PART 4 : Social PART 4 : Social InstitutionsInstitutions

Dr. Sadaf SajjadDr. Sadaf Sajjad

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions

A A social institutionsocial institution is an important is an important human organization in a culture group that human organization in a culture group that helps a society to survive.helps a society to survive.

Sociologists have identified Sociologists have identified government, government, religion, education , economy and religion, education , economy and familyfamily as the five basic social institutions as the five basic social institutions that are necessary for a society to survivethat are necessary for a society to survive

An easy way to remember the social An easy way to remember the social institutions is by using the initials institutions is by using the initials GREEFGREEF

• a group of social positions, connected

by social relations, performing a social

role.• also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to socialize the

groups of people in it.

*Universities, governments, families, and any people or groups that you have social interactions with.

Common Examples of Social Institution:

1.Community2.Community Service Organizations3.Educational Institutions4.Ethnic or Cultural Groups5.Extended Family Families and Households6.Governments and Legal Institutions7.Health Care Institutions8.Intellectual and Cultural Organizations Market Institutions 9.Political and Non Government Organizations10.Religious Organizations

Social Institutions Categories:

Institute of FamiliesInstitute of Families

Traditional Definition of Traditional Definition of FamilyFamily

Social unit of people related through Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or adoption who marriage, birth, or adoption who reside together in sanctioned reside together in sanctioned relationships, engage in economic relationships, engage in economic cooperation, socially approved cooperation, socially approved relations, and reproduction and child relations, and reproduction and child rearing.rearing.

Extended and Nuclear Extended and Nuclear FamiliesFamilies

Extended familiesExtended families are the whole network of are the whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit.form a family unit. Extended families are common among the Extended families are common among the

urban poor because they develop a urban poor because they develop a cooperative system of social and economic cooperative system of social and economic support. support.

The The nuclear familynuclear family is comprised of one is comprised of one married couple residing together with their married couple residing together with their children. children.

Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on FamiliesFamilies

Functionalism Meet the need to socialize children and reproduce new members.

Conflict Theory Reinforce and support power relations in society.

Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on FamiliesFamilies

Feminist Theory

Reflect the gender hierarchies in society.

Symbolic Interaction

Emerge so people can meet basic needs and develop relationships.

Diversity Among FamiliesDiversity Among Families

Families today are smaller with fewer Families today are smaller with fewer births that are more closely spaced.births that are more closely spaced.

Childbearing and child rearing now Childbearing and child rearing now occupy a smaller fraction of the adult occupy a smaller fraction of the adult life of parents.life of parents.

Death has been replaced by divorce Death has been replaced by divorce as the major cause of early family as the major cause of early family disruption. disruption.

Diversity Among FamiliesDiversity Among Families

Married couples make up a smaller Married couples make up a smaller proportion of households.proportion of households.

Single parent households, post-Single parent households, post-childbearing couples, and those childbearing couples, and those without children are increasingly without children are increasingly common.common.

MarriageMarriage

The values of partners, as well as the roles The values of partners, as well as the roles they play, influence their experience of they play, influence their experience of marriage.marriage.

Among couples where both partners are Among couples where both partners are employed, only 28% share the housework employed, only 28% share the housework equally. equally.

With the arrival of the first child, women With the arrival of the first child, women increase their housework and lessen their increase their housework and lessen their employment. employment.

MarriageMarriage

African American husbands provide a greater African American husbands provide a greater share of housework than White husbands.share of housework than White husbands.

Latino households have more diversity in Latino households have more diversity in gender roles than stereotypes about machismo gender roles than stereotypes about machismo would lead us to believe.would lead us to believe.

2/3 of women say the amount of work they 2/3 of women say the amount of work they have to get done during the day is a cause of have to get done during the day is a cause of stress.stress.

1/2 say that they feel resentment about how 1/2 say that they feel resentment about how little their mate helps around the house and little their mate helps around the house and about their lack of free time.about their lack of free time.

DivorceDivorce

The United States leads the world in the The United States leads the world in the number of people who divorce. number of people who divorce.

More than sixteen million people have More than sixteen million people have divorced but not remarried in the population divorced but not remarried in the population today.today.

Since 1960, the rate of divorce has more than Since 1960, the rate of divorce has more than doubled, although it has declined recently doubled, although it has declined recently since its all-time high in 1980.since its all-time high in 1980.

The marriage rate is 8.4 marriages per 1000 The marriage rate is 8.4 marriages per 1000 people and the divorce rate, 4.0 per 1000 people and the divorce rate, 4.0 per 1000 people.’people.’

