Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту УкраїниСумський державний університет

3081 МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ

до практичної роботи з навчальної дисципліни

“ПЕРЕКЛАД ДІЛОВОГО МОВЛЕННЯ”

для студентів спеціальності 6.030507 “Переклад”

денної форми навчання

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Суми Сумський державний університет

2011

Методичні вказівки до практичної роботи з навчальної дисципліни “Переклад ділового мовлення” / укладач І.К. Кобякова. - Суми: Сумський державний університет, 2011. – 46 с.

Кафедра германської філології

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Методичні вказівки до самостійної роботи розраховані на студентів 4-го курсу спеціальності «Переклад». Навчальний курс «Практика ділового мовлення» дає загальну уяву про базову термінологію, структуру речення та зміст головних статей типових контрактів, агентських угод, паперів спільного підприємства згідно з поточним законодавством України. Фрагменти контрактів є справжніми документами, які використовуються у різних галузях бізнесу: виробництві, торгівлі, сервісних послугах.

Спілкування у бізнесі, особливо міжнародному, — це процес, який потребує певних знань не тільки в економіці чи праві, але й навичок володіння мовою. Це стосується насамперед її письмових форм.

У матеріалах для навчання складання та перекладу ділової кореспонденції містяться найбільш поширені форми ділової кореспонденції для підприємств і установ, які мають зовнішні зв'язки. Текстовий матеріал дозволяє ознайомитися з типовими зразками листів-реклам, листів-замовлень, нагадувань, листів-рекламацій, кореспонденції, що супроводжує зовнішньоторговельні операції, документів, що подаються на конкурс на здобуття посади на спільному підприємстві (резюме, cv, заява (cover letter)); кореспонденції при оформленні кредиту тощо англійською, українською та російською мовами.

Методичні вказівки містять три типи вправ, які позначені різними піктограмами. Перший тип спрямований на отримання інформації з наданого документа чи з аналізу власного досвіду. Другий тип призначений для вивчення базової термінології та її еквівалентів трьома мовами. Третій тип — це власне вправи з перекладу.

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Методичні вказівки можуть бути використані для широкого кола студентів та усіх, хто займається письмовим міжнародним діловим спілкуванням на практиці.

UNIT 1. WRITING IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS.

It seems almost trite to say that a business letter stays one of the most widely used forms of professional communication in the twenty-first century.

Exercise 1. Divide into groups of two or three and make up a list of about 10 reasons of writing letters. Brainstorm the reasons of writing in the business world.

Business writing presupposes creating texts to be easily and qu ick l y read. Besides their message must be understood exactly as intended. Two crucial factors contribute to it: the form and ( l i e contents. Business letters can be easily told from any other type of correspondence.

Exercise 2. Look at the following letters. Can you tell the difference between them?

Letter 1.1OOO Супутник-Зв'язок

вул. Добролюбова, 17, Харків-77, УкраїнаШановний пане/ Шановна пані!

13 травня 2000 року о 19 годині в приміщенні нашого центральною офісу відбудуться урочисті збори та бенкет, присвячені річниці створення нашого спільного підприємства.

Запрошуються всі, хто брав участь у становленні підприємства.

Вхід у вечірньому вбранні.

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Просимо відповісти для отримання офіційного запрошення.З повагою,генеральний директор С. А. Алексеєнко

Letter 1.216th of July 2000

My dear Mary,This is just a note to ask you if you and Nick are free in the evening of July 25.We're cooing to have a little party at our place with ice-cream, music and alls for a wooden wedding is not a joke! Do get in touch soon and tell if you can make it.Love,Pete and Sarah

Exercise 3. To be more systematic in your analysis complete the following chart:

Letter 1 Letter 2Address Україна, Харків-77,

вул. Добролюбова, 1 7—

DateGreeting My dear МагуDate and place of invitation

13 травня 2000 року о 19 годині в приміщенні нашого центрального офісу

Reason of invitationPeople invitedType of meeting a little party

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Request to answerClosing

The table has given you an idea of difference in the structure and wording of ordinary and business letters both in English and Ukrainian. Leaving aside the content for a later consideration, pay attention to the first column of the table. It prompts − though very schematically − the structure or layout of a business letter.

One should take into account that the layouts of business letters in Great Britain (in the USA it is also a special case) and Ukraine/Russia differ considerably.

For business communication in English the complete 10-blocked layout is the following:

Letter 1.31 Company name (addresser / sender)

3 Company name (addressee/receiver)

2 References

5 Salutation 4 Date

6 (Indentation) ………………..... ……………………..………………………………………………………………………...7 Close

8 Signature

9 Name and Title of the addresser / sender

10 enclosures (Enc)

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It is not frequent nowadays that Ukrainian and Russian offices take the layout above even for domestic communication. However, the traditional 'Slavic' letter composition is different.

Exercise 4. Look at the letters and discuss the difference with your partner

Letter 1.5INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SERVICES PLC136 Bolton Road, Newbury, Berks, Great Britain

Your ref: Our ref: GF/CSMr. J.C. Cummings 347 East Oak Street BathGreat Britain

17 September 2000 Dear Mr CummingsThis letter illustrates the block form of the letter dress.It takes its name from the fact that the address, salutation, and paragraphs of the letter are arranged in blocks separated by double space without indentation, The block form presupposes no commas in some parts of the address (between the number of the house and the name of the street), in dates, salutations or closings (open punctuation).If you use computer for your correspondence, this is the layout you need.Yours sincerelyGeraldine A. Fisher Correspondence Supervisor

Letter 1.6INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SERVICES PLC

136, Bolton Road, Newbury, Berks, Great Britain Your ref: Our ref: GF/CS Mr. J.C. Cummings, 347 East Oak Street, Bath,

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Great Britain17th September, 2000

Dear Mr Cummings, This letter illustrates the indented form of the letter dress. It takes its name from the fact that all the paragraphs in the letter start are indented, punctuation is traditional, and everything looks the way it is in the books, newspapers and magazines we are reading. Yours sincerely, Geraldine A. Fisher, Correspondence Supervisor

Besides the mentioned differences, the position of the references, their composition, date and receiver's address may vary.

Consider the parts of the letter in particular.

1. Company name (see Letter 1.3)Also called "letterhead" as a part of a company's stationery.

Usually given as a printed or typed ready-made form. Contains the name of the firm, its profile (field of activity), emblem, address, telephone/fax numbers, its website or e-mail if any.2. ReferencesMeant for making processing correspondence easier. Each letter possesses its own reference number, no matter whether it is sent (Our ref) or received (Your ref). Companies have different systems of designating letters. As a rule, a reference consists of two parts separated by a slash. The initials of the author's name comprise the first part and his position or the letter topic − the second. So, if the letter was made up by John Smith, Sales Manager, the references may read the following: JS/SM.3. Receiver

Writing and especially translating addresses used to make some difficulty since 'Slavic' and British layouts differed considerably. Now one should mind that they have become almost the same for both home and international correspondence in Ukraine:

Compare the following:Тарасенко Є.А. Ms Edith Roberts (a)Голові компанії «Гермес-Трейдинг» (The) Sales Managerвул. Данилевського, 14 (б) Union Trading LTD

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61007, Харків-7 6 Carswood Street (b)Україна Redhill Surrey TQ1 6BD Great Britain

a. Addressing a male person English correspondents usuallyuse Mr, an unmarried female − Miss, a married one − Mrs;if the marital status of the woman-addressee is not clear Ms isused.

b. In the blocked layout in English the number of the buildingprecedes the name of the street without a comma.

