part i: location-based games geogames 1... · 2016-03-02 · schlieder | geogame design p. 23...

p. 1Schlieder | Geogame Design

Geogame design

Part I: Location-based games

Christoph Schlieder

University of Bamberg


… contribute to a Geogame-Workshop

Gamify your own research! Position papers are welcome.


Follow-up work

Position paper „describing an application

scenario (max. 1500

words)“

Workshop Describing a gamification

scenario

Research literature:

Int. Conf. Entertainment

Computing, …

Gamification scenario What problem do you want

to solve?

What game mechanics

have been described in

the literature to address

the problem?

How do the design

alternatives compare?

Which improved game

mechanics do you

suggest?


Adapt & describe a gamification approach

Participants are invited to either submit a short paper (max. 3000 words) about original ongoing

research in Geogames

or a position paper (max. 1500 words) describing a game demo

or an application scenario.

Geogames@UJI Geogame design course:

gamification approach for a specific scenario

Geogame programming course:

implementing a game demo


Timeline

Geogames@UJI Feb 23-24, 2016

Draft position paper Mar 25, 2016

Feedback Apr 8, 2016

Workshop submission Apr 25, 2016


Welcome to Geogames@UJI

www.geogames-team.org

christoph.schlieder

@uni-bamberg.de

thomas.heinz

@uni-bamberg.de


Geogame design: more than software


Geogame design: more than treasure hunts

A multi-cache game

N 39°… W 00°…

www.geocaching.com


Overview

Geogame design course

0930 - 1100 Location-based games

break

1130 – 1300 The Geogame design process

lunch

1400 – 1530 Game flow balancing & game relocation

break

1600 - 1700 Documenting the design of a Geogame


Agenda

Part I

What are geogames?

Part II

Describing a spatial gamification scenario

Part III

Play-testing a geogame


Spatial gamification

Neocartographer

www.foursquare.com

www.ingress.com

geograph.uk.org


Many names

• adaptronic games • alternate reality games (ARG) • ambient games •

appropriative games • augmented reality games • big games • brink

games • context aware games • crossmedia games • geogames •

hybrid games • immersive games • invasive games • location-based

games • locative games • massive games • mixed reality games •

mobile games • pervasive games • reality games • supergames • total

games • transreality games • ubiquituous games • urban games •

“This new family of games has been called by many names”

(Montola, Stenros, Waern; 2009; p. xix)


A geogame involving search: Citypoker

a

b

c

In a location based game,

the spatial position of the

player matters …


Gaming on mobile devices

Typology Schlieder, Kiefer, Matyas

(2006), Kremer, Schlieder,

Feulner, Ohl (2013)

Mobile games Player interacts with the

game through the interface

of a mobile device

native app or web app

client- or server-based

game engine

Location-based game The spatial position of the

player determines which

game actions are available

Positioning technology:

GPS, Wi-Fi, network

Self-reported:

location check-in

Position perceived by

other players: sports


Defining Geogames

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑀𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 ⊓ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠

mobile games

location-based gamesFOOTBALL

MINECRAFT

INGRESS

geogames

All mobile location-based games are considered Geogames

NEOCARTO-

GRAPHER


A more specific concept of geogame

mobile games

location-based gamesFOOTBALL

MINECRAFT

INGRESS

geogames

NEOCARTO-

GRAPHER

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠_2 ⊏ 𝑀𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 ⊓ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠

mobile location-based games with additional features (Schlieder & al., 2006)


A different concept of geogame

The authors call their desktop simulation game a „geogame“.

This is not compatible with our definition of geogame.

O. Ahlqvist, R.

Benkar, B. Mikula,

K. Vatev, R.

Ramnath, A.

Heckler, Z. Chen,

P. Peixuan (2014),

see also

geogame.osu.edu


Discuss #1

Foursquare /

Swarm

Geograph Ingress Neocarto-

grapher

Mobile game? ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

App type? native

Location-based? ✔

Positioning? GPS / Wi-Fi

Geogame? ✔

Fill in the missing entries!