Families and GlobalizationFamilies and Globalization

Changes at the global level are Changes at the global level are producing transnational families, producing transnational families, families where at least one parent lives families where at least one parent lives and works in a different nation than the and works in a different nation than the children.children.

Patterns of migration, war, and Patterns of migration, war, and economic development have a profound economic development have a profound effect on the social structure of families. effect on the social structure of families.

Families and Social PolicyFamilies and Social Policy

The family is often blamed for many The family is often blamed for many social problems the nation experiences. social problems the nation experiences.

Social policies designed to assist Social policies designed to assist families should recognize the diversity families should recognize the diversity of family forms and needs and the of family forms and needs and the interdependence of the family with interdependence of the family with other social conditions and social other social conditions and social institutions.institutions.

The Institution of The Institution of EducationEducation

Inside the SchoolsInside the Schools

Schools from an organization point of Schools from an organization point of view…effects of school sizeview…effects of school size

Curriculum expresses culture…whose Curriculum expresses culture…whose culture?culture?

Tracking in public schools, rarely in Tracking in public schools, rarely in private schoolsprivate schools

Teacher BehaviorTeacher Behavior

1000 interpersonal contacts each 1000 interpersonal contacts each dayday

Instructor, disciplinarian, bureaucrat, Instructor, disciplinarian, bureaucrat, employer, friend, confidant, employer, friend, confidant, educator…can lead to “role strain”educator…can lead to “role strain”

Difference of teacher expectations Difference of teacher expectations for different students…based on for different students…based on what?what?

Student Peer Groups and Student Peer Groups and AlienationAlienation

Students in vocational programs and headed Students in vocational programs and headed toward low-status jobs most likely to join a toward low-status jobs most likely to join a rebellious subculturerebellious subculture

Average 12 year old has seen 18,000 television Average 12 year old has seen 18,000 television murdersmurders

Four major types of college students: Four major types of college students: careerists, intellectuals, strivers, unconnectedcareerists, intellectuals, strivers, unconnected

Schools are far more than collections of Schools are far more than collections of individuals; they develop cultures, traditions, individuals; they develop cultures, traditions, and restraints that profoundly influence those and restraints that profoundly influence those in themin them

EducationEducation

Education is defined as the social institution guiding a society’s Education is defined as the social institution guiding a society’s transmission of knowledge — to its members. transmission of knowledge — to its members.

• Basic factsBasic facts• job skillsjob skills• Cultural norms and values Cultural norms and values

Education is one aspect of the many-sided process of socialization by Education is one aspect of the many-sided process of socialization by which people acquire behaviors essential for effective participation which people acquire behaviors essential for effective participation in society. in society.

• As schools grew larger, they became bureaucratizedAs schools grew larger, they became bureaucratized standardized and routinized, standardized and routinized, formal operating and administrative procedures formal operating and administrative procedures Successful schools foster expectations that order will prevail Successful schools foster expectations that order will prevail

and that learning is a serious matter. and that learning is a serious matter.

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The Instituition of Health, The Instituition of Health, Illness and AgingIllness and Aging

Sociological Perspectives on HealthSociological Perspectives on Health

From a sociological point of view, factors contribute to From a sociological point of view, factors contribute to the evaluation of a person as ‘healthy’ or ‘sick’. » the evaluation of a person as ‘healthy’ or ‘sick’. » (Schaefer & Smith, 2004).(Schaefer & Smith, 2004).

Because health is relative, we can view it in a social Because health is relative, we can view it in a social context and consider how it varies in different situations context and consider how it varies in different situations or cultures.or cultures.

Functionalist ApproachFunctionalist Approach Interactionist ApproachInteractionist Approach Conflict ApproachConflict Approach Feminist ApproachesFeminist Approaches

Public Health Efforts and Public Health Efforts and their Impact on Death and their Impact on Death and

DiseaseDisease Doctors treat "patients"; public health Doctors treat "patients"; public health officers treat communities and societies.officers treat communities and societies.

People tend to consider new medical People tend to consider new medical "breakthroughs" in contributing to reductions "breakthroughs" in contributing to reductions in mortality and morbidity.in mortality and morbidity.

However, public health and "social hygiene" However, public health and "social hygiene" efforts have contributed far more to health efforts have contributed far more to health than have medical measures:than have medical measures: Nowadays, most deaths are due to the three Nowadays, most deaths are due to the three

major chronic conditions: heart disease, cancer major chronic conditions: heart disease, cancer and stroke.and stroke.