Please mind that in translation it is not recommended to render Ukrainian вулиця, площа, майдан or Russian площадь, улица by English street, square, etc. and vice versa, to avoid confusion in mail delivery. Otherwise how to render such geographic points as въезд, тупик, переулок etc. in English? So, вулиця Данилевського in English will be Vulytsia Danylevskogo, not Danylrosky or Danylevskogo Street as well as Carswood Street will be Kapceyd Cmpim, not вулиця Kapcвуд.

Exercise 5. Translate the following:a. into English:Сергієнко О.П.Генеральному директоровікомпанії «Гермес»вул. Пушкіна, 3562018, м. Одеса,Україна

b. into Ukrainian:Ms. Helen ReesAdministrative ManagerMonitors plc302 Noms RoadReadingBerksGreat Britain

c. into English: Джону Філдінгу Голові економічного відділуЕштрі Стріт, 145 м. Лідз LQ1 НІЗ Великобританія

4. DateI n the Indented layout dates are given in the following way: 2nd

May, 1999/17th September, 2000, etc.; in the blocked layout they are 2 May 1999/17September 2000. In the USA the date indicates the month first, then the date and then the year, so 15 April 2002 wi l l look the following: 04. 15. 2002 or 04/15/2002.5. Salutations are used as follows:

− to a company: Dear Sirs,− to a person whose name you know: Dear Mr Brown/ Dear

Ms Rees / Dear Dr Davis,11

− to an individual or an organization (e.g. a Personnel Man-fger) whose name you do not know: Dear Sir or Madam,

− to a friend: Dear Helen/ Dear John. 6. Indentation

See Letters 1.5 and 1.6.7. Close

Note the following correlation between the salutation and the close:

Dear Sire, Dear Sir or Madam − Yours faithfully, Dear Ms Roes, Dear Mr Brown, Dear Dr John − Yours sincerely, Dear Helen, Dear John − Yours/ Best wishes/ Yours sincerely (formal).

8. Name and TitleNote that in English letters and other papers the name precedes

the position of a person: John Smith, Sales Manager; whereas in Ukrainian or Russian papers the position of a person has priority over his/her name. If the letter is written or signed on behalf of someone else, the signature may be preceded by pp (which means in Latin per pro “for” and “on behalf of”) or simply for.9. Enclosures

If the letter is accompanied by some other papers, they are always mentioned in this block, either by simple enumeration: cata-logue and 3 application forms or by a number of enclosures: Encs: 4.

Exercise 6. The letter has been revised by Mr Thompson for so many times that it has become mixed up, and his own word processor has failed to reorganize it. 1) Arrange the letter so that everything is in the right place; 2) translate it into Ukrainian keeping in mind special features of its layout, address writing, etc. in the lan-guage. The first point in the letter is:

(2) WIDGETRY LTD(3) Pine Estate, Westhornet, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NY telephone/fax: +44 (0) 9017 234565 e-mail: simtome@widgetry.com.uk site: http://www.widget.com

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(1) Simon Thompson (6) Yours sincerely(7) James Bowers Sales Manager Electroscan Ltd Orchard Road Estate Oxbridge UB8 4SF

(2) WIDGETRY LTD(4) I look forward to hearing from you.(10) 15 July 2000

(5) Your ref : MS/22 Our ref: ST/88

(11) Dear Mr Bowers (8) Production Manager

(9) Thank you for your letter.I am afraid that we have a problem with your order since the manufacturers cannot supply it until September. Would you prefer us to supply you with a substitute or would you rather postpone the order?

UNIT 2. LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS LETTERS

Exercise 1. Look through the letter below. What do you think is wrong about it?

Letter 2.1

Browntown Productions LTD27 Brownlee road, Catford, Lids SE6 4PH, U.K.

John AdamsSakes Manager

International Computer Services136 Bolt Road

Newbury Berksour ref: BD/ob You ref: DH/as date: Catford, 29, Fabruary, 2001 Dear mr. John HicksI cannot express my gratitude for your previous letter.Actually, it was the only one I got since my hoildays I wonderfully spent in the Cyprus. Our office was moving, so now we are in a good place of the city. Anyway, what do you really think of my proposition? Please keep in touch. Hope to hear from you soon. Bye.Business Manager

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Besides a great number of mistakes in layout you can correct now, the language and logics of the text are far from satisfactory.

Good writers in the business world know how to choose their words. The communication must achieve its goal otherwise time and energy are wasted.

The business world communicates in a language different from that of everyday communication. It refers to vocabulary, grammar, and even spelling.

This exercise demonstrates that business lexicon in translation may present difficulties since word combinability is different in different languages.

Exercise 2. Complete the chart with the missing English or Ukrainian version of the phrase.

Opening phrasesWe have received your letter of... and have pleasure in giving you full information on...In reply to your letter of... we wish to inform you...

Повідомляємо Вам подробиці щодо...Звертаємося до Вас зі спеціальною пропозицією такого...

Thank you very much for the order received this morning.

We are writing to confirm our arrangement...

Просимо вибачення за...Please accept our apologies for...

Шкодуємо про затримку...We enclose...

Також додається...Thank you again for your help. We will be ready to serve you in every way possible.

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Дякуємо Вам за швидку відповідь

We look forward to hearing from you soon.

Будемо вдячні за Вашу швидку відповідь

We much appreciate your interest in the matter.

У разі необхідності подальшої інформації звертайтеся до нас якнайшвидше

We trust this information will be of assistance to you.

У випадку, якщо ми зможемо надати Вам дієву допомогу, будь ласка, повідомте про це

I should be grateful if you would grant me an interview...RSVP (repondez s'il vous plait).With kind regards.

3 найкращими побажаннями

Exercise 3. Rewrite Letter 2.1. taking into consideration the Golden Conditions.

Exercise 4. Translate the following letter fragments:a. into Ukrainian:Dear SirsThank you very much for the letter of 23 November, 2003, which

we received this morning.In reply to it we wish to inform you that our firm will consider

your offer as soon as possible.We much appreciate your interest in the matter. The moment we

can let you have a definite answer, we will contact you.15

Thank you again for your help.With compliments and best wishes.J. DowelAssistant Managerb. into English: Шановна міс Джонсон!

Дякуємо Вам за розміщене у нас замовлення на новітні комп'ютерні системи.

