the eldery employees prevent flood water from entering interiorFigure 136 Open balcony door from altar roomFigure 137 Balcony doors as seen from the outside of the altar room/balconyFigure 138 Balcony doors as seen from the inside of the altar room with latches highlighted in redFigure 139 Timber rod latched as seen from the inside of the altar roomFigure 140 Doors as seen from the interiorFigure 141 Steel doors painted red as seen from the back of the houseFigure 142 Hall window seen on insideFigure 143 Opened up hall windowFigure 144 The balcony windows seenFigure 145 The balcony windows seen from outsideFigure 146 Continuous louvred windowsFigure 147 Individual louvred windows for each cubicleFigure 148 The back of the shophouse is very regular and undecorated but clean and well maintainedFigure 149 As seen on the left, louvred windows are found at the back air-well whereby natural light enters the vacant room on the first floorFigure 150 Air-vents when lights turned off and on on the rightFigure 151 Air-vents when lights turned off and on on the rightFigure 152 Main air well as viewed from the center if the gallery roomFigure 153 Back air-well which is covered with a jacked zinc roofFigure 154 Ground floor and first floor plans with the type of flooring found labeledFigure 155 Back stair-case near the dry kitchenFigure 156 Right :Side elevation of stairsFigure 157 Staircase from eye- levelFigure 158 The various types of cielings as seen throughout the ground floor as highlighted using the cieling plan of the ground floorFigure 159 Cieling as seen looking up at 5-foot-wayFigure 160 Cieling as seen looking up at hall

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Figure 161 Plasterboards at wet kitchenFigure 162 The various cieling types throughout the first floor plan as labelled throughout the first floor cieling planFigure 163 Section of altar-room ceilingFigure 164 Ceiling of altar-roomFigure 165 Cieling of balcony which is exposed Tailiang framing systemFigure 166 Chi tou and capital as seen facing the first floor facadeFigure 167 Chi tou and capital as seen looking upwards from ground floorFigure 168 Capital and Astragal of the column as seen in the Tuscan orderFigure 169 Bresummer beam attached to astragal of the pseudo-columnFigure 170 The arrow shows the direction of forces flowing down the structure and into the ground with the help of the transverse bresummer beamFigure 171 Columns as seen from facadeFigure 172 Top region of columnFigure 173 Base of columnFigure 174 Concrete columns surrounding air-wellFigure 175 Timber columns supporting the Moguojia framing in the baclonyFigure 176 Tailiang system labelled in detail based on section of balcony roofingFigure 177 The timber framing as seen on the right whereby plaster ornamentation is found installed (as seen in amges on LEFT)Figure 178 Crab symbol as seen on the timber framing of the balcony. The employees have been confused as to its significance. It is intriguingFigure 179 Guardian lions found in multiples throughout the timber framingFigure 180 Guardian lions found above main entranceFigure 181 Magipie birds on trees with flowers. Fruit with lucky coin seen in the centerFigure 182 Example of chinese lucky coin seen within fruitFigure 183 Poenies and magpies that symbolize high spirits and energyFigure 184 Pheonixes, being the largest of winged creatures in Chinese mythology is a symbol of domineering feminine power. This was used often one of many emperial motifsFigure 185 Red bannerFigure 186 Brick red wallFigure 187 Red paintFigure 188 Gold ornamentation

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Figure 189 Green liningFigure 190 Drip tilesFigure 191 Chi Tou and capitalFigure 192 Sign above entranceFigure 193 The white paint in the ground floor contrasts the rich use of colour on the top floorFigure 194 Paint near Jian Nian where white trims the blue to make it resemble clouds.Figure 195 Guan Ping, along with Zhou Cang would often appeared at the sides of Guan Ti. From the photo attached, Guan Ping's face is traditionally painted white which is a stark contrast to Zhou Cang’s coal black complexion, while Guan Yu's tends to be shades of red.Figure 196 High ceiling appropriate for grand tall altar that provide sense of importance and the heavensFigure 197 Motifs of deers, magpies and flora are seen on the altar table which represents high spiritsFigure 198 Motifs based on traditional stories seen carved on the altar tableFigure 199 Door knob as viewed from side and frontFigure 200 Timber corbels found at five foot way’ Figure 201 Maze found on first floor columnsFigure 202 Chinese palace lanternFigure 203 Column and beams by air-wellFigure 204 Wooden latch of balcony doorFigure 205 Jian Nian

Figure 206 Granite blocks at entranceFigure 207 Base of granite columnFigure 208 Edge of partition openingFigure 209 Clay air- vents on ridgeFigure 210 U-shape tiles on balcony roofFigure 211 Louvred windows at back air-wellFigure 212 Zinc roofingFigure 213 Trusses on the first floorFigure 214 Wearing out of flooring at air-wellFigure 215 Wearing out paint of timber floorsFigure 216 Peeling paint at back air-well

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Figure 217 Peeling paint at back stairsFigure 218 Cracking cardboard at wallsFigure 219 Gables discoloured by heavy rainsFigure 220 Breaking clay air-ventsFigure 221 Plan of ground floor with cardboard walls highlighted in purple and various openingsFigure 222 Window bars and pane that have been painted recentlyFigure 223 Plaster ornamentation has been painted with gold fairly recently. The beam it is resting on has also been coatedFigure 224 The poor state of the exterior walls in 1989 are contrasting of the state of the facade and parapet today which are well maintained with white paint.Figure 225 As you can see the interior walls are also in a much more acceptable conditions currently as they are covered with cardbaording walling. However, the arches for oenings are no longer soFigure 226 The overall condition of Jalan Hang Kasturi in the past has been far improved after 2008 when malacca received recognition from UNESCO and received assistance in maintaining the valuable heritage of these streets.

