part i becoming african chapter 1 africa. i. a huge and diverse land 2nd largest continent in the...
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Part I Becoming African
Chapter 1
Africa
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I. A Huge and Diverse Land
2nd largest continent in the world From North to South
several of climatic zones Desert, savannah, rain forest,
mountain ranges
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II. Birthplace of Humanity Fossil and genetic evidence
Out-of-Africa model Modern humans emerged
200,000 years ago Migrated to the rest of the
world 100,000 years ago “Eve” model
All modern humans from a single African woman
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III. Ancient Civilizations
Race debate Black Egyptians colonized
ancient Greece Became the originators of
Western civilization Modern racial categories
irrelevant to ancient Egypt Egypt influenced Greek and
Western civilization
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Egyptian Civilization
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Egyptian Society
Patrilineal/patriarchal Male dominated
Hierarchical Warriors, priests, merchants,
artisans, peasants Comprehensive bureaucracy
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Egyptian Society (cont.)
Women Owned property
Managed household slaves
Educated their children
Held public office
Served as priests
Operated businesses
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Egyptian Society (cont.)
Polytheistic religion Re (Ra): the sun god Osiris: god of the Nile
Immortality
Personal and state combined in kings
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Trade and Conquest
Nubia Egyptian colony ~ copper
and gold deposits Kush
Nubian independent kingdom
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Trade and Conquest
Meroe Africa’s first industrial center Iron deposits and geographic
location Axum
First Christian state in sub-Saharan Africa Influenced by Hebrew culture
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IV. West Africa Physically, ethnically, and
culturally diverse Savannah and forest
Home to a variety of cultures and languages
Divided labor by gender Lived in villages composed of
extended families
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West Africa
Accorded semi-divine status to their kings
Cultivated crops Tended domesticated
animals Produced iron tools and
weapons
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West Africa
Trade with North Africa Essential part of the
economy and kingdoms
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Ghana
First known kingdom in the western Sudan Founded between 4th and 8th
centuries CE Warfare and iron weapons
created an empire
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Ghana Commerce
Camel caravans Imported silk, cotton, glass beads,
horses, mirrors, dates, and salt Exported pepper, slaves, and gold mined
in another region and taxed passing through
Commerce and religion destroyed Ghana in the 12th century
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Empire of Mali, 1230-1468
Sundiata Reigned 1210-1260 Led the Mandinka to victory
over the Sosso in 1235
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Empire of Mali, 1230-1468
Larger than Ghana Greater rainfall More crops Control of Wangara gold
mines Population reached eight
million
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Empire of Mali (cont.) Commerce, bureaucracy and
scholarship Most merchants and rulers
Moslems by 1210s Converted to gain stature
among Arab states
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Empire of Mali (cont.) Timbuktu
Major trading hub Gold, slaves, and salt
Center of Islamic learning ~13th century
150 Islamic schools Cosmopolitan community
Religious and ethnic toleration common
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Empire of Mali (cont.)
Mansa Musa Reigned 1312-1337 Pilgrimage across Africa to
Mecca in Arabia Empire declined with
Musa’s death
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Empire of Songhai, 1461-1591
The last and largest of the Sudanese empires Sunni Ali
Reigned 1464-1492 Conquered people paid tribute Generally ran their own affairs
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Empire of Songhai (cont.)
-- Askia Muhammad Toure Reigned 1492-1528 Devout Moslem
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Empire of Songhai (cont.)
Expanded empire Centralized administration
of the empire Substituted taxation for
tribute
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Empire of Songhai
Established bureaucratic trade regulation
Used his power to spread Islam within the empire
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Empire of Songhai (cont.)
Askia Daud
Reigned 1549-1582 Songhai failed to adapt to
changing political atmosphere Portuguese established
trading centers along the Guinea coast
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Empire of Songhai
Arab rulers of North Africa threatened with loss of trade
King of Morocco sent mercenaries to Songhai in 1591
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Empire of Songhai
Defeated the Songhai army and empire fell apart
When Moroccans left the region
West Africa without a government powerful enough to stop the Portuguese
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West African Forest Region
Cultural diversification Small powerful kingdoms
Benin City Little influenced by Islam
or Christianity
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West African Forest Region
Trading center Gold, peppers, ivory,
and slaves By 17th century
dependent on slave trade
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V. Kongo and Angola Kongo-Angola region
Trade with the interior of the continent
Late 15th century rulers more welcoming of Portuguese Nzinga Mbemba tried to convert
kingdom to Christianity Unrest, Portuguese greed, and
slave trade destroy the kingdom
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VI. West African Society and Culture
Most were farmers Villages and hamlets
Extended families and clans Some patrilineal, others
matrilineal Produced cotton for clothes Variety of crops
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Women
Served as government officials in ancient Ghana Enslaved women in the royal
court of Dahomey also held official posts
Increased sexual freedoms West African women could have
male friends apart from relatives
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Women (cont.)
Sande: a secret society for women Taught sex education to girls Initiated into adulthood
(Poro: male secret society)
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Women (cont.)
Both societies established standards of Male and female
conduct Emphasized female
virtue and male honor
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Class and Slavery
Royalty Landed nobles, warriors,
peasants and bureaucrats Lower classes
Artisans and laborers: blacksmiths, butchers, tanners, and oral historians called griots
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Class and Slavery
Slavery Common in West Africa
More so in the savannah region than in forest areas
Variety of forms Not necessarily a
permanent condition
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Class and Slavery (cont.)
Islamic regions Masters responsible for
slaves’ religious well-being Non-Islamic regions’ children of
slaves
Legal rights Not to be sold from the
land they occupied
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Class and Slavery (cont.)
Slaves in royal courts or in the armies Owned property and often held
power over free people Agricultural slaves
Less fortunate Work and privilege for second and
third generation offspring similar to free people
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Religion
15th century West Africa Islam
Introduced by Arab traders More prevalent in cosmopolitan
areas The religion of merchants and
bureaucrats Fostered learning and building
mosques in West African cities
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Religion (cont.)
Indigenous religions Strongest in forest areas
Polytheistic and animistic One creator God and a
host of lesser gods
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Religion (cont.)
Saw the force of God in all things Ancestor worship,
magicians, and oracles Ceremonies and animal
sacrifices
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Art and Music
Related to religious practices Excelled in woodcarving and sculpture
Wooden masks and terra-cotta figurines Used in funerals, medical practices, and in
coming-of-age ceremonies
Musical instruments Drums, xylophones, bells, flutes, and
mbanzas
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Literature
Oral histories, poetry, and tales Specially trained poets and musicians
Served kings and nobles Views of common people also
represented
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Literature
Prose tales Human characters
Tales about creation, success, romance
Animal characters “Trickster tales” Entertained and taught lessons
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VII. Conclusion The history of African Americans
begins in West Africa. Family organization, work habits,
language, religious beliefs, legends, and more came to America and influenced the way African Americans and others lived in their new land.