Із задоволенням додаємо до листа каталог нашої фірми, в якому Ви зможете ознайомитися з нашими розробками програмного забезпечення.

Сподіваємося, що наші пропозиції виявляться для Вас при-йнятними.

З нетерпінням чекаємо на Вашу відповідь. Начальник відділу збуту А. Пономаренко

UNIT 3 . REMINDING. APOLOGIZING FOR DELAYS

a. RemindingExercise 1. Think of the cases when you had to remind or

were reminded about something. Do you have an experience of getting formal letters reminding you- about something (necessity to pay for electricity or to return a book to the library). Do you remember how it was formulated? Share your experience with the group.

Though communication has become much easier and more efficient now, letters are sometimes lost or correspondents are o busy to attend to your messages.

Exercise 2. Write in Ukrainian Letter 3.1 Letter 3.1

The Black Company Green Street, Maidenhead, Berks, SL6 DH5, UKUkraine Trading Co. Your ref:

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3 Hreshchatik Our ref: MW/DMKyiv 01002 Ukraine

16 September 2005 Dear Sirs On 1 July I wrote you a letter requesting details of your special trade discounts on crap-iron but I have hot yet received your reply. The details are required urgently and I should be grateful if you could send them without further delay. Yours faithfully M. Worship Manager

Complain that you have had no reply to your previous letter asking for a catalogue with a pro forma invoice. Threaten to place your next order with an alternative supplier.

b. ApologizingConsider Letters 5.4 and 5.5 paying attention to the underlined

phrases. There is a difference between them. Can you see it?

Letter 3.2

Українська трейдингова компаніявул. Хрещатик, 13 Київ, 01002, Україна

The Black Company Green Street, Maidenhead Berks SL6 DH5 UK

Вхідні: MW/DM Вихідні: 78/64-26.09.05

26 вересня 2005Шановний пане!

Дякуємо Вам за Ваш лист від 16 вересня, який ми одержали сьогодні вранці. Я повинен вибачитися за затримку з відповіддю на Ваш лист від 1 липня. На жаль, багато наших співробітників були відсутні через

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хворобу. Це призвело до затримки з відповідями на Ваші листи.На Ваше прохання я додаю докладну інформацію щодо наших

торгових знижок та чекаю на Ваше замовлення.

Щиро ваш, помічник менеджера М . Степовий

Letter 3.3

Ukraine Trading Co. 13, Hreshchatik, Kyiv 01002, Ukraine

The Black Company Your ref: MW/DMGreen Street, Maidenhead Berks SL6 DH5 Our ref: 78/64-26.09.05UK

6 October 2005

Dear SirThank you very much for your letter of 4 October.

We sincerely apologize for the delay in replying to this and your previous letter. We have recently moved our main office and this has resulted in some considerable, delay in replying to enquiries. The move has now been completed and I can assure you that there will be no more delays in future.The details you require are enclosed and I hope that you will now continue-to use us as your main supplier.

Yours faithfully Mykola StepoviyAssistant Manager

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UNIT 4. REPORTING ERRORS IN DELIVERY AND APOLOGIZING FOR THEM. DEALING WITH COMPLAINTS ABOUT WRONG DELIVERY

a. Reporting errors in delivery and apologizing for themExercise 1. Consider Letter 4.1 paying attention to its

wording.

Letter 4.1

Textile Co. Ukraineвул. 50-річчя CPCP, 135/45, 61057, Харків

Roots Ltd.Аргіл Вей, 17

Ессекс Челмсфорд

Великобританія ES1 6DPВхідні:Вихідні: 13/68В-16.07.05

16 липня 2005 р. Шановний пане,

Замовлення MDX/13/68B Ми одержали вищезазначене замовлення сьогодні вранці.

Здається, що вантаж у доброму стані за винятком контейнера № 17. Ми робили замовлення на 600 комплектів бавовняних тканин, тоді як в контейнері ми знайшли лише 400.

Нам потрібні ці комплекти для здійснення постачань нашим замовникам. Тому ми просимо Вас терміново надіслати нам 200 комплектів.

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Щиро Ваш, заступник менеджера С. Ніконенко

Exercise 2. Read the letter of apology for the error (Letter 4. 2 ) , completing it with the following words and expressions.

are very sorry under separate cover 16 July 2000inconvenience caused you Export ManagerMDX/ 13/ 68B 200 sets

Letter 4.2

Roots Ltd.17 Argyle Way, Chelmsford, Essex ES1 6DP

United KingdomTextile Co. Ukraine135/45 Vulytsia 50-Richchia SRSRKharkiv 61057 .Ukraine

Your ref: 13/68B-16.07.05 Our ref: CM/EM

26 July 2005Dear Mr. Nikonenko

Order №_____________

Thank you for your letter of__________We_________________to learn that a mistake was made in packing your order. The additional________have now been despatched by British Airways from Gatwick Airport and the documents have been mailed to you_________ .Please accept our apologies for the________________this error has _____ .

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Yours sincerely COLIN MARSHALb. Making complaints about wrong delivery and dealing with them

Exercise 3. Consider the following complaint about an incorrect delivery.

Letter 4.3

Textile Co. Ukraine135/45, Vulytsia 50-Richchia SRSR, 61057, Kharkiv, Ukraine

Roots Ltd.17 Argyle Way Your ref:Chelmsford Our ref: 13/68B-16.07.05 Essex ES1 6DP United Kingdom

16 July 2005 Dear Sirs

Order №MDX/13/68B We have received the documents and taken delivery of the above order which arrived at Piraeus on the M. V. Victory.

On checking the goods we found out that crate №17 contained only 400 sets of cotton cloth, although 600 had been entered on both the packing list and the invoice.

The full consignment is urgently required to complete orders for two of our major customers so it is absolutely essential that you ship the additional 200 sets of cotton cloth by the earliest possible flight from London.This is the third time in the last twelve months that you have short-shipped one of our orders.

If there is any further repetition of this we will be forced to look for an alternative supplier.

Yours faithfullySergiy Nikonenko Assistant Manager

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Exercise 4. Consider the answer (Letter 4.4) apologizing for the error. Mind its wording.

Letter 4.4Roots Ltd.17 Argyle Way, Chelmsford, Essex ES1 6DPUnited Kingdom

Textile Co. Ukraineвул. 50-,річчя CPCP, 135/45

61057 ХарківВхідні: 13/68B-16.07.05 Вихідні: CM/EM23 липня 2005 p.

Шановний пане Ніконенко!

Замовлення MDX/13/68B Дякуємо Вам за лист від 16 липня. Нам було дуже прикро дізнатися про помилку, що була зроблена під час пакування контейнера № 17 зазначеного замовлення. 200 комплектів бавовни, яких бракувало, було надіслано сьогодні вранці компанією «Брітіш Ервейз», папери вже надіслані Вам поштою.

Ми просимо вибачення за незручності, спричинені Вам цією та двома попередніми помилками. Запевняємо Вас, що ми зробимо все, щоб подібного більше не траплялося.