Location-based games: 150 years ago

Letterboxing In 1854, James Perrot, a

tourist guide in Dartmoordevised a search game:

He hid a bottle with hisbusiness card in the moor…

Dartmoor, Devon, UK

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/View_to_Sharpitor_from_Meavy.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/View_to_Sharpitor_from_Meavy.JPG


Mobile games: 15 years ago

Geocaching Selective availabilty of

GPS was removed on

May 2, 2000

The very next day, Dave

Ulmer placed the first

geocache near Portland,

Oregon

Geogame technology

2004

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indoor / motion outdoor / locomotion

Geogames are locomotion games

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Cognitive Spaces of Games

Montello (1995)

environmental

space

>> human body

visual exploration

requires locomotion

vista space > human body

visually accessible from a

single vantage point

figural space < human body

haptically accessible


Cognitive Spaces of Games

Montello (1995) Schlieder, Kiefer, Matyas (2006)

environmental

space

>> human body

visual exploration

requires locomotion

location-based

games

Locomotion system,

spatial memory,

mental maps, …

vista space > human body

visually accessible from a

single vantage point

motion

controller

games

Motor system

figural space < human body

haptically accessible

classical

console games

Hand-eye coordination


Spatial cognition research

Reference Montello (2001) on spatial

cognition research in

geography

Spatial knowledge acquisition & development

structure & processes

navigation & orientation

spatial language

individual differences

www.spatiallearning.org/


Example: navigation tasks for geogames

Route knowledge Response-learning

Encodes specific turns at

specific places

Overview knowledge Place-learning

Encodes distances and

directions to places

Builds a mental map which

permits to find shortcuts

Reference Weisberg, D. &

Newcombe, N. (2015)

How do (some) people

form cognitive maps?

SILC showcase

http://bit.ly/1EcqeFI


Discuss #2

Geogame tasks You want to activate

mental mapping processes

in the players of your

geogame.

Rank the following spatial

tasks accoding to which

you think is most effective.

What other suitable

spatial task can you think

of?

rank task

Describe how to get

from your position to

place X.

Estimate the distance

from your location to a

non-visible landmark X.

List landmark buildings

on a street you know.

?


Gamification

Context of use Serious games: some

ludic elements, but no full

game is created

HCI: playful interaction

Definition Deterding et al. (2011)

„The use of game design

elements in non-game

contexts“Scheme from Deterding et al.

(2011) adapted to fit spatial

gameplay

geogamesspatial

gamification

spatial toysplayful

interaction

game

play

wholepart


Example: achievement systems

Badges Ranking on a nominal

scale of achievement

Example: Foursquare

trainspotter badge

High-score list Ranking on an ordinal

scale of achievment

Example: Geograph

leaderboards

geograph.org.uk

points = squares visited first

depth = photos / squares


Serious games

Education Abt (1970)

“these games have an

explicit and carefully

thought-out educational

purpose and are not

intended to be played

primarily for amusement”

and other purposes Zyda (2005)

“a mental contest, played

with a computer in

accordance with specific

rules that uses

entertainment to further

government or corporate

training, education, health,

public policy, and strategic

communication objectives”


Geogames as serious games

Game-based learning Broad variety of learning

processes: biodiversity,

industrial geography, …

Klopfer (2008), Schaal &

al. (2012), …

Place marketing Spatial gamification in

tourism and LBSN

Celtek (2010), Hodson

(2012), …

VGI games Provide an additional

motivation for geospatial

information crowdsourcing

Matyas & al (2008),

Garcia Martí & al. (2013),

Antoniou & Schlieder

(2014), …


Applications: game-based learning (1)

Serious games De Gloria & al. (2012)

Backlund & Hendrix (2013)

Field trip, …,

Feature motivating because

highly self-determined

Locomotion matters: as in

a field trip, players spend

time moving to placesEquilibrium

Interaction with the simulation

at specific places only


Applications: game-based learning (2)

Motivation in learning self-determination theory

of Ryan & Deci (2000).

