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Part I: Causes of the Civil War

Mr. McMurray US History EXPANSION

Cause 1

Missouri Compromise of 1820 n  Proslavery (South) and anti-slavery (North) states are

split 11-11 n  Why does this balance matter?

n  Balance of power in the senate is even n  Henry Clay becomes the “Great Compromiser”

n  Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, n  Maine would enter as a free state n  Balance is kept n  Created a Compromise Line at 36’30” latitude—above it would

be free, below it would be open to slavery n  Both sides dissatisfied

Manifest Destiny Wilmot Proviso (1846) n  New Territories after the Mexican War

n  Wilmot Proviso – No territory acquired by the Mexican War shall have slavery…didn’t pass

n  Served to enflame tensions over the slavery question in the West

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Compromise of 1850 n  Henry Clay at his finest…

n  California will be free n  Utah and New Mexico could decide on their own…

called popular sovereignty (Stephen Douglas) n  Included the Fugitive Slave Act

n  Northern states were forced to return runaway slaves to their masters or face fines and possibly jail time

n  Strengthened the movement for abolition in the North n  Emboldened the “conductors” of the Underground

Railroad to smuggle more slaves to the north

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) n  Calls for popular sovereignty

n  People rush to Kansas to vote on or “influence” the issue n  Kansas quickly becomes a hotbed for violence garnering

the nickname “Bleeding Kansas” n  Introducing: John Brown, “murderer or saint”

n  Massacre at Pottawatomie (1856) n  Lecompton Constitution (1857) push for slavery in

Kansas n  Did not pass, but stirred the pot even more

Westward Expansion & the Civil War Video Clip Supplement notes on the Compromises.

ACTIVISM & POLITICS Cause 2

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Abolitionism n  Derived from the word ‘abolish’ n  Definition: People who, mostly Northerners

—both black and white, morally opposed slavery and sought to end it.

n  They were REFORMERS

Abolitionists n  Frederick

Douglas n  William Lloyd

Garrison n  Harriet Tubman n  Sojourner Truth n  Wendell Phillips n  Grimke Sisters

Uncle Tom’s Cabin n  Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in

1853 n  Stowe came from a family of reformers

and was a harsh critic of slavery n  The book portrayed the brutalities of

slavery n  Book was widely read highly influential n  Upon meeting Stowe, Lincoln said “So

this is the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war”

Caning of Charles Sumner (1856) n  SC Congressman Preston Brooks believes

Sumner insulted his uncle SC Senator Andrew Butler n  "The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry,

and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight -- I mean the harlot, slavery.”

n  Brooks beat Sumner with his cane on the senate floor until he was unconscious.

Caning of Sumner DBQ Question Based on your interpretation of the documents, who do you think is responsible for starting the Civil War? Use the cartoon as evidence to answer the question.

Dred Scott Case (1857) n  The question: should a slave

taken north of the Missouri Compromise line (36’ 30’) be considered free?

n  The answer: NO! The courts ruled that Scott did not have the rights of citizens because he was a slave.

n  Court ruled the Compromise unconstitutional because it violated the property rights of slaveholders

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Harper’s Ferry: Brown’s Last Stand (1859) n  Brown tries to raid a federal arsenal and get slaves

to join him…he failed and was captured and hung n  Brown was a martyr to many Northerners who

shared his views…he was demonized in the South n  He hoped to inspire northerners to fight for abolition

Lincoln Becomes President

n  Election of 1860 n  Establishes the Republican Party n  Lincoln’s anti-slavery stance threatened the South

n  Secession Begins n  January 9th, 1861 – South Carolina becomes the first state to

withdraw from the Union…eventually all slave states follow n  Jefferson Davis is named president of the newly formed

Confederate States of America

Events Leading to War n  Let’s Recap… n  After discussing with your Think

Tanks, which of these causes do you think was most influential in terms of starting the war?

Visiting the sources… n  Grab your Foner books and turn to page 261. n  Read document 82. “The Lincoln-Douglass

Debates” n  As you read complete the notes sheet indicating

compelling points made by both men. n  When you finish, begin writing on the Chalk Talk

prompt – use your notes to evidence your answer.

Do Now n  Complete the chart listing the pros and

cons, for both North and South, for each of the compromises leading up to the Civil War we discussed last class. n  You have 10 minutes.

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Part II: The Civil War

Mr. McMurray US History

Fort Sumter n  1861 – The first

shots of the war are fired

n  Blockaded by the South à Lincoln sends food à Davis attacks before it gets there

Prediction… n  Most people thought this would be a short

and decisive conflict… n  Clearly Nostradamas had not weighed in!

Advantages

North n  More troops

n  Double the population n  More resources

n  Food, weapons n  More infrastructure

n  Especially railroads n  Established government

South n  On the defensive

n  “home field” advantage n  Skilled Generals n  Skilled and motivated soldiers n  Cut off cotton from the North

Strategies

North n  Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda

Plan” n  Blockade Southern Coast n  Take Confederate capitol of

Richmond, VA n  Shut down the Mississippi

River

South n  Fight defensively n  Protect our sovereignty n  Let them come to us… n  Invade when convenient

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Changes in Technology n  New weapons à more carnage

n  Rifled bulletsàààààààà

n  Submarinesààààààààà

n  Telegramàààààààààà

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

n  July of 1861 n  1st major battle n  Won by the Confederacy n  Confederate General Thomas Jackson earns the

nickname “Stonewall” n  Result:

n  Proved that both sides were in for a long and costly war

Important Leaders Union (North)

n  General Ulysses S. Grant n  Top Union General n  Relentless and successful

n  General William T. Sherman n  Grant’s right hand man n  “War is Hell”

Confederacy (South) n  General Robert E. Lee

n  Top General of the Confederate Army

n  Successful – Best Tactician n  General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson n  Lee’s right hand man n  Killed in battle

Review Checkpoint n  Why did Lincoln send food to blockaded

Fort Sumter? n  Who had the advantage in troop numbers?