Щиро Ваш, менеджер з експорту Колін Маршал

c. Disclaiming responsibilityExercise 5. Consider Letter 4.5 disclaiming responsibility for an

alleged mistake in the delivery.Letter 4.5

Roots Ltd.17 Argyle Way, Chelmsford, Essex ES1 6DPUnited Kingdom

Textile Co. Ukraineвул. 50-річчя CPCP, 135/45

61057, Харків

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Вхідні: 13/68B-16.07.05 Вихідні: CM/EM21 липня 2005 p.

Шановний пане Ніконенко!

Замовлення MDX/13/68BДякуємо Вам за лист від 16 липня. Нам було дуже прикро дізнатися

про помилку, яка була зроблена під час пакування контейнера № 17 зазначеного замовлення.

Як тільки нам стало відомо про цю проблему, наші транспортні агенти негайно зайнялися цим питанням. Виявилося, що контейнер № 17 не міг бути навантажений більше, тому що його власна вага перевищувала нормативну у півтори рази. Таким чином, це коштувало нашій фірмі додаткових 280 фунтів стерлінгів. За нормальних обставин ми повинні були б стягнути з Вас цю суму, але беручи до уваги незручності, про які Ви написали, ми не маємо наміру висувати проти Вас претензії.

Ми дуже шкодуємо з приводу труднощів з постачанням, які має Ваша компанія, але, на жаль, ми не можемо взяти на себе відповідальність за них: згідно з пунктом 14 нашого Контракту. Тепер, коли Ви знайомі з усіма фактами, сподіваємося, що Ви відкличете свою претензію до нас та погодитесь з нашим рішенням.

Щиро Ваш, менеджер з експорту Колін Маршал

Letter 4.6

Textile Co. Ukraine135/45 Vulytsia 50-Richchia SRSR Kharkiv 61057 Ukraine

Roots Ltd.17 Argyle Way Your ref: CM/OH3Chelmsford Our ref: СН/скл2Essex ES1 6DPUnited Kingdom

30 July 2005

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Dear Sir

Order № MDX/13/68B

We were astonished to receive your letter of 21 July. We would have thought that a respectable company such as yours would have accepted, not denied, your responsibilities.We must repeat, the problems that we have experienced are due to your negligence, not ours. In view of the business we have lost, we consider our request for an additional delivery very reasonable We would like to hear from you by return of post, but must point out that unless you settle our claim in full you leave us no alternative but to place the matter in the hands of our solicitors. Yours faithfully

Sergey Nikonenko Assistant Manager

Exercise 6. Match phrases of complaints formulated in common language with those of formal correspondence.

1.to get papers2.to take these goods3.you will have to pay when the goods

are returned to you4.the goods are rubbish5.thrown without care6.sell these goods7.ship8.to tell

a. we are returning the shipment to your carriage forwards and shall expect a full ref undb. merchant vesselc. accept this consignmentd. the products are not satisfactorye. to receive documentsf. roughly handledg. to informh. to retail the consignment

Exercise 7. Using phrases from task 4.31) correct the layout and content of the letter draft and 2) translate it into Ukrainian.

Letter 4.7Ukraine, Kharkiv 6156, Vul. Petrovskogo, 17

24

UNIVERSUMThe Sales manager Our ref. SK/lpSeymore Furniture Ltd. Your ref: HP/13Tib StreetMaidenheadBerks SL6 5DS

15th of October 2001Pear Sir,

Yesterday we got papers and a cargo of steel garden furniture against our invoice No. 3190/1 brought to Odessa by a ship ODESSA.

The crates were damaged on the outside, and look as if they had been thrown without care. When we unpacked them we found that some of the chair legs were bent and rusty, the goods are rubbish.

I told to the ship company that we cannot take these goods from you, and they have contacted your insurers. As we will be unable to sett, these goods m our stores, you will have to pay when the goods are returned to you.

Yours faithfully, Managing Director, Cynthia Kerr

Exercise 8. Complete the following task; складіть українською мовою листа-відповідь на лист 4.7, поданий вище, де Ви вибачаєтеся за помилку та обіцяєте зробити якнайшвидше заміну меблів з компенсацією збитків.

Exercise 9. Write a letter to Wallace Hooper ріс, 16 Wan-nock Street, Poole, Dorset from «Станкострой», ул. Каштановая, 131, г. Воронеж, Россия in English. Complain that 6,000 E37 drills were missing from Order № HL/4270/QR2. Say that the drills are needed urgently and have now been purchased from a Japanese company.

Exercise 10. Answer the letter from task 4.6 in Russian. Say that it was not your fault since the number of drills exceeded the cargo weight allowed per consignment. The firm had to pay extra for the overweight. However, it is not going to claim damages from Stankostroy because the latter has lost some business through the lack of drills.

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UNIT 5. REQUESTING, GRANTING, REFUSING TO GRANT CREDIT

a. Requesting credit

Credit facilities will only be granted by a supplier if the customer can satisfy one or more of certain requirements. In groups of four or five discuss possible conditions of favourable decision of the company to grant credit to a customer.

Exercise 1. Consider the following letters requesting credit, paying attention to the underlined words and phrases.

Letter 5.1

UkrProm Ltd.123/35 Vulytsia Chervonoarmiyska, Kyiv 01245, Ukraine

e-mail: prom.lit@net.ukThe Sales Director Your ref:R.G. Electronics AG Our ref: SS/MDHaumart 323D-6000 Frankfurt-MainGermany

3 December 2005Dear Mr. Mainz

We have now been purchasing goods from you for nearly 18 months. In the coming year we intend to increase our regular orders and will probably double the volume of our business with you. Our present method of payment is by Letter of Credit. However, with the proposed increase in business this will become inconvenient, therefore we would like you to supply us on monthly terms, payment against statement

26

within 30 days. As referees we can offer Satex Co. of Via di Pietra, Roma 00146, Italy,

with whom we have traded for six years, and our bankers, Barclays (East European Branch in Prague, Czech Republic).

We look forward to receiving your early reply.Yours sincerely

S. Stepanenko Managing Director

Letter 5.2

ТОВ. СПЕЦЕЛЕВАТОРБУДвул. Ливарна, 123/1834675, м. Дніпропетровськ Україна

P. Х'юз енд Сан Лімітед Мід Роуд, 21 Свонси Гламорган 3ST 1 DR

ВеликобританіяВхідні:Вихідні: 45ЛР/45 Г 23 квітня 2005 р.

Шановний пане Х'юз. У найближчий час ми маємо намір розмістити у Вас велике замовлення, тому нам хотілося б знати про умови отримання кредитів, що надає Ваша компанія.

Як Ви знаєте, впродовж останніх місяців ми розміщали у Вас низку замовлень та здійснили їх швидку та точну оплату, таким чином, я сподіваюся, наша компанія знаходиться у Вас на доброму рахунку. Незважаючи на це, у разі необхідності ми можемо надати рекомендації, наприклад, від компанії «Інтерімпорт» (вул. Зелена, 12, м. Тула, Росія). Прошу сповістити мене, чи ми зможемо сплачувати наступні рахунки за кредитними умовами: скажімо, щоквартально з подальшою повною оплатою за розрахунками.