List of tables Table 1 Function of Chinese Association Table 2 Brief introduction to the history of the Chinese clan associations throughout the peninsular of Malaysia Table 3 Materials used briefly according to timeline( 2014 from Properture.com) Table 4 that shows elements according to their style origins Table 5 Concepts which involve the balance between Confucianism and Daoism as contrasting philosophies

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Glossary

Jian Nian plaster ornamentation found installed into eaves of overhanging roof structures traditionally in ancient Chinese palaces

Chi Tou chinese column heads that transfer loads of roofs to columns

Mugoujia traditional chinese method of timber framing

Tailiang traditional chinese method of timber framing that is also known as post-beam system

Duogong The end of the bracket that extrudes in the tailiang system. Serves both structural and decorative purpose

Peranakan descendants of Chinese migrants who came to South East Asia and assimilated with Malay cultures

Baba refers to male peranakans

Nyonya refers to female peranakans

Guan Ti also known as Saintly Emperor Guan or Guan Yu, a well known Bhuddist deity.

Daoism religious or philosophical tradition from China which emphasizes the volatile and free-reigning dao or ‘way’

Confucianism a philosophy that originated from China that puts emphasis on social order and tries to establish essential ideals of a traditional Chinese society. Bresummer a term derived from sommier or ‘pack horse’ in French that refers to a beam that supports load of great weight

Marseille a city in France, which popularized the use of Spanish terra-cotta tiles that are now known as Marseille tiles

Jalan refers to Malay word for street

Feng Shui is the Chinese art or practice of creating harmonious surroundings that enhance the balance of yin and yang, as in arranging furniture or determining the siting of a house.

Masjid the Malay word for mosque

Kaki-lima the five-foot-way found at the facade of the typical South East Asian shophouse designed to protect interior from the elements and create circulation space for pedestrians

Kapitan German word for captain

Creole a type of language that originates from the meeting of two different languages, one often European

Kristang is the eurasian ethnicity local to Melaka which are a mix of Portuguese and local people

Becha local variety of trishaws

Foo-dog refers to the popularized term for Chinese Imperial lions that are found in palace gardens in order to symbolic protection and warding away of evil spirits

Books and Jounrals

1. Dr. Suraini Ad Ali (2015)The 10th Anniversary of the Mubin Sheppard Memorial Prize, Badan Warisan Malaysia Vol. 5, 6 and 7

2. Martin E. Weaver (1997) Conserving Buildings: A Manual of Techniques and Materials, Revised Edition ISBN: 978-0-471-50944-8

3. Radford, William A (2002). Architectural Details and Measured Drawings of Houses of the Twenties . Mineola, N.Y. Dover Publications.

4. Melaka, Monograf Kalam (2002) Pusat Kajian Bina Dunia Melayu 07.2002 Edisi 1

5. Tan Yeow Wooi (2005) Penang Shophouses A Handbook of Features and Materials. Tan Yeow Wooi Culture & Research Studio, George Town, Penang.ISBN 10: 9671334008

6. Kohl, David Grant Chinese architecture in the Straits Settlements and Western Malaya. Retrievd from http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/29137

7. Lin Yutang (1936) My Country and My People, Hong Kong. William Leine Mann Ltd, London. p.303.

8. Needham, Joseph (1971) Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 4, Pt. 3, Cambridge, 1971, p.61.

9. Kong Yuan Zhi (2001) Persahabatan Kedua-dua Bangsa China-Malaysia Sari .Nota Penyelidikan/Research Note Cerita Hang Li Po : Ode Persahabatan Kedua-dua Bangsa China-Malaysia

10. Touru, N (1989) Sejarah Melaka dilihat dari Sumber-sumber Cina, Esei-esei Budaya dan Sejarah Melaka.

11. William, N, (1983) Reading in Historical Preservation, Why, What, How?, The state University of New Jersey, Centre for Urban Policy Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

12. David G.S, (1984). Chinese Architecture in the Straits Settlements and Western Malaya: Temples, Kongsis and Houses, Heinemann Asia.

13. Chen, V.F, (1991). The Consrvation of Traditional Values in Urban Development, Part 1, Majalah Arkitek, Vol 3, No 1

14. Chee, V. F., Houses: 1957 – 1987 (or 30 Years of Dreams Fulfilled?), Post Merdeka Architecture Malaysia 1957-1987, Kuala Lumpur: Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia, pp.31-36.

15. Heritage of Malaysia Trust, (1990), A Handbook Malaysian Architectural Heritage Survey, Kuala Lumpur: Badan Warisan Malaysia, pp.24-33, 76-79.

16. Department of Architecture University of Seoul, (2007) Analytical Survey, Heeren Street, Shophouses: Transformation and Mutation

17. Measured Drawing, (2001) Front Façade of buildings Northwest, Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka, Department of Architecture Universiti Malaya

18. Raja Nafida binti Raja Shaminan,(2008). Kajian Tiplogi Rumah Kedai Awal Era Belanda Di Bandar Melaka; Sumbangan Kepada Bidang Pemuliharan Di Malaysia, PhD Thesis. UTM.

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