Military leadership? n  What were the three points of Scott’s

Anaconda plan for Northern victory?

Battle of Shiloh n  March of 1862 n  Grant’s awakening

n  Must fight a strategic war…recon, fortification n  Southern ambush turns into a Southern defeat

n  Won by the Union n  Result:

n  Put Grant on the map n  A win by the North on the Mississippi indicates that the

Anaconda Plan may work

The USS Monitor (Union) v. The CSS Virginia a.k.a. Merrimack (Confed.)

Introduces ironclad ships into battle n  Resistant to cannon shells n  Wooden ships are now obsolete

n  The ships fight to a draw in March of 1862 n  Merrimack was intentionally destroyed

n  Result: n  The Merrimack’s failure to win helped to ensure that

the Anaconda Plan would work

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Confederacy’s Merrimack (left) Union’s Monitor (right) Antietam n  September 1862 n  Single Bloodiest Day in American History!!! n  23,000 casualties (dead, wounded, captured,

missing) n  More soldiers were casualties at the Battle of Antietam

than the deaths of all Americans in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Spanish-American War combined

n  The battle was a draw, strategic victory for the Union n  Significance:

n  McClellan gets fired n  Prevents European’s from aiding the Confederates n  Prompts Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation n  January 1, 1863 n  Freed the slaves n  Lincoln becomes

known as the “Great Emancipator”

n  Let’s read it…

Emancipation Proclamation – Comprehension Questions

n  In your notes, as you read SILENTLY, answer the following questions: n  Are all the slaves now free? n  Where does Lincoln tie freeing the slaves to the war

at large? Why do you think he finds this vital to the war effort?

n  What does Lincoln recommend slaves NOT to do? n  Find several details that Lincoln used to justify

emancipation.

Photos of Antietam by Matthew Brady Photos of Antietam by Matthew Brady

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Photos of Antietam by Matthew Brady Gettysburg n  5 reasons Lee invaded Pennsylvania :

1.  to disrupt the Union’s ability to attack the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia

2.  to draw the United States Army away from the safety of the defenses of Washington, D.C. and fight them in the “open”

3.  to take the war away from the farmers in Virginia who were having problems planting and harvesting crops, as both armies had been camping or fighting on their land for the previous two summers

4.  to “live off the land” and collect supplies to take back to Virginia

5.  to win a decisive victory on Northern soil in the hopes of bringing the Civil War to a close

Gettysburg

After three days of fighting July 1-3, 1863…

Image courtesy Library of Congress

… and 51,000 casualties killed, wounded, or missing

Image courtesy Library of Congress

Lee and his army left Pennsylvania and retreated back to Virginia. Never again would the Confederates invade a Northern state in large numbers.

Gettysburg The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was defeated

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The Aftermath In the United States…

n  The victories at Gettysburg

and Vicksburg increased the morale of the United States and its armies. Many people now felt that the war might be won.

In the Confederate States… n  The losses at Vicksburg and

Gettysburg decreased the morale of the Confederate States and its armies.

n  For most of the remainder of the war the Confederates would be fighting on the defensive.

Back at Gettysburg, the dead were buried in quickly dug battlefield graves.

The Aftermath

The Aftermath Most of the Confederate dead were left on the field in their shallow graves for eight to ten years until southern charity groups had most of the bodies taken away to cemeteries in the South.

The Aftermath

On November 19, 1863, a Soldiers’ National Cemetery was established at Gettysburg for the Union dead.

Gettysburg National Cemetery

A tourist attraction today.

The Aftermath Music was played and speeches were made, but the most significant speech, lasting approximately two minutes, was made by President Abraham Lincoln. His speech became known as the Gettysburg Address.

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Activity Let’s read the Gettysburg Address together.

The Aftermath Discussion 1.  “Four score and seven years ago” refers to what year?

2.  What happened in United States’ history during that year?

3.  For what cause(s) did President Lincoln believe the United States’

soldiers were fighting during the American Civil War?

4.  How can the nation make sure that free governments (democracies) “shall not perish from the earth?”

5.  What did the American people have to do to make sure that the United States’ soldiers who were killed in the War had not died “in vain?”

6.  What do you think Lincoln means by the phrase “…government of the people, by the people, for the people…?”

North Takes Control n  Gettysburg & Vicksburg – major Northern Victories n  Vicksburg gives Grant control of the Mississippi,

allows him to turn east n  Sherman’s March to the Sea & “Total War” end the

South’s hopes for victory n  April 3, 1865 – Grant takes Richmond n  April 9, 1865 – Lee surrenders at Appomattox

Courthouse ending the war

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Ok, so what’s next…? n  Over the course of the next several days

we will explore, Reconstruction, the term that refers to the aftermath of the Civil War and the struggle to ensure the rights of freed slaves and determine how to reincorporate Southern states into the Union.