Щиро Ваш,27

помічник менеджера з комерційних питань О. Василюк

с. Giving favourable credit references. Granting credit

Exercise 2. Consider Letters 5.3-5.47 giving favourable credit reference and granting credit. Pay attention to their wording.

Letter 5.3Satex Co.

Via di Pietra, 00146 Rome, ItalyR. G. Electronics AGHaumart 3230-6000 Frankfurt-MainGermany

Your ref: HM/am Our ref: PC/GM

13 January 2006

Dear Mr. Mainz I am replying to your letter of 20 December 2005 in which you enquired about Ukrprom of Kyiv, Ukraine. We contacted them yesterday and they confirmed that they wanted M5 to act as their referees, and I am pleased to be able to do so.

The firm has exrpllent reputation in Ukraine for both service and the wav they conduct their business with their associates in trade.

We have traded with the company on monthly terms for three years and they have always settled their accounts promptly. We consider the credit limit you propose to hp appropriate.

We hope that this information will be of assistance to you.

Yours sincerelyP. Causio

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General Manager

Letter 5.4

R G . Electronics AGГаумарт323, D-6000. Франкфурт-на-Майні. Німеччина

Ukrprom Ltd.вул. Червоноармійська, 123/35

35245, Київ Україна

Вхідні: SS/MD Вихідні: НМ/сr

20 січня 2006 р.

Шановний пане Степаненко! Дякуємо Вам за лист від 3 грудня 2005 p., в якому Ви просите надати Вам можливість щомісячної плати за замовлення за рахунками-балансами протягом 30 діб. Ми маємо намір погодитися з цими умовами, які можуть набрати чинності негайно. Кредитний ліміт під час кожної операції має становити не більше 10 000 доларів США. Ми з нетерпінням чекаємо на Ваші замовлення в наступному році. Щиро Ваш, фінансовий менеджер X. Майнц

Exercise 3. Complete in Ukrainian and translate into English the following letter: компания «Фруктэкспорт» (ул. Садовая, 16,13436, Киев, Украина) попросила рекомендацию у компании «Укрэкспорт» (ул. Продольная, 34/56, Киев, Украина) по поводу фирмы «Экспресс» (ул. Строителей, 45, 61234, Харьков, Украина). Компания «Укрэкспорт» извещает, что фирма «Экспресс» часто задерживала оплату счетов и советует

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компании «Фруктэкспорт» воздержаться от предоставления кредита.

Letter 5.5«Укрекспорт»вул. Продольна, 34/56, Київ, Україна

Вхідні: «Фруктекспорт»Вихідні: ПК-34/41 вул. Садова, 16 Київ, 13436 Україна

17 квітня 2005 р. Шановний (1) ____________!Дякуємо Вам за (2) __________ від 10 квітня щодо (3)_____

Ми провели (4) _______________. Однак повинні зауважити, що (5) _________________________________________.

Ми радили б Вам (6)_______________________ та вважаємо, що відмова (7) _____________________________________________.

Нагадуємо, що (8) ____________________________________.

Щиро Ваш, генеральний менеджер П. Сидорчук

UNIT 6. OVERSEAS PAYMENT

Letters of credit (L/C) in the import/export trade have been used to enable an importer to make a quick and guaranteed payment of a due sum for the goods or services to the overseas exporter.

Exercise 1. Consider the following stages of an irrevocable credit transaction and organise them in the appropriate order.1. The agent notifies the exporter that the credit has been opened.2. The importer's bank pays to its agent and sends the documents to the importers so that he can claim the goods.3. The importer agrees to pay by documentary credit and entrusts his bank to take charge for it by completing a special application form.

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4. The agent's bank sends the documents to the importer's bank and charges it for all goods, services and interests.5. The exporter requests payment for his goods and services by the Letter of Credit.6. The exporter ships the goods and sends the documents to the agent, who may immediately pay against them to the exporter.7. The importer's bank connects with its overseas partner (agent) and notifies him that the credit has been opened.

The Bill of Lading (b/1 or blading) is the most important document in shipping as it is a document of title, i.e. gives ownership of the goods to the person named on it. There are some important phrases, which influence the type and content of the b/1.

Exercise 2. Match the phrases in English with their Ukrainian equivalents.

order b/1 картель судновласниківa shipped b/1 (shipped on board) документи змішаних перевезеньfreight prepaid фрахт сплаченоclean партія вантажу без пакункаdirty/closed ордерний коносаментto charter a ship склад для зберігання вантажу, за

який не було сплаченоThe Shipping Conference плата за рейсовий чартерvoyage charter charge вантаж у поганому стані

(упаковка чи вантаж пошкоджені)time charter збірний коносаментgroupage bill of lading вантаж у доброму станіconsignment in bulk відправник вантажуconsignor коносамент, який підтверджує,

що вантаж був завантажений на судно

bonded warehouse фрахтувати судноCombidoc тайм чартер (договір про фрахту-

вання судна на строк)

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Exercise 3. Look at the text of the agreement and define whether the statements below are true or false:

SHIPPED on board in apparent good order and condition the within mentioned Merchandise stated to be marked, numbered and described in this Bill of Lading (weight, measure, brand, contents, quality and value unknown) to be conveyed via any port or ports (for loading or discharging or for any other purpose), and as otherwise provided herein. In accepting this Bill of Lading, the Shipper, Consignee, Owner of the goods and the holder of the Bill of Lading expressly agree to all its terms, conditions and exceptions, whether written, printed, stamped or incorporated.

Weights as shown in this Bill of Lading as declared by Shippers, and the Master is unable to check same.

TRANSSHIPMENTWhere goods are consigned to a destination other than the port of

discharge named above the responsibility of the Carrier shall extend only to that part of the transit performed by the above vessel and the Carrier shall in no event be liable for any loss of or any damage or delay to the goods arising after the goods have been delivered at the ship's rail at the port of discharge. The Shipper, Consignee and Owner of the goods hereby constitute the Carrier and their agent to enter into contracts for the carriage, storage and transhipment of and other dealings with the goods for or in relation to the forwarding of the goods to their destination. The Carrier shall be entitled to enter into such contracts with whatever persons and on whatever terms he may think fit, and shall not be under any liability to the Shipper, Consignee or Owner of the goods in relation to any act, omission or delay in respect to the making of such contracts. The Carrier or his agents may in respect to dutiable goods transhipped at the port of discharge give such undertakings as the Custom Authorities require with respect to dealing with the goods at the place where the duty is payable and all

32

charges or all liabilities incurred shall be borne by the Owner of the goods.

Exercise 4.Consider the reply to the claim under the Open Cover agreement and pay attention to its wording.