Measured by the intrinsic

motivation inventory (IMI)

Games as motivation intrinsic motivation results

in more effective learning

Correlates with perceived

competence and

perceived choice

subscale of IMI

v4 = I am satisfied with my performance

v7 = I could control my activity


Discuss #3

Empirical findings Gamification design

guides such as

Zichermann & al. (2011)

list success factors.

How would you measure

success?

Make an educated guess

about how the success

factors relate to perceived

competence and choice.

factor gamification features

status let players publish and

compare their progress

access reward participation by

unlocking new features

power reward progress by making

the player more powerful

stuff reward achievement with

badges, avatars, …

adapted from

Zichermann & Cunningham (2011)


Applications: place marketing

Gamification objective Motivate players to go to

places which they would

probably not visit without

the game

Tourist geogames Mostly place-specific

geogames

Sintoris & al. (2014):

Design workshops for

creating a Pompeii game

www.ingress.com

XM can be collected at

some places only


Applications: geoinformation crowdsourcing

Gamification objective Increase participation:

demographically,

temporally, …

Improve data quality:

coverage, …

Noise mapping NoiseBattle:

Garcia Martí & al. (2013)

Noise busters:

Romano (2015)

Is there a shelter at the bus stop?

Do you feel safe at this place?

Yanenko, Schlieder (2012)


Agenda

Part I

What are geogames?

Part II


Part III



Games as a social medium

Playing experience Games connect their

players socially

First question Do we need a game?

In what way, if at all, do we

want to socially connect

our students, visitors,

customers, …? A geogame with a team

communicating face-to-face

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Geogames as a spatial medium

Playing experience Geogames also connect

with the geographic

environment

Second question Do we need a geogame?

What type of spatial

experience do we want our

students, visitors,

customers, … to have?

A pre-digital

location-based game


Gamification scenario

Principle Presents the design case

for a serious geogame

Scenario elements (1) Who? Players:

demographic, …

Where? Places:

geography, …

When? Period:

time of year or day, …

Scenario elements (2) What: Play activities

exploration, evaluation, …

Why? Problem:

Issue, the gamification

approach is meant to

resolve


Example: gamification scenario

OSM feature update scenario

Players

Who?

Contributors to OSM, especially less active ones

Places

where?

Coverage of OSM, that is, everywhere

Period

When?

Whenever someone chooses to contribute, that is, anytime

Play

What?

Evaluation: updating OSM features

Problem

Why?

Feature updates cluster around popular areas


Discuss #4

Gamification potential You plan an activity for

first year students on their

first day on campus.

Could this be a location-

based game? Justify your

answer.

The first two questions In what way, if at all, do we

want to socially connect

the students?

What type of spatial

experience do we want the

students to have?


Discuss #5

Gamification scenario Specify a gamification

scenario relating to the

topic „first day on campus“

First day on campus

Players

Who?

Places

where?

Period

When?

Play

What?

Problem

Why?


Geodesign: more than a conference series

Spatial planning design process models

Steinitz (2012)

participatory technologies

Batty (2013)

Cognitive scale environmental &

geographic space

“Geodesign will not be limited to any

particular scale of application, but my

experiences lead me to suggest that

we consider improving educations,

research, and action in the middle

range, from larger geographic areas

to watersheds and regions“


Geodesign principles as games

Game mechanics Steinitz (2012), p. 67

Principles for the design of

faunal preserves

Could be conceived as a

spatial allocation game

with better vs. worse as

stakeholder / player 1

vs. stakeholder / player 2

better worse


Research issues

General Can Geogames also

become a medium for the

Geodesign process?

More specific what phases of the

Geodesign process can

Geogames contribute to?

what technological

assistance facilitates using

Geogames?

what game mechanics are

most effective?


Geogames and Geodesign

Geogames Steinitz et al. 2003

Exploration

games

Learning to use / to read a

spatial design

How do I move from A to B?

What is the best place for

activity X?

How should the state of

the landscape be

described ...?

representation

How does the landscape

operate?

process

Evaluation

games

Learning to evaluate a

design

How do I feel about place A?

What would I need there?

