part 3 - modal verbs

8/10/2019 Part 3 - Modal Verbs

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PART 3

modal verbs

NGURAH AGUS SANJAYA ER, S.KOM, M.KOM

E-mail: [email protected]


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What is?

Modal Verbs:

Are special verbs which behave very

differently from normal verbs


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Differences

The Differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take -s in thethird person, example:

He can speak Chinese

She should be here by 9.00


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Differences

The Differences:

2. You use not to make modal verbs

negative even in simple present or

simple past, example:

He should not be late

They might not come to the party


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Differences

The Differences:

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in

past tenses or the future tenses,

example:

He will can go with us (not correct)

She musted study hard (not correct)


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Common modal verbs

can ought to

could shall

may should

might will

must would


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Ability: can, could, be able to

We use can:

to say that someone has an ability:Natasha can play the piano

to say an opportunity:She can go to the piano room


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Can and be able to

In present tense, be able to is a little more formaland less

usualthan can

Emma is good with computers. She can/is able to write

programs

But in some structures we always use be able to:

To-infinitive: Its nice to be able to go to the opera

After a modal verb: Melanie might be able to help us

Present perfect: Ive been able to get some work done


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Can and be able to

In future tense, we use canor will be able tobut not will

can

if we earn some money, we can go/will be able to go to

on holiday next summer

Im afraid I cant come/I wont be able to come tomorrow

But to suggest a possible future action we normally use can

Lets have a lunch together. We can go to that new

restaurant


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Could, was/were able to

For ability/opportunity in the past, we use couldor

was/were able to

Natasha could play (OR was able to play) the piano when

she was four

To say that the ability/opportunity resulted in a particular

action, something that really happened, we use was/wereable toand not could

Luckily Mark was able to finish the job in time


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Permission: can, may, could

Asking permission: we can, could or may to ask permission

anI use your pen?

ouldwe borrow your ladder for a moment, please?

May I see the letter?

Could often sounds more polite than can. Mayis ratherformal


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Giving and refusing permission: To give permission we usecanor may(but not could)

You can wait in my office if you like

You maytelephone from here (written notice)

Mayis formal and is not often used in speech

To refuse permission we use cant or may not (but notcouldnt)

Members may not bring more than two guests into the

club


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Talking about permission: we sometimes talk about rulesmade by someone. To do this we use can, could and be

allowed to. We use canto talk about the present and we

use couldfor the past.

Present: Each passenger cantake one bag onto the plane

Past: In the 1920s you coulddrive without taking a test

We can also use be allowed to.

Present: Each passenger is allowed to take one bag

Past: We werent allowed to look around the factory


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For a general permission in the past we use either could or

was/were allowed to

I couldalways stay / I was always allowed to stay up lateas a child

But to say that the permission resulted in a particular action,

something that really happened, we use was/were allowed

to(but not could)

I was allowed to leave work early yesterday


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Possibility & Certainty

May, might and could

We use mayor mightto say that something is possible or

that it is quite likely. We can use them for the present orfuture.

It may/ mightbe a bomb (= perhaps it is a bomb)

We can use couldto say that something is possible

The story couldbe true, I suppose (= possibly it is true)

You couldwin a million pounds (= possibly you will win)


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May, might and could in negative

The negative forms are may not, might not, and could not

- May not and might not(something negative is possible)

Daniel may notget the job

Tommight not

be in- Could not(something is possible)

Vicky is afraid of heights. She couldnt climb onto the roof


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Must: we use must when we realize that something iscertainly true

She isnt answering her phone. She must be out

I had my keys a moment ago. It must be here somewhere

ant

: we use cant when we realize that something is

impossible

We havent walked far. You cant be tired

Nick cant be touring Scotland. I saw him at schooljust

now


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Necessity (Must & Have to)

Present, past future

We use must and have to/has to to say that something is

necessaryYoull be leaving college soon, you must think about your

future

Were very busy at the office, I have towork on Saturday

morning

Mark has toget the car fixed


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And in other structures we also use a form of have to, not

must

To-infinitive: I dont want to have to wait in a queueAfter a modal verb: She might have to go to a dentist

Present perfect: Mark has had to drive all the way to

Glasgow


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For negatives and questions with have to/has to, we use a

form of do

I dont have to work on Sundays

Why does Andrew have to study every evening?

Did you have topay for your second cup of coffee?I dont have to work means that it is not necessary for me

to work


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Have got to: means the same as have to, but have got to is

informal. We use it mainly in the present.

I have to/ve got to make my sandwiches

My father has to/has got totake these pills

Do we have to/Have we got toapply for visa?


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Should & Ought to

We use should and ought to to say what is the best thing orthe right thing to do. There is no difference in meaning

Youre not very well, perhaps you shouldsee a doctor

Your uncle was very kind to me, I ought to write him a

letter of thanks

We can also use should or ought to in questions to ask for

advice

Where shouldI put this picture, do you think?

Its a difficult problem, how oughtwe todeal with it?


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Should & Ought to

After should or ought to we can use a continuous form (be

+ an ing-form)

Its half past six already, I should be cooking the tea

Why are you sitting here doing nothing? You ought tobe

working

She ought tobe studying for her exams

They should be watching the game by now


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Should & Ought to

Had better

We use had better to say what is the best thing to do in a

situation

Its cold, the children had better wear their coats

The neighbours are complaining, wed better turn the

music down

We could also use should or ought to in these examples,

although had better is stronger. The speaker sees the

action as necessary and expects that it will happen


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Should & Ought to

Be supposed to

We use be supposed towhen we are talking about the

normal or correct way of doing thingsThe guests are supposed to buy flowers for the hostess

This area is supposed to be kept clear of traffic

We can use was/were supposed to for the past

Its eleven oclock, you were supposed to be here at ten

thirty


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Will, would, shall & should

Will and Would for predictionsWe can use will for predictions

Its midnight but Sarah is still working. She will be tired

tomorrow

We use would for a past prediction or a prediction about a

possible situation

Past:At midnight Sarah was still working, she wouldbe

tired the day after

Possible: How about going to a movie? That wouldbe nice


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Decisions and refusalsWe can use will for an instant decision or for an offer

Tea or coffee? Ill have a coffee please

Ill wait for you if you like? Oh thanks, I wont be long

We usewont

orwouldnt

for a refusal

The strikers wontgo back to work until they get paid

The key went in the lock, but it wouldntturn

wont

... Is strong refusal (I wont obey your command )


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Shall and should

We use shall I... in offers and shall we... in suggestions

Offer: Shall I wait for you?

Suggestion: Shall wego to the park?

We also use shall to ask for a suggestion

What shall we have for lunch?

What shall we do while we wait for the bus?


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Shall and should

We use either shallor shouldto ask for advice

Im in terrible trouble. What shall/shouldI do?

We use shouldto say what is the best thing or the right

thing to do

People should exercise regularly

You shouldnt spend all your money as soon as youve

d it

part 3 - modal verbs

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