Letter 6.1

Barclays Insurance Brokers International LtdEast Europe House, 56-123 Linden Strasse, Frankfurt-Main

R.G. Electronics AGHaumart 323 D-6000 Frankfurt-Main Germany Your ref: HG/16-03/09

Our ref: MI-CI691017 August 2005

Dear Mr. GunterPolicy № J 45678

I am sending you the claims form you requested in your letter dated 10 August 2005. We will consider the matter as soon as we have full details. I think I ought to point out that this is the third time you have claimed on a shipment, and though I appreciate your products are fragile, and that in each case the goods have been shipped dean, it would be in your interest to consider new methods of packing. I agree that the claims have been comparatively small, but in future you will have to ask your customers to hold consignments for our inspection to assess the cause of damage. I should also mention that further claims may affect your premium when the policy is renewed.

Yours sincerely J. Heinrich

Manager

Exercise 5. Please consider the rejection of the claim under the Open Cover agreement, pay attention to its wording.

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Letter 6.2

Barclays Insurance Brokers International LtdEast Europe House, 56-123 Linden Strasse, Frankfurt-Main

R.G. Electronics AG Haumart 323 Your ref: HG/ 16-03/09

D-6000 Frankfurt-Main Our ref: M2-C16910 Germany

27 August 2005Dear Mr. Gunter

Policy № J 45678I have now received our assessor's report with reference to your claim CF

36567 in which you asked for compensation for the damage of five personal computers which were shipped c.i.f. Kyiv on the MV ORIENT on August 10, for the delivery to your customer Ukrprom, Kharkiv.

The report states that the B/L № 356, was closed by the captain of the vessel, with a comment on cracks in the casing.

Our assessor believes that these cracks were responsible for causing weak-ening during the voyage and splitting, which eventually caused damage of the computers themselves.

I am sorry that we cannot help you further, but the company cannot accept lia-bility for the goods unless they are shipped clean. See Clause 12B of the Policy.

Yours sincerelyJ. Heinrich

ManagerUNIT 7.CJMPOSING, TRANSLATING AND DEALING

WITH PERSONAL PAPERS

Exercise 1. Look through the cover letter to a curriculum vitae with an application for a job. Pay attention to its structure and wording.

Letter 7.1площа Революції, 16, кв. 761116, ХарківУкраїна

тел.: (+3805) 739-07-89

34

Рекламна агенціявул. Григорівська,17

Київ-4 30313, Україна

11 листопада 2005 р. Шановні панове!Цей лист є відповіддю на Вашу рекламу в газеті «Kyiv News» від 3

листопада 2005 року щодо конкурсу на заміщення посади помічника менеджера. Я дуже зацікавлена в одержанні цієї посади у Вашій рекламній агенції. Для інтерв'ю докладаю копію мого резюме.

У резюме є вся необхідна інформація про мій рівень освіти та досвід практичної роботи. Я хотіла б почати кар'єру в сфері реклами, за необхідності можу змінити місце проживання.

У червні 2006 року я закінчу Н-ський національний університет та одержу ступінь магістра мистецтв за фахом лінгвіст (англійська та німецька мови).

Крім вивчення таких предметів, як теорія та практика перекладу, ділова англійська мова, ділова українська мова та основи економіки, я також про-слухала такі загальні курси, як письмова англійська, міжнародні відносини, інформатика, які, я переконана, допоможуть мені в професійній кар'єрі.

У мене є досвід роботи в рекламній компанії в Харкові на посаді агента з реклами жіночої косметики та парфумів, шо дозволило мені краше познайомитися зі специфікою такої діяльності.

Крім того, я маю великий досвід роботи секретарем, роботи з комп'ютером та з клієнтами. Прошу призначити мені персональне інтерв'ю для обговорення можливостей одержання мною посади у Вашій агенції. Якщо знадобиться будь-яка інша інформація, прошу повідомити мені за адресою чи телефонами, що зазначені вище .

Дякую Вам за увагу, чекаю на Вашу відповідь.Щиро Ваша,

Тамара Чернова

Curriculum vitae, autobiography and resume

35

Exercise 2. Compare the samples of curriculum vitae, autobiography and resume, discuss their structure, informational volume, wording in English and Ukrainian.

Document 7.2CURRICULUM VITAE: TAMARA IVAN1VNA CHERNOVA

Personal:Date of Birth: Nationality;Home address:

Tel. No.:

22 July 1984 Ukrainian16, Ploshcha Revolyutsii, Ap.No. 7 Kharkiv 61116Ukraine(+3805) 739-07-89

Business address:

Tel. No.:

N. National University Department of Foreign Languages 134/77 Vulytsia FesenkoKharkiv 61098 Ukraine(+3805) 703-67-80

Marital status: SingleCareer objective: challenging position of

a manager assistant in an advertising company

Education: 2000-present N. National University, 134/77

Vulytsia Fesenko Kharkiv 61098, UkraineCandidate for the degree of Master of Arts in June2006 majoring in English and German. Courses, include Theory and Practice of Translation (Business Translation), Technical Writing, Business English, Business Ukrainian, Basics of Economics, International Relations, Programming (Basics)

March-September 2003 Saint John's University. Ml, USA. 36

Business/Advertisement1994-2000 Secondary School No. 44 1990-1993 Secondary School No. 19Work experience:2005-present part-time office

manager/translator. Company Aroma, Kharkiv

2005 March Translation Internship, Company Aroma, Kharkiv

Language Skills; fluent Russian, English working knowledge of German,-Ukrainian

Special Skills: computer Microsoft WORD, ACCESS, EXCEL, filing, strong communicative skills

Interests: music, travelling, communication, Internet, psychology

References: available upon request

Autobiography in Ukrainian is usually presented in handwriting and has a free form:

Document 7.3

Автобіографіястудентки 4-го курсу факультету іноземних мов ННУ

Тамари Іванівни Чернової, 1954 року народження

Я, Чернова Тамара Іванівна, народилася 22 липня 1984 року в м. Харкові. У 1990-1993 роках вчилася в міській школі № 44, З 1994 по 2000 − в школі № 19, яку і закінчила з золотою медаллю. У 2000 році Вступила до Н-ського національного університету на факультет іноземних мов за спеціалізацією англійська та німецька мови.

Серед курсів я вивчала теорію та практику перекладу, ділову українську та англійську мови, основи економіки, письмову англійську, міжнародні відносини, інформатику. З березня по вересень 2003 року навчалася в університеті Сент-Джордж

37

штату Міссісіпі (СНІА5 зі спеціалізацією бізнес та реклама).З 2005 року працюю офіс-менеджером та перекладачем у фірмі

«Арома», у березні 2005 року проходила там перекладацьку практику.

Добре володію російською та англійською мовами, маю практичні знання німецької та української, володію комп'ютером (редактором МГЖР та ін.). Маю досвід секретаря.

Захоплююся музикою, подорожуванням, спілкуванням, інтернетом та психологією.

