Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 7 URINARY SYSTEM

Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, a single urethra. * Function: 1. It excretes waste products in the form of urine (such as urea and uric acid, excess water and some inorganic salts), so as to regulate the balance of the internal environment of the body. 2. The kidney also has the endocrine function.

kidney

ureter

urinary bladder

urethra

Ⅱ.Kidney Position: in retroperitoneal space,

both side of spinal column upper end lower end left T11 L2 right T12 L3

T11T12 L1 L2 L3

Relation of the kidney: anterior view

Relation: anteriorly— left: stomach, spleen, pancreas, left colic flexure right: liver, right colic flexure, descending part of duodenum

Relation: Posteriorly---- 12th rib, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, quadratus lumborum

Superiorly---- suprarenal gland

Medially---- renal pelvis, lumbar sympathetic trunk left: abdominal aorta right: inferior vena cava

External Features of kidney two extremities two surfaces two borders Renal hilum Renal pedicles: (the relation of the main structures): from anterior to posterior--- renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis from superior to inferior--- renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis Renal sinus: minor renal calyx, major renal calyx, renal pelvis, renal artery and its branches, renal vein and its tributaries, nerves and lymphatics, etc.

Deformity of kidney

1 2

3

1. Normal kidney

2. Muitivesicular kidney

3. Horseshoe kidney

The structures

---Parenchyma: peripheral part-- renal cortex; center part---- renal medulla renal pyramid renal papilla papillary foramen renal column ---Renal sinus: minor and major calices, renal pelvis renal artery and its branches, renal vein and its tributaries, nerves and lymphatics, etc.

Coronary section of kidney:posterior view

Renal glomeruli Renal tubules

The coverings of the kidney

Sagittal section

Horizontal section

from outside to inside---- renal fascia, adipose capsule, and fibrous capsule

Blood vessels and segments of kidney: ---Renal a. ---anterior and posterior trunks---5 segmental aa. ---5 segments: superior segment, superior-anterior segment, inferior-anterior segment, inferior segment, posterior segament

sup.

sup. and ant.

inf. and ant.

inf.inf.

sup.

post.