The Organization of The Organization of HealthcareHealthcare

Healthcare services serve two functions: Healthcare services serve two functions: Direct service functions, and supportive Direct service functions, and supportive functionsfunctions

Direct Service:Direct Service: Individual, patient-based careIndividual, patient-based care Community-based careCommunity-based care

Finance functions:Finance functions: FinanceFinance SuppliersSuppliers RegulationRegulation RepresentationRepresentation ResearchResearch ConsultingConsulting

Social and Cultural Impacts Social and Cultural Impacts on Healthon Health

One's position in a social structure One's position in a social structure influences one's health in numerous influences one's health in numerous ways.ways. GenderGender Socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status OccupationOccupation Race and ethnicityRace and ethnicity AgeAge

Social Aspects of Aging:Social Aspects of Aging: Psychosocial, Psychosocial,

Retirement,Retirement,Relationship, and Societal Relationship, and Societal

IssuesIssues

Life extension and successful Life extension and successful agingaging

Science suggests an influence Science suggests an influence through exercise, diet, sleep, and through exercise, diet, sleep, and genetics genetics

Growing evidence to suggest that Growing evidence to suggest that psychological and sociological factors psychological and sociological factors also influence how an individual ages also influence how an individual ages

Why Do People Retire?Why Do People Retire?

Today, more people retire by choice Today, more people retire by choice than for any other reason.than for any other reason. Most people retire when they feel they Most people retire when they feel they

are financially secure.are financially secure. Some people retire when physical health Some people retire when physical health

problems interfere with work.problems interfere with work. People with jobs that are physically People with jobs that are physically

demanding tend to retire earlier.demanding tend to retire earlier.

Keeping Busy in RetirementKeeping Busy in Retirement

Organizations for retirees such as the Organizations for retirees such as the AARP have increased the availability AARP have increased the availability of activities and interests among the of activities and interests among the retired.retired.

Retirees volunteer and find ways to Retirees volunteer and find ways to provide service to others.provide service to others.

Volunteering supports a personal Volunteering supports a personal sense of purpose.sense of purpose.

Friends & Family in Late LifeFriends & Family in Late Life

As we care for our parents, we teach As we care for our parents, we teach your children to care for us. your children to care for us.

As we see our parents age, we learn As we see our parents age, we learn to age with courage and dignity. to age with courage and dignity.

If the years are handled well, the old If the years are handled well, the old and young can help each other grow. and young can help each other grow.

Unfortunately, we tend to segregate Unfortunately, we tend to segregate our age groupsour age groups

The Institution of The Institution of Economy, Work, Economy, Work,

Politics and Media IN Politics and Media IN SOciology.SOciology.

The EconomyThe Economy

The economy operates in a predictable The economy operates in a predictable manner.manner.

Goods: Commodities ranging from Goods: Commodities ranging from necessities to luxury itemsnecessities to luxury items

Services: Activities that benefit others Services: Activities that benefit others The economies of modern high-income The economies of modern high-income

nations are the result of centuries of nations are the result of centuries of social change.social change.

The social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods

and services

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution The earliest societies were hunters and The earliest societies were hunters and

gatherers with no distinct economy.gatherers with no distinct economy.

Four factors that made the economy a Four factors that made the economy a distinct social institution:distinct social institution: Agricultural technologyAgricultural technology

Job specializationJob specialization

Permanent settlements and tradePermanent settlements and trade

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution New sources of energiesNew sources of energies

Steam-fueled machine operationSteam-fueled machine operation Centralization of work in factoriesCentralization of work in factories

Impersonal factories replaced cottage Impersonal factories replaced cottage industries.industries.

Manufacturing and mass productionManufacturing and mass production Turning raw materials into a wide Turning raw materials into a wide

range of productsrange of products

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

SpecializationSpecialization Diverse division of labor and lower Diverse division of labor and lower

overall skill requirementsoverall skill requirements Wage laborWage labor

Working for strangers with intense Working for strangers with intense supervisionsupervision

Sectors of the EconomySectors of the Economy Primary sectorPrimary sector

Generates raw materials from the environmentGenerates raw materials from the environment Secondary sectorSecondary sector

Transforms raw materials into manufactured Transforms raw materials into manufactured goodsgoods

Tertiary sectorTertiary sector Generates services rather than goodsGenerates services rather than goods

Capitalism (west)Capitalism (west)

““Justice” in a capitalist system amounts Justice” in a capitalist system amounts to marketplace freedom.to marketplace freedom.