Незаміжня Домашня адреса: площа Революції, 16, кв. 7, 61116, Харків, Україна. Телефон: (+3805) 739-07-89

Exercise 3. Look at the following advertisements for employment. Write your biography in Ukrainian, then a cover letter and your c.v. or resume in English to apply for the job indicated, taking into consideration your individual work experience (internship in youth camps, part-time jobs, etc.).Kyivsky Vidomosty, April 2000Wntd trnstr full-time fr smll joint vntre. Gd slry. 5-day week, hrs 9-5 usl bnftr.Rply with types c.v.: LH Murrey, 23/34 Lvivska Plosha, Kyiv-09, Ukraine

Courier Today, 6 August 2000 Education Centre looks for Russian and Ukrainian governors

in British familiesspecial education and having the way with

children are desirablePlease reply with resume to: English House Mrs. Mariah Johnes

35 Provulok Kucherenko, Kyiv, Ukraine

Requesting and giving personal references

Exercise 4. Consider Letter 13.5, pay attention to the wording.

Letter 7.4

Рекламна агенція38

вул. Григорівська, 17, Київ-4, Україна

Менеджеру з кадрів компанії «АРОМА»

вул. Клочківська, 256 Харків Україна

Вхідні: Вихідні: Х456-78 20 листопада 2005 р.

Шановний пане чи пані! Пані Чернова подала заяву на посаду помічника менеджера нашої агенції та назвала Ваше ім'я як її рекомендача.

Ми були б вдячні, якщо б Ви висловили свою думку щодо її відповідності цій посаді. Ми особливо зацікавлені мати в призначенні фахівця з адміністративним потенціалом та здатністю до самостійної роботи. Зрозуміло, що будь-яка інформація, яку Ви надасте, залишиться конфіденційною

Щиро Ваш, начальник відділу персоналу А. Стеценко

Letter 7.5

AROMA256, Vulytsia Klochkivska, Kharkiv, Ukraine

Advertisement Agency

39

17,Vulytsia Grygorivska Your ref: X456-78Kyiv-4 Our ref: P-44-00Ukraine

To whom it may concern

Reference for Tamara ChernovaAs Miss Chernova's previous employer I am happy to recommend her to vou.

Tamara Chernova has worked as a translator and office-manager in our agency since April 2005 and has gained considerable experience of work in the field of advertising. We have a high regard for her abilities and motivation. As an employee she has always been diligent, industrious, persistent; and at-tentive to clients. Serving foreign clients Miss Chernova demonstrated proficiency in English, which has been a great help to us.

Her character and personality are commendable; she has always been in good terms with peers and superiors. We are most unhappy that Miss Chernova is unable to continue her work in our agency because of the change in our working schedule. However, we believe that her next employer will acquire an efficient and productive professional

Kind regards. M. Sergienko Personnel Manager

Exercise 5. Read the following information and make its translation in Ukrainian.

A cheque is a written order to a bank given and signed by someone who has money deposited there to pay a certain amount tioned in the cheque to a person named on it.

In the place of the cheque system banks provide an internationl system of bank transfers. The Seller gives TT or mail remittance terms to a Buyer when he is a trusted customer or agent. It involves risk as the Seller ships goods without any assurance of getting payment.

Like a cheque, a draft is an order to pay. It is made out by an exporter and presented to the importer. It is also called a bill of

40

exchange. A sight draft is a bill a term t. There are 30-day, 60-, 90- and 120-day drafts.

A very useful method is to attach the shipping documents Bill of Lading, the Insurance Policy and the Invoice) to the Draft and hand them to the bank for collection. The documents, can be handed over to the Buyer either against payment (D.P. - Documents against Payment) or against acceptance of the Draft (D.A. - Documents against Acceptance). D.P. refers to sight drafts. D.A. refers to term drafts.

A sight draft does not require acceptance. A term draft must be necessarily accepted. The drawee writes “Accepted” across it signs his name.

The draft is then returned to the Seller, who can hold it until maturity.

This method of payment involves risk to the exporter or his bank as it may happen that a draft is not honoured when it is due.

Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian.1. The total sum of the Contract makes (transaction currency), the cost of the equipment under F.O.B. conditions including ___with the interpretation of the price in the specifications; installation ____ (bearing in mind the technology transfer, know-how, training the personnel according to the cost estimate confirmed by the Parties, Appendix No. 3).2. The sum of Contract may be changed and specified by an additional agreement attached to the present Contract.3. CONDITIONS OF PAYMENT.4.Payment for the set of equipment supplied, installation and technology transfer (in conformity with Appendices Nos.1, 2, 3) will be effected by issuing a letter of credit, notifying the Supplier about it and entering the funds on his account when he produces the loading documents during the established period.5. The Parties allow the payment to be done by third persons according to the instructions of the Buyer.

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Exercise 7. Read the text and make oral translation of the fol-lowing into Ukrainian.

TRANSPORT AND DELIVERY TERMSMultimodal (Door to Door) transport is wide-spread in shipping

now. It involves a transfer of the goods from one mode of transport to another.

Traditionally, the ship's rail was considered the critical point of responsibility, that is when all risks of loss or damage are transferred from one party to the other. Now it is no longer the ship's rail but the port terminal which may be such a point. In sea port areas the goods are put into containers, on pallets or aboard the ship.

The main carrier often prefers to assume overall responsibility for the cargo he carries. In a through movement of the goods a combined transport document is issued instead of a traditional Bill of Lading.

Like a traditional Bill of Lading it is a receipt for the consignment.

But instead of ports of shipment and discharger it shows the place of delivery and receipt. The new system of multimodal shipment in international trade is reflected in the International Commercial Terms (Incoterms 1990).

THE FOURTEEN INCOTERMS Incoterms − International rules of commercial terms

interpretation. They are developed by International Chamber of Commerce. The booklet Incoterms 1990 contains the rules of interpretation of 14 transportation conditions.

EX Works“Ex Works” means that the seller's only responsibility is to

make the goods available at his premises (i.e. works or factory). In particular he is not responsible for loading the goods in the vehicle provided by the buyer, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears the

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full cost and risk involved in bringing the goods from there to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller.

Free Carrier ... ( named point)This term has been designed to meet the requirements of

modern transport, particularly such “multimodal” transport as container or “roll on-roll off” traffic by trailers and ferries. It is based on the same main principle as FOB except that the seller fulfils his obligations when he delivers the goods into the custodyof the carrier at the named point.

FOR/FOTFOR and FOT mean “Free on Rail” and “Free on Truck”.

These terms are synonymous since the word "Truck" relates to the railway wagons. They should only be used when the goods are to be carried by rail.

FOB AirportFOB Airport is based on the same main principle as the

ordinary FOB term. The seller fulfils his obligations by delivering the goods to the air carrier at the airport of departure. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered this way.

FAS FAS means “Free Alongside Ship”. Under this term the seller's

obligations are fulfilled when the goods have been placed alongside the ship on the quay or in lighters. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.

