part 3: energy, water, climateny01813707.schoolwires.net/cms/lib...2. identify the month with the...

Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate

CANCRO – ‘19 Page 23

Name: Date: Earth Science Period:


CANCRO – ‘194

Greenhouse Effect The diagram below represents energy being absorbed and reradiated by the Earth. The graph below shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere over a 140-year period. Carbon dioxide concentrations are shown in parts per million (ppm).

1. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at A? _______________________________

2. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at B? _______________________________

3. Which type of energy from Earth is absorbed by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide?

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Identify two major greenhouse gases, aside from carbon dioxide. __________________________

5. What most likely caused the significant changes in CO2 concentration since 1860? ____________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Describe one way the glass in the greenhouse acts like the greenhouse gases in Earth’s

atmosphere. ___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere has undergone a large change in temperature due to the

presence of greenhouse gases. State the name of this layer. _____________________________

8. Explain how increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere increases global

temperatures. __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Explain why most scientists believe an increase in the greenhouse effect will cause sea levels to

rise. __________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. State one possible change humans could make to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse

gases added to the atmosphere each year. ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________



Atmospheric Transparency The diagrams show the general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudes during both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph below shows the air temperatures recorded at a city in the United States on two days in July: a clear day and an overcast day.

1. Approximately what percentage of the insolation actually reaches the ground at 45º North latitude

on a clear day? _________________________________________________________________

2. Which factor keeps the greatest percentage of insolation from reaching the Earth's surface on

cloudy days? ___________________________________________________________________

3. Why is the temperature on an overcast night warmer than a clear night? ____________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. For weeks after a series of major volcanic eruptions, how will Earth's surface air temperatures

change? Why does this occur? _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. State one other factor, aside from clouds and volcanic eruptions, that could change atmospheric

transparency. How will this change affect global air temperatures? _________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


CANCRO – ‘19Page 26

Material Radiation & Specific Heat 1. The diagram below indicates the amount of solar radiation that is reflected by equal areas of

various materials on Earth’s surface.

Equal areas of which surface would most likely absorb the most insolation? State two

characteristics of this surface that would cause it to absorb the most insolation. _______________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers on questions 2 through 4 on the diagrams below which represents four different samples of water, copper pennies, basaltic sand, and iron fragments. Each sample had a mass of 100 grams. Each sample was placed an equal distance from a light bulb and heated for a 30-minute period.

2. Which sample would have the greatest temperature change during the 30-minute heating period?

Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Which sample would have the smallest temperature change during the 30-minute heating period?

Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. After the 30-minute heating period, the light is removed and the samples are allowed to cool.

Which substance will take the longest time to reach room temperature? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________



The Water Cycle The diagram below represents Earth’s water cycle. Letters A through F represent processes occurring in the water cycle. Zone 1 and Zone 2 are locations in the soil. The zones are separated by the dashed line which is the water table.

1. Complete the table below by identifying and describing the water cycle process represented by

each letter in the diagram.

Letter Process Description

A

B

C

D

E

F

2. What is the main source of energy for the water cycle? __________________________________

3. State the name of Zone 1. ________________________________________________________

4. State the name of Zone 2. ________________________________________________________

5. Describe the soil permeability and the land surface slope that allow the most infiltration of

rainwater and the least runoff.

Permeability: __________________________ Slope: ________________________________

6. How will the amount of water infiltrating the soil change if the soil becomes saturated with water?

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. A portion of the land surface shown was recently paved with asphalt and concrete. Describe the

change in the amount of runoff and infiltration that will occur. _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. How many Joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water? ______________________



Movement of Water in the Ground The diagram below represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL of sediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well-sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape and size. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size of the sediment in each tube is labeled.

1. What is the upward movement of water in soil known as? ________________________________

2. What is the ability of soil to allow water to flow through it known as? ________________________

3. What is the ability for soil to hold water in open spaces known as? _________________________ 4. Water was added to each tube to just cover the sediments and the volumes of water added were

recorded. Which property of the sediments was being tested in this experiment? ______________

5. Identify the type of sediment found in tubes A, B, and C.

A: _____________________ B: ___________________ C: __________________

6. Which tube would have the greatest permeability? Explain your answer. ____________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, which tube would have the greatest

capillarity? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. For each graph below, draw a line to represent the relationship between particle size and the

variable on the y-axis.



Porosity The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.

1. How does the porosity of beaker A compare to the porosity of beaker B? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. How does the porosity of beaker A compare to the porosity of beaker C? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Ozone in Earth’s Atmosphere

Ozone is special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is composed of two atoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of oxygen. A concentrated ozone layer between 10 and 30 miles above Earth’s surface absorbs some of the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface is directly related to the angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun’s angle of insolation, the greater the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth’s surface. If the ozone layer were completely destroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface would most likely increase human health problems, such as skin cancer and eye damage.

1. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of

ozone gas exists. _______________________________________________________________

2. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth’s surface is beneficial to humans.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain how the depletion of the ozone layer is harmful to humans. ________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State

most likely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun? ____________________________



Factors Affecting Climate A generalized climatic moisture map of North America is shown below. Areas are classified as generally dry or generally wet, and then ranked by relative moisture conditions. Glacial and mountain climate areas are also shown on the map. Points A, B, C, D, and E indicate locations on Earth’s surface.

1. State two reasons why the climate at location A is more moist than the climate at location B.

1) ___________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2) ___________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. State the climate factor that causes a cold climate at location C. __________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain why location D has a cooler climate than location E. _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________



Coastal vs. Inland Climate

The average monthly temperatures for Eureka, California, and Omaha, Nebraska, are plotted on the graph. The map indicates the locations of these two cities.

1. Explain why Omaha, which is farther inland, has a greater variation in temperatures throughout

the year than Eureka, which is closer to the ocean. ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Identify the month with the greatest difference in the average temperature between these two

cities. ________________________________________________________________________

3. Identify the surface ocean current that affects the climate of Eureka. _______________________

4. Identify one city in New York State that has a latitude of 41˚N. ____________________________

5. Would you expect the city you identified in the previous question to have a temperature range

similar to Eureka or Omaha? Explain your answer. _____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Calculate the rate of change in the average monthly temperature for Omaha during the two-month period between October and December, as shown on the graph. Show your work.



Lake Effect Snow A lake-effect snowstorm occurred on November 16–19, 2008. On the snowfall map below, snow depths are indicated in inches at several points and by two labeled isolines. Dashed line AB is a reference line on the map between two recorded snow depths. The cross-sectional diagram below shows how lake-effect snowstorms form.

1. On the map above, draw the 9-inch and 12-inch snow depth isolines.

2. On the map above, draw one straight arrow in Lake Ontario to show the wind direction that most

likely brought this lake-effect snowstorm. 3. State the relationship that must exist between water temperature and air temperature for lake-

effect snow to develop. ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. State why locations east and southeast of Lake Ontario are more likely to receive lake-effect snow

than are locations west of the lake. __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain how clouds form. _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. This storm occurred while Lake Ontario was not frozen. Explain why snowfall amounts would have

been less if the lake had had significant ice cover. ______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Identify two hazards to human life or property that can result from a snowstorm of this size.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________



Global Winds The map below shows Earth’s planetary wind belts. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth’s atmosphere located between 30° N and 30° S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere.

1. What is the cause of winds? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the cause of the curving of planetary winds? ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Which wind belt has the greatest effect on the climate of New York State? ___________________

4. Which direction do the trade winds between 30˚S and the equator blow from? ________________

5. Which process causes the air movement shown in the cross section? ______________________

6. Which layer of Earth’s atmosphere is shown in the cross section? _________________________

7. Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge? __________________________ 8. In which planetary wind belt do most storms move towards the southeast? __________________

9. At which latitudes do currents of dry, sinking air cause the dry conditions of Earth’s major deserts?

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Describe the vertical air movement at 90˚N that causes dry conditions. _____________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Cross Section



Ocean Currents

1. Which Earth motion causes the Coriolis effect that results in the curving of the planetary winds

and surface ocean currents? _____________________________________________________

2. The map shows below two cities, Arica and Rio de Janeiro, located on opposite coasts of South

America. Both cities are near sea level. The graph shows the average monthly temperatures for the cities.

a. Why does Arica have cooler average monthly temperatures than Rio de Janeiro? _______

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. What evidence on the graph indicates that Arica and Rio de Janeiro are both located in the

Southern Hemisphere? _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. During an El Niño event, surface water temperatures increase along the west coast of South

America.

a. Which ocean current is found on the west coast of South America? ___________________

b. What is the normal temperature of this current? __________________________________

c. How will the air temperature and precipitation likely change in this region when the ocean

water warms during an El Nino event? _________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________



Orographic Effect The cross section below represents prevailing winds moving over a coastal mountain range.

1. Describe the temperature and humidity on the windward side of the mountain.

Temperature: _____________________ Humidity: _____________________________ 2. Describe the temperature and humidity on the leeward side of the mountain.

Temperature: _____________________ Humidity: _____________________________ 3. Describe how clouds form in rising air. _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Which phase change occurs as a cloud forms? ________________________________________ The map to the right shows the locations of three volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. The arrows represent the direction of the planetary winds. Points X and Y represent surface locations on the island. 5. Which letter represents the windward side of the mountain? ______

6. Which letter represents the leeward side of the mountain? _______

The map to the right represents an imaginary continent on a planet similar to Earth. 7. Which letter represents the windward side of the mountain? ___

8. Which letter represents the leeward side of the mountain? ____

9. What is the name of the planetary wind belt that letters C and D

are located in? ______________________________________

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