Three distinct features:Three distinct features: Private ownership of propertyPrivate ownership of property

Pursuit of personal profitPursuit of personal profit

Competition and consumer choiceCompetition and consumer choice

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services

are privately owned

Socialism (china)Socialism (china)

““Justice” in a socialist context means Justice” in a socialist context means meeting everyone’s basic needs in a meeting everyone’s basic needs in a roughly equal manner.roughly equal manner.

Three distinct features:Three distinct features: Collective ownership of propertyCollective ownership of property Pursuit of collective goalsPursuit of collective goals Government control of the economyGovernment control of the economy

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services

are collectively owned

Alternative SystemsAlternative Systems CommunismCommunism–A hypothetical economic ad –A hypothetical economic ad

political system in which all members of a political system in which all members of a society are socially equal (involving political society are socially equal (involving political system based on socialism) Russia. system based on socialism) Russia.

Welfare capitalism (welfare states)Welfare capitalism (welfare states)–An –An economic and political system that combines economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programsextensive social welfare programs

State capitalism (present china)State capitalism (present china)–An economic –An economic and political system in which companies are and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the privately owned but cooperate closely with the governmentgovernment

WORK and ProfessionsWORK and Professions

Theoretical knowledgeTheoretical knowledge Self-regulated practiceSelf-regulated practice Authority over clientsAuthority over clients Orientation to community rather than self-Orientation to community rather than self-

interestinterest

Prestigious white-collar occupations that require extensive formal education

POLITICSPOLITICSPower and authorityPower and authority

Power is the ability to impose Power is the ability to impose one’s beliefs or interests upon one’s beliefs or interests upon others, even in the face of others, even in the face of resistance.resistance.

Authority is the legitimate use Authority is the legitimate use of power.of power.

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Characteristics of a stateCharacteristics of a state

Organized governmentOrganized government TerritoryTerritory Legal systemLegal system Military forceMilitary force

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Institute of RELIGIONInstitute of RELIGION

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ReligionReligion religions is a universal found in every culture.religions is a universal found in every culture.

ReligionReligion was defined by Emile Durkheim as a was defined by Emile Durkheim as a “unified system of beliefs and practices “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things”relative to sacred things”

Durkheim stressed the Durkheim stressed the social social impactimpact of of religionreligion

• Interested in religious Interested in religious behavior within a behavior within a social contextsocial context

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Sociologically speaking, what Sociologically speaking, what isis religion?religion?

A social institution that develops in history and relates in A social institution that develops in history and relates in

some way to the supernatural, religion is a group some way to the supernatural, religion is a group

phenomenon that is concerned with responses to phenomenon that is concerned with responses to

existential questions (i.e big questions!). existential questions (i.e big questions!).

These questions are mediated by class, gender and age These questions are mediated by class, gender and age

and along with the responses, are expressed in a body and along with the responses, are expressed in a body

of beliefs, celebrated in a set of practices / rites, and of beliefs, celebrated in a set of practices / rites, and

advocate certain behavior (moral codes).advocate certain behavior (moral codes).

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Table : Sociological Perspectives on Table : Sociological Perspectives on ReligionReligion

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New Religious Movements New Religious Movements or Cultsor Cults

█ New Religious Movement (NRM): Small, secretive religious groups that represent either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith

– Similar to sects– Tend to be small– Viewed as less respectable than more

established faiths

Major religions of the worldMajor religions of the world•ChristianityChristianity•IslamIslam•HinduismHinduism•Chinese SyncretismChinese Syncretism•NonreligionNonreligion

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What is the function of the What is the function of the religious social institution?religious social institution?•Promotion of social orderPromotion of social order

•Central mechanism for social control Central mechanism for social control over behavior of peopleover behavior of people

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Defining ReligionDefining Religion

1.1. Religion is institutionalized.Religion is institutionalized.

2.2. Religion is a feature of groups.Religion is a feature of groups.

3.3. Religions are based on beliefs Religions are based on beliefs that are considered sacred, as that are considered sacred, as distinguished from profane.distinguished from profane.

Defining ReligionDefining Religion

4.4. Religion establishes values for Religion establishes values for behavior.behavior.

5.5. Religion establishes norms for Religion establishes norms for behavior.behavior.

6.6. Religion provides answers to Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.questions of ultimate meaning.

Exclusive and Inclusive Exclusive and Inclusive Religious GroupsReligious Groups

Exclusive religious groups have an Exclusive religious groups have an easily identifiable religion and easily identifiable religion and culture, including distinctive beliefs culture, including distinctive beliefs and strong moral teachings.and strong moral teachings.

Inclusive religious groups have a Inclusive religious groups have a more moderate and liberal religious more moderate and liberal religious orientation. orientation.

THANKYOUTHANKYOU

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