FOBFOB means “Free on Board”. The goods are placed on board a

ship by the seller at a port of shipment named in the sales contract.

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The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail.

C&FC & F means “Cost and Freight”. The seller must pay the costs

and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named destination, but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment.

CIFCIF means “Cost, Insurance and Freight”. This term is basically

the same as C & F but with the addition that the seller has to procure marine insurance against the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts with the insurer and pays the insurance premium.

Freight Carriage Paid To...Like C&F “Freight or Carriage paid to...” means that the seller

pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. However, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the first carrier and not at the ship's rail. It can be used for all modes of transport including multimodal operations and container or roll on-roll off traffic by trailers and ferries. When the Seller has to furnish a bill of lading, waybill or carrier's receipt, he duly fulfills this obligation by presenting such a document issued by the person with whom he has contracted for carriage to the named destination.

Freight Carriage and Insurance Paid To...This term is the same as “Freight or Carriage Paid to...” but

with the addition that the seller has to procure transport insurance

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against the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts with the insurer and pays the insurance premium.

EX Ship“EX Ship” means that the seller shall make the goods

available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract.

Delivered at Frontier“Delivered at Frontier” means that the seller's obligations are

fulfilled when the goods have arrived at the frontier but before “the customs border” of the country named in the sales contract.

Delivered Duty PaidWhile the term “Ex Works” signifies the seller's minimum ob-

ligation, the term “Delivered Duty Paid”, when followed by words naming the buyer's premises, denotes the other extreme − the seller's maximum obligation. The term “Delivered Duty Paid” may be used irrespective of the mode of transport.

Exercise 8. Read the following and translate into Ukrainian orally.

FORCE MAJEUREForce majeure is a force against which you cannot act or fight.

Every contract has a force majeure clause. It usually includes natural disasters such as an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. It can also list such contingencies as war, embargo, sanctions. Along with this there are some other circumstances beyond the Seller's control. The Seller may find himself in a situation when he cannot fulfill his obligation under the Contract. It may happen if there is a general strike in the country, a strike of coal-miners, transport workers etc. Production may suspended if there is a shortage of the energy supply. When negotiating a contract a list of contingencies must be agreed on and put into the Contract.

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When a manager makes up a contract he should not think only of his one-sided interest. He must think in terms of common interest with his counterpart. Only then he will prove loyal to his partner.

In case of a contingency the Seller must notify the Buyers of a force majeure. The Article of the Contract to this effect may run:

“Should the Seller fail to notify the Buyer of a contingency the Seller is denied a right to refer to these circumstances”. The Seller is to notify the Buyer of a contingency right away. If it is done in due time the Buyer may take immediate action to protect his interest. He may sign a contract with another supplier on similar terms or if it is impossible he will secure the best possible terms he can have at the moment. If prices are rising he will be quick to act and will do everything possible to negotiate the best price obtainable at the moment.

A force majeure must be a proven fact. The Seller is to submit to the Buyer a written confirmation issued by the Chamber of Commerce to this effect. The certificate testifies that a con tangency really took place. It describes its nature and confirms its duration.

In a dispute between the Buyer and the Seller not only the fact of a contingency is to be ascertained. The Seller must have an evidence that non-execution of a contract or its partial fulfillment is a direct result of a contingency. If it is proved the Seller is not liable and the execution of a contract is postponed. A natural disaster may last only a few minutes but it may take a lot of time to recover the loss.

The duration of a force majeure is, as a rule, 4 to 6 months. After that the Buyer has a right to cancel the contract. The Seller in this case has no right to claim any compensation for his losses.

Exercise 9. Translate into English. ПРИЙМАННЯ ЗГІДНО З КІЛЬКІСТЮ ТА ЯКІСТЮ

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1.Покупець здійснює перевірку ваги одержаної партії чавуну у присутності представників Постачальника. Зважування здійснюється відповідною за узгодженням між сторонами організацією під час розвантаження чавуну з судна в порту призначення. Це узгодження здійснюється не пізніше ніж за 10 днів до відвантаження першої партії чавуну згідно з цим Контрактом. Якщо ж у результаті зважування відхилення буде вище 1 %, то в цьому випадку сторони роблять перерахунок відповідно до ваги, встановленої при переважуванні в порту розвантаження, нестача або надлишок у розмірі до 1 % включно від усієї контрактної кількості до рахунку не беруться2. Якщо Покупець побажає здійснити контроль якості постав-леного чавуну, то в цьому випадку в процесі розвантаження його з судна в порту призначення відбираються проби від усієї партії чавуну представниками Торговельно-промислової палати (в подальшому «ТПП») або іншою за узгодженням між сторонами організацією (за рахунок Покупця) у присутності представників Покупця та Постачальника. Це узгодження здійснюється не пізніше ніж за 10 днів до відвантаження першої партії згідно з цим Контрактом. З кожної партії повинно бути взято б проб, які повинні бути замарковані та опечатані: дві проби № 1 та № 2 передаються Покупцю; дві проби № 3 та № 4 передаються Постачальнику та дві проби − №5 та №6 − передаються представникам ТПП або іншій організації країни Покупця для проведення незалежного аналізу.

Exercise 10. Translate into Ukrainian.1. In case one of the Parties breaches the delivery date it

is fined by the other Party to the amount of __ % from the cost of the deficiently delivered goods for each day of the delay. The general amount of the fine cannot exceed % of the cost of the goods for every day of the delay.2. If the receiving Party has detected shortage of goods, for whichthe goods-supplying party bears responsibility, the latter is demanded

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to make up the deficiency. The claims are to be lodged during days from the date of the goods arrival.3. If the goods received do not conform to the quality requirements, the receiving Party is entitled to demand _________(their replacement, elimination of defects). The replacement of the goods and the elimination of defects shall be done at the cost of the Party, in breach of the rules. The bill of lading and the commercial act or the damage claim, drawn up together with the representative of the other Party and that of the Chamber of Commerce of the goods-receiving Party, the packing lists and the seals are to be attached to the complaint. Complaints are to be lodged within a month from the date of the goods arrival.

Exercise 11. Translate into English1.____________________________У випадку, якщо

Постачальник не поставить товар повністю або частково в строк відповідно до Угоди, Постачальник сплачує Покупцю недотримку в розмірі _______ вартості непоставленого товару за кожний день прострочення.

2. За безпідставну відмову прийняти чи оплатити переданий товар, а також за несвоєчасну або неповну оплату товару Покупець підлягає штрафу в розмірі _________ вартості неоплаченого товару за кожний день прострочення.

3. У випадку безпідставної відмови однією зі сторін від виконання своїх зобов'язань за теперішньою Угодою сторона-винуватець повністю відшкодовує збитки потерпілій стороні, включаючи втрачену вигоду.

4. При поставці товару неналежної якості Постачальник зобов'язаний замінити товар товаром належної якості. При цьомунеякісність товару підтверджується актом, виданим Торговельно-промисловою палатою країни - Покупця.

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