Is the current landscape

working well?

evaluation

How might the landscape

be altered ...?

change


Geodesign exploration games

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Learning to read a changing urban design

Kremer, Schlieder, Feulner & Ohl (2013)

Proc. VS-GAMES, IEEE Press


Exploration patterns

Signal vs. noise What is not random about

an observed movement

pattern?

Focussedness measures a form of detour

sinousity

comparison to the shortest

path

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random walk

non-random walk


Artists as precursors

Le Flâneur,

Paul Gavarni, 1842

Literature Baudelaire: spatial

exploration as artistic

stance

Guy Debord (1956),

Théorie de la dérive

References Karen O´Rourke (2013)

Walking and Mapping:

Artists as Cartographers

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Random exploration

Drifting 2004, architecture festival,

Orléans, France

A psychogeographic walk

organized by Wilfried Hou

Je Bek

Spatial exploration based

on an algorithm

only non-digital hardware

(paper and pencil)

Orléans-la-Source

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Exploration algorithm

Spatial exploration an infinite loop repeating

three turn directions

Observation task participants were asked to

invent names for places

they encountered

„It´s for playing“,

„cestnuts on concrete“, …

first right

first left

third right

repeat


Discuss #6

Spatial analysis What trajectory does the

algorithm produce on a

square grid?


Loop pattern

incoming

direction

outgoing

direction

instruction

sequence


Algorithmic analysis

Instruction sequence Count the number of left

turns 𝐿 and right turns

𝑅 (ignore everything else)

If 𝐿 = 𝑅 and the incoming

direction is the same as

the outgoing direction,

then the overall movement

is translational

Otherwise a loop pattern

results with the special

case of a direct way back

loop

row

loop

back

=

loop


Real-world movement pattern

Spatial analysis The street layout in

Orléans-la-Source is not

grid-based

Most movement patterns

are neither loops nor

translations

Rules are incomplete there might be no 𝑛-th

street to the left/right:

dead-ends, T-crossing

1st R

1st L

3rd R

1st R

1st L

1st R2nd R

Exploration pattern in

Orléans-la-Source


Agenda

Part I

What are geogames?

Part II


Part III



Discuss #8

Exploration game How do you organize in

your team to come up with

a distance guess?

Can you identify an

exploration pattern?

Is there a landmark

selection pattern?

Which are disruptive

events for this version of

Guesstimate?


Playtesting Guesstimate

Pizza Pepedroni Incredible: the best pizza

in town is delivered on

campus by super fast

drones!

Just indicate your location

by specifying your

distance to four

landmarks. The drone

determines where to fly to

and, once landed, shows

its location on the map.

CC

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Pizza Pepedroni If your distance guesses

are inaccurate, you may

have to walk a few steps

to collect your pizza.

Try to guess the distances

as accurately as possible

to obtain a maximum

number of pizzas during

the next 10 minutes

CC

BY

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3.0

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𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

smart.uji.es

"𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠"


You should now be able to …

• Explain what geogames are

assess whether spatial gamification may help solving a problem

relate geogames to mobile and location-based games

give examples for serious games in education, tourism and VGI

• Create a gamification scenario

relate different types of geogames to the geodesign process

define the components of a gamification scenario

• Systematically play-test a game

explain why designers care about intrinsic player motivation

relate different cognitive spaces to different types of gameplay

analyze the mechanics of a spatial exploration game


Must read: Classics

Klopfer, E. (2008). Augmented Learning: Research and Design of

Mobile Educational Games, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Salen, K; Zimmerman, E. (eds.) (2006): The Game design reader. A

rules of play anthology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

von Borries, F.; Walz, S.; Böttger, M. (eds.) (2007): Space, Time,

Play. Computer, Games, Architecture, and Urbanism. Zürich, CH:

Birkhäuser.

Adams, Ernest; Dormans, Joris (2012): Game mechanics. Advanced

game design. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.

de Souza e Silva, A. (ed.) (2009): Digital cityscapes. Merging digital

and urban playspaces. New York, NY: Lang.

part i: location-based games geogames 1... · 2016-03-02 · schlieder | geogame design p. 23...

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